Tout sur les médicaments הכל על תרופות كل شيئ عن الأدوية Все о наркотиках 关于药品的一切 డ్రగ్స్ గురించి అన్ని 마약에 관한 모든 것 Όλα για τα Ναρκωτικά Complete Tracking of Drugs Across the World by Dr Anthony Melvin Crasto, Worldpeacepeaker, worlddrugtracker, PH.D (ICT), MUMBAI, INDIA, Worlddrugtracker, Helping millions, 9 million hits on google on all websites, 2.5 lakh connections on all networks, “ALL FOR DRUGS” CATERS TO EDUCATION GLOBALLY, No commercial exploits are done or advertisements added by me. This is a compilation for educational purposes only. P.S. : The views expressed are my personal and in no-way suggest the views of the professional body or the company that I represent
UncategorizedComments Off on Leveraging GCE for sustainable chemical manufacturing Learning outcomes – Dr. R. Rajagopal, CEO, KnowGenix, India
Sep302016
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Leveraging GCE for sustainable chemical manufacturing Learning outcomes – Dr. R. Rajagopal, CEO, KnowGenix, India
Dr. R Rajagopal Chief Coordinating Officer KnowGenix, INDIA
Dr. Rajagopal COO, KnowGenix, India
Dr. Rajagopal is a Ph.D. Tech from ICT, Mumbai with over two decades of experience in the oil, gas and downstream chemical industry. He coordinates the activities of KnowGenix, a research and growth strategy firm with chemicals, materials energy and carbon advisory practices.
His experience in product research and development of cleaner and inherently safer chemical processes is complemented by his industrial experience in process optimization, production planning, manufacturing, and projects management. He now researches micro and macro level trends in the chemicals, materials and energy sectors to provide insights on markets, technology, economics and sustainable processes.
Besides authoring over 100 technical and business reports, he has co-authored the book, “Environmental Perspectives of Chemical Industry: Socio-Economic and Technological Imperatives”, (1993) with Dr. S. B. Chandalia, Former Director, ICT. He was chosen as the “2008-09 Pidilite Industry Visiting Fellow” by ICT, Mumbai. He conducts courses on “Design and Development of Inherently Safer Organic Chemical Processes” and “Green Chemistry and Technology: Design and Development Strategies” to B.Tech. students and industry professionals.
He is actively involved in rural education and technology initiatives and in particular, renewable energy resources providing resource management expertise. Dr. Rajagopal is also associated with Centre for Management Technology, Singapore, as its Director, India, and with Chemical Weekly, Mumbai, as its Consulting Editor, since 1996.
Raj is the founder of KnowGenix, a growth strategy firm involved in chemical, material and energy practices. KnowGenix assists clients with growth strategy services through customized, competitive and timely solutions covering Asia, M.E., EU and US geographies in collaboration with its global partners.
Specialties:
His areas of expertise include strategic consulting, business research, technology analysis and capacity building. As a strategy advisor he is now active in assisting companies in business diversification, customer engagement models, portfolio rationalization, structuring alliances, and sustainability practices.
His present research covers technology, regulatory and sustainability trends in chemical, energy, and natural resource sectors.
Raj researches business and technology trends in petrochemicals, fine, specialty and life science chemicals value chain as well as in materials and energy.
Raj has over two decades of experience in the chemical value chain. His experience in product research and development of cleaner and inherently safer chemical processes is complemented by expertise in process optimization, production planning, manufacturing, and projects management.
Thivisha Rajagopal scored 13 on the Biological Sciences and 12 on the Physical Sciences sections of the MCAT. Thivisha has completed a B. Sc. in Medicinal Chemistry and an M.Sc. in Chemistry. Thivisha is passionate about teaching Organic Chemistry and she has been a Teaching Assistant for Organic Chemistry I and II for the past two and half years. Thivisha has also been tutoring students in General Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, and Biochemistry for over 10 years. In the classroom, Thivisha is very informal and likes to build a healthy and comfortable relationship with students. She believes it is very important to allow students to interact in discussion with their peers and the teacher.
Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
Azaspiracid-1 is an activator of JNK (c-Jun-N-terminal kinase)and caspases. It is a cellular growth inhibitor and inducer of cytoskeletal alterations. Azaspiracid-1 is also a modulator of intracellular cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) and calcium levels. It acts as an inhibitor of cholesterol biosynthesis in human T lymphocyte cells. Azaspiracid-1 is a potent teratogen to finfish and also acts as a cytotoxin to mammalian cells.
References
Multiple organ damage caused by a new toxin azaspiracid, isolated from mussels produced in Ireland: E. Ito, et al.; Toxicon 38, 917 (2000) Azaspiracid-1, a potent, nonapoptotic new phycotoxin with several cell targets: Y. Roman, et al.; Cell. Signal. 14, 703 (2002) Teratogenic effects of azaspiracid-1 identified by microinjection of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) embryos: J.R. Coleman, et al.; Toxicon 45, 881 (2005) Cytotoxic and cytoskeletal effects of azaspiracid-1 on mammalian cell lines: M.J. Twiner, et al.; Toxicon 45, 891 (2005) Azaspiracids modulate intracellular pH levels in human lymphocytes: A. Alfonso, et al.; BBRC 346, 1091 (2006) Cell growth inhibition and actin cytoskeleton disorganization induced by azaspiracid-1 structure-activity studies: N. Vilarino, et al.; Chem. Res. Toxicol. 19, 1459 (2006) The c-Jun-N-terminal kinase is involved in the neurotoxic effect of azaspiracid-1: C. Vale, et al.; Cell Physiol. Biochem. 20, 957 (2007) Effects of azaspiracid-1, a potent cytotoxic agent, on primary neuronal cultures. A structure-activity relationship study: C. Vale, et al.; J. Med. Chem. 50, 356 (2007) Irreversible cytoskeletal disarrangement is independent of caspase activation during in vitro azaspiracid toxicity in human neuroblastoma cells: N. Vilarino, et al.; Biochem. Pharmacol. 74, 327 (2007) Transcriptional profiling and inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis in human T lymphocyte cells by the marine toxin azaspiracid: M.J. Twiner, et al.; Genomics 91, 289 (2008)
Total Synthesis of (+)-Azaspiracid-1. An Exhibition of the Intricacies of Complex Molecule Synthesis
The synthesis of the marine neurotoxin azaspiracid-1 has been accomplished. The individual fragments were synthesized by catalytic enantioselective processes: A hetero-Diels−Alder reaction to afford the E- and HI-ring fragments, a carbonyl-ene reaction to furnish the CD-ring fragment, and a Mukaiyama aldol reaction to deliver the FG-ring fragment. The subsequent fragment couplings were accomplished by aldol and sulfone anion methodologies. All ketalization events to form the nonacyclic target were accomplished under equilibrating conditions utilizing the imbedded configurations of the molecule to adopt one favored conformation. A final fragment coupling of the anomeric EFGHI-sulfone anion to the ABCD-aldehyde completed the convergent synthesis of (+)-azaspiracid-1.
(+)-azaspiracid-1 (ent-2) (5.4 mg, 90%) as a white solid. TLC Rf = 0.25 (25:75 MeOH/EtOAc);
HODDESDON – Company Headquarters and Pharmaceutical Research and development Laboratories (PR&D). MSD has been present in Hoddesdon since the 1940s.
September 26, 2016 05:00 AM Eastern Daylight Time
BEIJING–(BUSINESS WIRE)–Pharmaron has entered into a non-binding Heads of Terms (HoTs) with Merck Sharpe & Dohme Limited (MSD) for the sale of the Hoddesdon UK site which includes MSD’s process development and research facility. The parties hope to complete the deal in Q1 2017.
Pharmaron and MSD agree deal to acquire MSD’s UK Hoddesdon site
Pharmaron sees this as a unique opportunity to acquire state-of-the-art Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) standard facilities for the development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API) and formulation development in Europe to complement Pharmaron’s existing world class chemistry and integrated drug discovery and development services globally. Under the deal, MSD will remain on site on and lease-back the main office buildings.
Louise Houson, Managing Director, MSD UK and Ireland commented: “We are very pleased to be progressing this deal with Pharmaron. This deal will secure the future of the site while meeting the changing business needs of MSD and its employees for the foreseeable future. It also ensures MSD’s scientific legacy in Hoddesdon continues, with the potential to create local opportunities for our scientific staff in their areas of expertise.”
Boliang Lou, Chairman and CEO of Pharmaron commented that: “This is an exciting opportunity to have an industry-leading R&D site join the Pharmaron group, which once again demonstrates our commitment to our mission to become a world leader in small molecule drug R&D services. It allows us to develop our global capabilities in process chemistry and manufacturing services area, strengthening our capabilities in fully integrated R&D services. Together with the recent addition of GMP radiochemistry and GCP/GLP metabolism platforms through acquisition of Quotient Bioresearch in the U.K., this deal further consolidates our strategic position in Europe to better serve our partners globally, particularly in Europe.”
Commercial details on the transaction are not being disclosed.
About Pharmaron
Pharmaron is a private, premier R&D service provider for the life science industry. Founded in 2003, Pharmaron has invested in its people and facilities, and established a broad spectrum of drug R&D service capabilities, ranging from synthetic and medicinal chemistry, biology, DMPK, pharmacology, safety assessment, radiochemistry and radiolabelled metabolism to chemical & pharmaceutical development. With about 4,000 employees and operations in China, the U.S. and the U.K., Pharmaron has an excellent track record in the delivery of R&D solutions to its partners in North America, Europe, Japan and China. For more information, please visit: www.pharmaron.com
About MSD
For 125 years, MSD has been a global healthcare leader working to help the world be well. MSD is a trade name of Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ., USA. Through our prescription medicines, biologic therapies, and animal health products, we work with customers and operate in more than 140 countries to deliver innovative health solutions. We also demonstrate our commitment to increasing access to healthcare through far-reaching policies, programmes and partnerships. For more information, visit www.msd-uk.com.
//////Pharmaron, Merck Sharpe & Dohme, Hoddesdon research facility, UK
The award comprises a citation, a plaque, a cash prize of Rs 5 lakh
The Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for the year 2015 in chemical sciences has been awarded to Dr. D. Srinivasa Reddy of CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Pune for his outstanding contributions to the area of total synthesis of natural products and medicinal chemistry.
This is a most prestigious award given to the scientists under 45 years of age and who have demonstrated exceptional potential in Science and Technology. The award derives its value from its rich legacy of those who won this award before and added enormous value to Indian Science.
Dr. Reddy will be bestowed with the award at a formal function, which shall be presided over by the honourable Prime Minister. The award, named after the founder director general of Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), Dr. Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar, comprises a citation, a plaque, a cash prize of Rs 5 lakh.
Dr. Reddy’s research group current interests are in the field of total synthesis and drug discovery by applying medicinal chemistry. He has also been involved in the synthesis of the agrochemicals like small molecules for crop protection. The total synthesis of more than twenty natural products has been achieved in his lab including a sex pheromone that attracts the mealy bugs and has potential use in the crop protection. On the medicinal chemistry front significant progress has been made by his group using a new concept called “Silicon-switch approach” towards central nervous system drugs. Identification of New Chemical Entities for the potential treatment of diabetes and infectious diseases is being done in collaboration with industry partners.
His efforts are evidenced by 65 publications and 30 patents. He has recently received the NASI-Reliance industries platinum jubilee award-2015 for application oriented innovations and the CRSI bronze medal. In addition, he is also the recipient of Central Drug Research Institute award for excellence in the drug research in chemical sciences and scientist of the year award by the NCL Research Foundation in the year 2013. Dr. Reddy had worked with pharmaceutical companies for seven years before joining CSIR-NCL in 2010.
The basic drug substance candidate ORM10921 (MW = 285.38),
IUPAC name [1R*,12bR*)-(−)-1,3,4,6,7,12b-hexahydro-1-methoxymethyl-1-methyl-2H-benzofuro [2,3-a]quinolizine],
and its hydrochloric salt were synthesized by Orion Pharma, Finland.
The absolute configuration was assigned by optical rotation and later by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (see Supporting Information). The optical purity of the material was >97%.
Originator Juvantia Pharma (CEASED); Orion
Class Neuropsychotherapeutics
Mechanism of Action Alpha 2c adrenergic receptor antagonists
Highest Development Phases
Discontinued Major depressive disorder; Schizophrenia
Most Recent Events
10 May 2006 Discontinued – Phase-I for Schizophrenia in Finland (unspecified route)
10 May 2006 Discontinued – Preclinical for Depression in Finland (unspecified route)
15 Nov 2002 Preclinical trials in Schizophrenia in Finland (unspecified route)
Figure 1: Chemical structure of the study compound. Molecular Formula: C18H23NO2 · HCl · ½ H2O; Molecular Weights: 285.39 (free base), 321.85 (hydrochloride) 330.86 (hydrochloride hemihydrate). ORM-10921 · HCl is a single stereoisomer with the (1R*,12bR*) configuration.
The alpha adrenergic receptors can be divided on a pharmacological basis into alphal- and alpha2-adrenoceptors, which can both be further divided into subtypes. Three genetically encoded subtypes, namely alpha2A-, alpha2B- and alpha2C-adrenoceptors, have been discovered in human. Accordingly, alpha2- adrenoceptors in humans have been subdivided into three pharmacological subtypes known as alpha2A-, alpha2B- and alpha2C-adrenoceptors. A fourth, pharmacologically defined subtype, alpha2D, is known in rodents and in some other mammals, and it corresponds to the genetically defined alpha2A-adrenoceptors.
The alpha2-adrenoceptor subtypes have distinct tissue distributions and functional roles. For instance, while alpha2A-adrenoceptors are widely expressed in various tissues, alpha2C-adrenoceptors are concentrated in the CNS, and they appear to play a role in the modulation of specific CNS-mediated behavioural and physiological responses. Compounds that are non-specific to any of the above-mentioned alpha2 subtypes, and compounds that are specific to certain alpha2 subtypes, are already known. For example, atipamezole is a non-specific alpha2 antagonist. Atipamezole has been described in, for example, EP-A-183 492 (cf. p.13, compound XV) and Haapalinna, A. et al., Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Arch. Pharmacol. 356 (1997) 570-582. U.S. Patent No. 5,902,807 describes compounds that are selective antagonists for the alpha2C subtype and may be used in the treatment of mental illness, e.g. mental disturbance induced by stress. Such compounds include, for example, MK-912 and BAM- 1303. Furthermore, WO-A-99 28300 discloses substituted imidazole derivatives having agonist-like activity for alpha2B- or 2B/2C-adrenoceptors. hi addition, WO 01/64645 relates to derivatives of quinoline useful as alpha2 antagonists, as well as to selective alpha2C antagonist agents. The disclosures of all documents cited above in this paragraph are incorporated by reference herein.
Several arylquinolizine derivatives and related compounds have been described in the literature, some of which possess valuable pharmaceutical effects. For example, U.S. Patents No. 4,806,545 and 4,044,012 describe 1,1-disubstituted indolo[2,3-«]quinolizidines useful as vasodilators and antihypoxic agents. Further, substituted arylquinolizine derivatives, described for example in U.S. Patent No. 4,686,226 possessing alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonistic activity are useful for example as antidepressant, antihypertensive, or antidiabetic agents or platelet aggregation inhibitors. In addition, U.S. Patent No. 3,492,303 relates to indolo[2,3- α]quinolizidines useful as central nervous system depressants.
According to the European GMP-Rules, written procedures for tranfser activities and their documentation are required. For example, a Transfer SOP, a transfer plan and a report are now mandatory and will be checked during inspections.
As participant of the GMP education course “Product Transfer” in Berlin, from 25-27 October 2016 you will receive a special version of the Guideline Manager CD with a special section concerning product transfers. This section contains, amongst others, a Transfer SOP and a template for a Transfer Plan. Both documents are in Word format and can immediately be used after adoption to your own situation.
Regulatory Guidance Documents like the WHO guideline on transfer of technology in pharmaceutical manufacturing and the EU/US Variation Guidelines, are also part of the Guideline Manager CD. Due to copyright reasons, this CD is not available for purchase and can only be handed out to participants of the Product Transfer course.
regulatoryComments Off on Analytical Lifecycle: USP <1210> “Statistical Tools”, Analytical Target Profile and Analytical Control Strategy
Sep152016
Analytical Lifecycle: USP <1210> “Statistical Tools”, Analytical Target Profile and Analytical Control Strategy
The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) is currently undertaking further steps towards a comprehensive analytical lifecycle approach by publishing a draft of a new General Chapter <1210> Statistical Tools for Procedure Validation and two Stimuli Articles regarding Analytical Target Profile and AnalyticalControl Strategy in Pharmacopeial Forum. Read more about the life cycle concept for analytical procedures.
Following the recently announced elaboration of a new general chapter <1220> “The Analytical Procedure Lifecycle” the United States pharmacopeia (USP) is now proceeding in its approach for a comprehensive analytical lifecycle concept. A further step towards this approach is the draft of a new USP General Chapter <1210> Statistical Tools for Procedure Validation which has been published in Pharmacopeial Forum (PF) 42(5) in September 2016. Comment deadline is November 30, 2016.
Additionally, two Stimuli Articles regarding “Analytical Control Strategy” and “Analytical Target Profile: Structure and Application Throughout The Analytical Lifecycle” appeared in the same issue of the PF.
In the draft chapter <1210> Statistical Tools for Procedure Validation, the USP Statistics Expert Committee presents a revision to the proposal of <1210> published in PF 40(5) [Sept.–Oct. 2014]. On the basis of the comments and feedback given by stakeholders, the committee has addressed their concerns about the narrow scope and details on methodology to be used. The chapter is proposed as a companion to general chapter <1225> Validation of Compendial Procedures with the purpose of providing statistical methods that can be used in the validation of analytical procedures. A revision of general chapter <1225>, including a new section on Lifecycle Management of Analytical Procedures, has been published for comment in PF 42(2) in March 2016.
Specifically, the revision clarifies the accuracy and precision calculations while removing specific linearity requirements. Linearity may be inferred from accuracy or other statistical methods as deemed appropriate. The chapter discusses all of the following analytical performance characteristics from a statistical perspective:
accuracy,
precision,
range,
detection limit,
quantitation limit,
and linearity.
Additional related topics that are discussed in the draft include statistical power, two one-sided tests of statistical equivalence, tolerance intervals, and prediction intervals.
Furthermore, up to now, four Stimuli Articles regarding the analytical lifecycle have been published:
“Lifecycle Management of Analytical Procedures: Method Development, Procedure Performance Qualification, and Procedure Performance Verification” in PF 39(5),
“Analytical Target Profile: Structure and Application Throughout The Analytical Lifecycle”.
The Analytical Target Profile (ATP) is the focal point of the lifecycle approach. It is comparable to the Quality Target Product Profile (QTPP) which is defined in ICH Q8. The Stimuli Article emphasizes “that the current approach to development, validation, verification, and transfer of analytical procedures has served the industry well.” The lifecycle approach – comprised of the development (design, stage 1), qualification (stage 2), and monitoring of the performance of analytical procedures (control strategy, stage 3) – is an extension of the current guidance, taking advantage of the learnings from ICH Q8 – quality by design (QbD) concepts. The Article considers in particular the following questions (and provides examples):
What is an ATP, and why is it useful?
How can the ATP criteria be established?
How can an ATP be applied during the three stages of the procedure lifecycle?
According to the article, “an additional advantage of using an ATP is that it can drive the development of a robust control strategy, resulting in better, more consistent performance of an analytical procedure throughout its lifecycle.”
In the Stimuli Article on the Analytical Control Strategy (ACS), the following questions are discussed:
What is the ACS?
What is the relationship between the ACS and the ATP?
What is the quality risk management (QRM) process and how can it be applied to an analytical procedure?
How does the ACS apply to the product lifecycle?
Additionally, examples of the following are provided:
How to develop an ACS using the QRM process, and
How to develop and apply a risk-based replicate strategy to minimize variability.
The USP Expert Panel would appreciate any feedback on the suggested approaches, as well as any alternative approaches for consideration.
Following your registration on the USP Pharmacopeial Forum website you can get to the proposal for general chapter <1210> and the complete stimuli articles. Because of the importance of the new USP chapter <1220>, ECA and USP join forces and organise the first joint event “Lifecycle Approach of Analytical Procedures“, in Prague, Czech Republic, from 8 to 9 November 2016.
The importance of Quality by Design (QbD) is being realized gradually, as it is gaining popularity among the generic companies. However, the major hurdle faced by these industries is the lack of common guidelines or format for performing a risk-based assessment of the manufacturing process. This article tries to highlight a possible sequential pathway for performing QbD with the help of a case study. The main focus of this article is on the usage of failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) as a tool for risk assessment, which helps in the identification of critical process parameters (CPPs) and critical material attributes (CMAs) and later on becomes the unbiased input for the design of experiments (DoE). In this case study, the DoE was helpful in establishing a risk-based relationship between critical quality attributes (CQAs) and CMAs/CPPs. Finally, a control strategy was established for all of the CPPs and CMAs, which in turn gave rise to a robust process during commercialization. It is noteworthy that FMEA was used twice during theQbD: initially to identify the CPPs and CMAs and subsequently after DoE completion to ascertain whether the risk due to CPPs and CMAs had decreased.
Quality by Design in Action 1: Controlling Critical Quality Attributes of an Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient
Abstract: In this paper (R)-7-(azepan-3-ylamino)-8-chloro-1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid hydrochloride 1 was isolated and identified as the N-substituted regioisomer of besifloxacin, which has been synthesized from the reaction of 8-chloro-1-cyclopropyl-6,7-difluoro-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid 3 with (R)-tert-butyl 3-aminoazepane-1-carboxylate 2 in acetonitrile as solvent in 37% yield. The chemical structure of compound 1 was established on the basis of 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, mass spectrometry data and elemental analysis.
Structural Characterization
1H-NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ ppm: 14.73 (H-23, s, 1H), 9.72 (H-14, s, 2H), 8.69 (H-7, s, 1H),7.79 (H-1, d, J = 13.1 Hz, 1H), 6.20 (H-11, d, J = 9.1 Hz, 1H), 4.37 (H-12 and H-19, m, 2H), 3.38(H-13, m, 2H), 3.23 (H-15, m, 1H), 3.09 (H-15, m, 1H), 2.14 (H-18, m, 1H), 1.94 (H-16 and H-18, m,2H), 1.84 (H-16 and H-17, m, 2H), 1.60 (H-17, m, 1H), 1.23 (H-20 or H-21, m, 2H), 1.03 (H-20 orH-21, m, 2H).
13C-NMR(125 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ ppm: 175.6 (C-9), 165.4 (C-22), 151.7 (C-7), 150.6 (C-2), 148.7(C-3), 139.0 (C-5), 137.3 (C-4), 117.8 (C-10), 110.3 (C-1), 107.0 (C-8), 52.9 (C-12), 50.1 (C-13), 46.2(C-15), 41.3 (C-19), 34.0 (C-18), 24.9 (C-16), 21.6 (C-17), 10.9 (C-20 or C-21).
FAB-MS, m/z = 394.1 (M+).
Elemental analysis: Calculated for C19H21ClFN3O3.HCl: C, 53.03%; H, 5.15%; N, 9.77%; found: C,52.82%; H, 5.39%; N, 9.50%.
1H-NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ ppm: 14.73 (H-23, s, 1H), 9.72 (H-14, s, 2H), 8.69 (H-7, s, 1H), 7.79 (H-1, d, J = 13.1 Hz, 1H), 6.20 (H-11, d, J = 9.1 Hz, 1H), 4.37 (H-12 and H-19, m, 2H), 3.38 (H-13, m, 2H), 3.23 (H-15, m, 1H), 3.09 (H-15, m, 1H), 2.14 (H-18, m, 1H), 1.94 (H-16 and H-18, m,2H), 1.84 (H-16 and H-17, m, 2H), 1.60 (H-17, m, 1H), 1.23 (H-20 or H-21, m, 2H), 1.03 (H-20 orH-21, m, 2H).
R&D Center, Jiangsu Yabang Pharmaceutical Group, Changzhou 213200, China
In this paper (R)-7-(azepan-3-ylamino)-8-chloro-1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid hydrochloride 1was isolated and identified as the N-substituted regioisomer of besifloxacin, which has been synthesized from the reaction of 8-chloro-1-cyclopropyl-6,7-difluoro-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid 3 with (R)-tert-butyl 3-aminoazepane-1-carboxylate 2in acetonitrile as solvent in 37% yield. The chemical structure of compound 1 was established on the basis of 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, mass spectrometry data and elemental analysis
REGIOMER OF BESIFLOXACIN
BESIFLOXACIN
Zaixin Chen *
R&D Center, Jiangsu Yabang Pharmaceutical Group, Changzhou 213200, China
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed;
Merck Serono, the biopharmaceutical business of Merck, and MMV announced today that an agreement has been signed for Merck Serono to obtain the rights to the investigational antimalarial compound DDD107498 from MMV. This agreement underscores the commitment of Merck Serono to provide antimalarials for the most vulnerable populations in need.
“This agreement strengthens our Global Health research program and our ongoing collaboration with Medicines for Malaria Venture,” said Luciano Rossetti, Executive Vice President, Global Head of Research & Development at Merck Serono. “MMV is known worldwide for its major contribution to delivering innovative antimalarial treatments to the most vulnerable populations suffering from this disease, and at Merck Serono we share this goal.”
DDD107498 originated from a collaboration between MMV and the University of Dundee Drug Discovery Unit, led by Prof. Ian Gilbert and Dr. Kevin Read. The objective of the clinical program is to demonstrate whether the investigational compound exerts activity on a number of malaria parasite lifecycle stages, and remains active in the body long enough to offer potential as a single-dose treatment against the most severe strains of malaria.
While development and commercialization of the compound is under Merck Serono’s responsibility, MMV will provide expertise in the field of malaria drug development, including its clinical and delivery expertise, and provide access to its public and private sector networks in malaria-endemic countries.
Merck Serono has a dedicated Global Health R&D group working to address key unmet medical needs related to neglected diseases, such as schistosomiasis and malaria, with a focus on pediatric populations in developing countries. Its approach is based on public-private partnerships and collaborations with leading global health institutions and organizations in both developed and developing countries.
“Working with partners like Merck Serono is critical to the progress of potential antimalarial compounds, like DDD107498, through the malaria drug pipeline,” said Dr. Timothy Wells, Chief Scientific Officer at MMV. “Their Global Health Program is gaining momentum and we need more compounds to tackle malaria, a disease that places a huge burden on the world’s most vulnerable populations. DDD107498 holds great promise and we look forward to working with the Merck Serono team through the development phase.”
According to the World Health Organization, there were an estimated 198 million cases of malaria worldwide in 2013, and an estimated 584,000 deaths, primarily in young children from the developing world. The launch of the not-for-profit research foundation, MMV, in 1999 and a number of collaborations and partnerships, including those with Merck Serono, has contributed to reducing the major gap in malaria R&D investment and subsequent dearth of new medicines.
“It’s hugely encouraging to see the German pharmaceutical industry increasing their engagement in the development of novel antimalarials,” said global malaria expert Prof. Dr. Peter Kremsner, Director of the Institute for Tropical Medicine at the University of Tübingen, Germany. “The Merck Serono and MMV collaboration to develop DDD107498 is a great step. It’s a compound that offers lots of promise so I’m excited to see how it progresses.
Scots scientists in ‘single dose’ malaria treatment breakthrough
STV
An antimalarial drug that could treat patients was discovered by Dundee university scientists
Scientists have discovered an antimalarial compound that could treat malaria patients in a single dose and help prevent the spread of the disease from infected people.
The compound DDD107498 also has the potential to treat patients with malaria parasites resistant to current medications, researchers say.
Scientists hope it could lead to treatments and protection against the disease, which claimed almost 600,000 lives amid 200 million reported cases in 2013.
The compound was identified through a collaboration between the University of Dundee’s drug discovery unit (DDU) and the Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), a separate organisation.
The compound is now undergoing further safety testing with a view to entering human clinical trials within the next year.
Details of the discovery have been published in the journal Nature.
Professor Ian Gilbert, head of chemistry at the DDU, who led the team that discovered the compound, said: “The publication describes the discovery and profiling of this exciting new compound.
“It reveals that DDD107498 has the potential to treat malaria with a single dose, prevent the spread of malaria from infected people and protect a person from developing the disease in the first place.
“There is still some way to go before the compound can be given to patients. However, we are very excited by the progress that we have made.”
The World Health Organisation reports that there were 200 million clinical cases of malaria in 2013, with 584,000 people dying from the disease. Most of these deaths were children under the age of five and pregnant women.
MMV chief executive officer Dr David Reddy said: “Malaria continues to threaten almost half of the world’s population – the half that can least afford it.
“DDD107498 is an exciting compound since it holds the promise to not only treat but also protect these vulnerable populations.
“The collaboration to identify and progress the compound, led by the drug discovery unit at the University of Dundee, drew on MMV’s network of scientists from Melbourne to San Diego.”The publication of the research is an important step and a clear testament to the power of partnership.”
MMV selected DDD107498 to enter preclinical development in October 2013 following the recommendation of its expert scientific advisory committee.
Since then, with MMV’s leadership, large quantities of the compound have been produced and it is undergoing further safety testing with a view to entering human clinical trials within the next year.
Merck Serono has recently obtained the right to develop and, if successful, commercialise the compound, with the input of MMV’s expertise in the field of malaria drug development and access and delivery in malaria-endemic countries.
Dr Michael Chew from the Wellcome Trust, which provides funding for the DDU and MMV, said: “The need for new antimalarial drugs is more urgent than ever before, with emerging strains of the parasite now showing resistance against the best available drugs.
“These strains are already present at the Myanmar-Indian border and it’s a race against time to stop resistance spreading to the most vulnerable populations in Africa.
“The discovery of this new antimalarial agent, which has shown remarkable potency against multiple stages of the malaria lifecycle, is an exciting prospect in the hunt for viable new treatments.”
PAPER
Discovery of a Quinoline-4-carboxamide Derivative with a Novel Mechanism of Action, Multistage Antimalarial Activity, and Potent in Vivo Efficacy
Conditions: (a) morpholine, Et3N, DCM, 16 h, 72% yield; (b) MeMgBr, toluene, reflux, 4 h and then a 10% aqueous HCl, reflux, 1 h, 70% yield; (c) NBS, benzoyl peroxide, dichlorobenzene, 140 °C, 16 h, 70% yield; (d) morpholine, K2CO3, acetonitrile, 40 °C, 16 h, 64% yield; (e) 5-fluoroisatin, KOH, EtOH, 120 °C, microwave, 20 min, 30–76% yield; (f) amine, CDMT, N-methylmorpholine, DCM, 20–61% yield.
A single-dose treatment against malaria worked in mice to cure them of the disease. The drug also worked to block infection in healthy mice and to stop transmission, according to a study published in Nature today. The fact that the drug can act against so many stages of malaria is pretty new, but what’s even more exciting is the compound’s mode of action: it kills malaria in a completely new way, researchers say. The feature would make it a welcome addition to our roster of antimalarials — a roster that’s threatened by drug resistance.
RESEARCHERS SIFTED THROUGH A LIBRARY OF ABOUT 4,700 COMPOUNDS TO FIND THIS ONE
Malaria is an infectious disease that’s transmitted through mosquito bites; it’s also a leading cause of death in a number of developing countries. Approximately 3.4 billion people live in areas where malaria poses a real threat. As a result, there were 207 million cases of malaria in 2012 — and 627,000 deaths. There are drugs that can be used to prevent malaria, and even treat it, but drug resistance is halting the use of certain treatments in some areas.
A long search
Searching for a new drug is all about trial and error. To find this particular compound, researchers sifted through a library of about 4,700 compounds, testing them to see if they were capable of killing the malaria parasite in a lab setting. When they found something that worked, they tweaked the drug candidate to see if it could perform more effectively. “We went through a lot of these cycles of testing and designing new compounds,” says Ian Gilbert, a medicinal chemist at the University of Dundee in the UK, and a co-author of the study. “Eventually we optimized to the compound which is the subject of the paper.” For now, that compound’s unwieldy name is DDD107498.
To make sure DDD107498 really had potential, the researchers tested it on mice that had already been infected with malaria. A single dose was enough to provoke a 90 percent reduction in the number of parasites in their blood. The scientists also gave the compound to healthy mice that were subsequently exposed to malaria. DDD107498 helped the mice evade infection with a single dose, but it’s unclear how long that effect would last in humans. Finally, the researchers looked at whether the compound could prevent the transmission from an infected mouse to a mosquito. A day after receiving the treatment, mice were put in contact with mosquitoes. The scientists noted a 91 percent reduction in infected mosquitoes.
“IT HAS THE ABILITY TO BE A ONE-DOSE [DRUG], IN COMBINATION WITH ANOTHER MOLECULE.”
“What’s exciting about this molecule is obviously the fact that it has the ability to be a one-dose [drug], in combination with another molecule to cure blood stage malaria,” says Kevin Read, a drug researcher also at the University of Dundee and a co-author of the study. The fact that the compound has the ability to block transmission and protect against infection is equally thrilling. But the way in which DDD107498 kills malaria might be its most interesting feature. It halts the production of proteins — which are necessary for the parasite’s survival. No other malaria drug does that right now, Read says. “So, in principle, there’s no resistance out there already to this mechanism.”
The drug hasn’t been tested in humans yet, so it may not be nearly as good in the field. But Read says DDD107498 looks promising. “From all the pre-clinical or non-clinical data we’ve generated, it is comparable or better than any of the current marketed anti-malarials in those studies.” And at $1 per treatment, the price of the drug should fall “within the range of what’s acceptable,” he says.
“It looks like an excellent study, and the results look very important,” says Philip Rosenthal, a malaria drug researcher at The University of California-San Francisco who didn’t participate in the study. This is a big shift for Rosenthal’s field. Five years ago, “we had very little going on in anti-malarial drug discovery,” he says. Now, there’s quite a bit going on for malaria researchers, and a number of promising compounds are moving along. DDD107498 “is another player, and it’s got a number of positive features,” he says.
OTHER TREATMENTS HAVE TO BE TAKEN FOR A FEW DAYS
One of the features is the drug’s potency. It’s very active against cultured malaria parasites, Rosenthal says. But what’s perhaps most intriguing about DDD107498 is that the drug works against the mechanism that enables protein synthesis the malaria parasite’s cells. No other malaria drug does that right now, Read says. “Considering challenges of treating malaria, which is often in rural areas and developing countries, a single dose would be a big plus,” he says. “In addition, because of it’s long half life, it may also work to prevent malaria with once a week dosing, which is also a benefit.”
Still, no drug is perfect. The data suggests that DDD107498 doesn’t kill malaria as quickly as some other drugs, Rosenthal says. And when the researchers tested it to see how long it might take for resistance to develop, the results weren’t as promising as he would like. The parasites figured out a way to become resistant to the compound “relatively easily,” he says. That shouldn’t be “deal-killer,” however. “Its slow onset of action probably means it should be combined with a faster-acting drug,” he says.
BUT IT’S SLOW-ACTING
The compound is going through safety testing now. If everything goes well, it should hit human trials within the next year, Read says. Chances are, it will have to be used in combination with other malaria drugs, Gilbert says. “All anti-malarials are given in combination because it slows down resistance.”
“When you’re treating infectious diseases, you know that drug resistance is always a potential problem, so having a number of choices to treat malaria is a good thing,” Rosenthal says. In this case, the drug’s new mode of action may hold lead to an entirely new weapon against malaria. “Obviously it’s got a long way to go,” Read says. But the compound is “very exciting,” nonetheless.
Example 16-Fluoro-2-[4-(morpholinomethyl)phenyl]-N-(2-pyrrolidin-1-ylethyl)quinoline-4-carboxamide, Example compound 1 in Scheme 2
In a sealed microwave tube, a suspension of 2-chloro-6-fluoro-N-(2-pyrrolidin-1-ylethyl)quinoline-4-carboxamide (preparation 4) (2.00 g, 6 mmol), [4-(morpholinomethyl)phenyl]boronic acid, hydrochloride, available from UORSY, (3.20 g, 12 mmol), potassium phosphate (2.63 g, 12 mmol) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (0) (0.21 g, 0.19 mmol) in DMF/Water 3/1 (40 ml) was heated at 130° C. under microwave irradiation for 30 min. The reaction was filtered through Celite™ and solvents were removed under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was taken up in DCM (150 ml) and washed twice with NaHCO3 saturated aqueous solution (2×100 ml). The organic layer was separated, dried over MgSO4 and concentrate to dryness under reduced pressure. The reaction crude was purified by flash column chromatography using an 80 g silica gel cartridge and eluting with DCM (Solvent A) and MeOH (Solvent B) and the following gradient: 1 min hold 100% A, followed by a 30 min ramp to 10% B, and then 15 min hold at 10% B. The fractions containing product were pooled together and concentrated to dryness under vacuum to obtain the desired product as an off-white solid (1 g). The product was dissolved in methanol (100 ml) and 3-mercaptopropyl ethyl sulfide Silica (Phosphonics, SPM-32, 60-200 uM) was added. The suspension was stirred at room temperature over for 2 days and then at 50° C. for 1 h. After cooling to room temperature, the scavenger was filtered off and washed with methanol (30 ml). The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the product was further purified by preparative HPLC. The fractions containing product were pooled together and freeze dried to obtain the desired product as a white solid (0.6 g, 1.3 mmol, Yield 20%).
Example 26-Fluoro-2-[4-(morpholinomethyl)phenyl]-N-(2-pyrrolidin-1-ylethyl)quinoline-4-carboxamide; fumaric acid salt, compound (IB) in Scheme 2
The starting free base (example 1) (0.58 g, 1 mmol) was dissolved in dry ethanol (10 ml) and added dropwise to a stirred solution of fumaric acid (0.15 g, 1 mmol) in dry ethanol (9 ml). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The white precipitate was filtered, washed with ethanol (20 ml) and then dissolved in 10 ml of water and freeze dried to obtain the desired salt as a white solid (0.601 g, 1 mmol, Yield 82%).
Example 1AAlternative synthesis of 6-fluoro-2-[4-(morpholinomethyl)phenyl]-N-(2-pyrrolidin-1-ylethyl)quinoline-4-carboxamide, Example compound 1A in Scheme 4
To a stirred suspension of 6-fluoro-2-[4-(morpholinomethyl)phenyl]quinoline-4-carboxylic acid (preparation 7) (2.20 g, 6 mmol) in DCM (100 ml) at room temperature, 2-chloro-4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazine (CDMT) (1.26 g, 7 mmol) and 4-methylmorpholine (NMO) (1.33 ml, 12 mmol) were added. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h and then 2-pyrrolidin-1-ylethanamine (0.77 ml, 6 mmol) was added and stirred at room temperature for further 3 h. The reaction mixture was washed with NaHCO3 saturated aqueous solution (2×100 ml) and the organic phase was separated, dried over MgSO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was absorbed on silica gel and purified by flash column chromatography using an 80 g silica gel cartridge and eluting with DCM (Solvent A) and MeOH (Solvent B) and the following gradient: 2 min hold 100% A followed by a 30 min ramp to 10% B and then 15 min hold at 10% B. The desired fractions were concentrated to dryness under vacuum to obtain the crude product as a yellow solid (95% purity by LCMS). The sample was further purified by a second column chromatography using a 40 g silica gel cartridge, eluting with DCM (Solvent A) and 10% NH3-MeOH in DCM (Solvent B) and the following gradient: 2 min hold 100% A, followed by a 10 min ramp to 23% B and then 15 min hold at 23% B. The desired fractions were concentrated to dryness under vacuum to obtain product as a white solid (1 g). Re-crystallisation form acetonitrile (18 ml) yielded the title compound as a white solid (625 mg, 1.24 mmol, 20%).
Example 1 : 6-Fluoro-2-r4-(morpholinomethyl)phenyll-N-(2-pyrrolidin-1-ylethyl)quinoline- 4-carboxamide, Example compound 1 in Scheme 2
In a sealed microwave tube, a suspension of 2-chloro-6-fluoro-N-(2-pyrrolidin-1- ylethyl)quinoline-4-carboxamide (preparation 4) (2.00 g, 6 mmol), [4- (morpholinomethyl)phenyl]boronic acid, hydrochloride, available from UORSY, (3.20 g, 12 mmol), potassium phosphate (2.63 g, 12 mmol) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (0) (0.21 g, 0.19 mmol) in DMF/Water 3/1 (40 ml) was heated at 130°C under microwave irradiation for 30 min. The reaction was filtered through Celite™ and solvents were removed under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was taken up in DCM (150 ml) and washed twice with NaHC03 saturated aqueous solution (2 x 100 ml). The organic layer was separated, dried over MgS04and concentrate to dryness under reduced pressure. The reaction crude was purified by flash column chromatography using an 80 g silica gel cartridge and eluting with DCM (Solvent A) and MeOH (Solvent B) and the following gradient: 1 min hold 100% A, followed by a 30 min ramp to 10 % B, and then 15 min hold at 10% B. The fractions containing product were pooled together and concentrated to dryness under vacuum to obtain the desired product as an off-white solid (1 g). The product was dissolved in methanol (100 ml) and 3-mercaptopropyl ethyl sulfide Silica (Phosphonics, SPM-32, 60- 200 uM) was added. The suspension was stirred at room temperature over for 2 days and then at 50°C for 1 h. After cooling to room temperature, the scavenger was filtered off and washed with methanol (30 ml). The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the product was further purified by preparative HPLC. The fractions containing product were pooled together and freeze dried to obtain the desired product as a white solid (0.6 g, 1.3 mmol, Yield 20%).
Example 2: 6-Fluoro-2-[4-(morpholinomethyl)phenyl1-N-(2-pyrrolidin-1-ylethyl)quinoline- 4-carboxamide; fumaric acid salt, compound (IB) in Scheme 2
The starting free base (example 1) (0.58 g, 1 mmol) was dissolved in dry ethanol (10 ml) and added dropwise to a stirred solution of fumaric acid (0.15 g, 1 mmol) in dry ethanol (9 ml). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The white precipitate was filtered, washed with ethanol (20 ml) and then dissolved in 10 ml of water and freeze dried to obtain the desired salt as a white solid (0.601 g, 1 mmol, Yield 82%).
Example 1A: Alternative synthesis of 6-fluoro-2-[4-(morpholinomethyl)phenyl1-N-(2- pyrrolidin-1-ylethyl)quinoline-4-carboxamide, Example compound 1A in Scheme 4
To a stirred suspension of 6-fluoro-2-[4-(morpholinomethyl)phenyl]quinoline-4-carboxylic acid (preparation 7) (2.20 g, 6 mmol) in DCM (100 ml) at room temperature, 2-chloro- 4,6-dimethoxy-1 ,3,5-triazine (CDMT) (1.26 g, 7 mmol) and 4-methylmorpholine (NMO) (1.33 ml, 12 mmol) were added. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h and then 2-pyrrolidin-1-ylethanamine (0.77 ml, 6 mmol) was added and stirred at room temperature for further 3 h. The reaction mixture was washed with NaHC03 saturated aqueous solution (2x 100 ml) and the organic phase was separated, dried over MgS04 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was absorbed on silica gel and purified by flash column chromatography using an 80 g silica gel cartridge and eluting with DCM (Solvent A) and MeOH (Solvent B) and the following gradient: 2 min hold 100% A followed by a 30 min ramp to 10 %B and then 15 min hold at 10%B. The desired fractions were concentrated to dryness under vacuum to obtain the crude product as a yellow solid (95% purity by LCMS). The sample was further purified by a second column chromatography using a 40 g silica gel cartridge, eluting with DCM (Solvent A) and 10% NH3-MeOH in DCM (Solvent B) and the following gradient: 2 min hold 100% A, followed by a 10 min ramp to 23 % B and then 15 min hold at 23% B. The desired fractions were concentrated to dryness under vacuum to obtain product as a white solid (1 g). Re-crystallisation form acetonitrile (18 ml) yielded the title compound as a white solid (625 mg, 1.24 mmol, 20%).
A Quinoline Carboxamide Antimalarial Drug Candidate Uniquely Targets Plasmodia at Three Stages of the Parasite Life Cycle
Angewandte Chemie, International Edition (2015), 54, (46), 13504-13506
Putting a stop to malaria: Phenotypic screening against malaria parasites, hit identification, and efficient lead optimization have delivered the preclinical candidate antimalarial DDD107498. This molecule is distinctive in that it has potential for use as a single-dose cure for malaria and shows a unique broad spectrum of activity against the liver, blood, and mosquito stages of the parasite life cycle.
Prof. P. M. O’Neill Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool Liverpool, L69 7ZD (UK) E-mail: [email protected] Prof. S. A. Ward Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place Liverpool, L3 5QA (UK)
Professor Ian Gilbert FRSC
Design and synthesis of potential therapeutic agents
Position:
Professor of Medicinal Chemistry and Head of the Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery
I am a medicinal chemist and my research interests are in the design and synthesis of potential drugs. The mainstay of my work is synthetic medicinal chemistry as part of the Drug Discovery Unit (DDU). Where possible we make extensive use of molecular modeling to guide our synthetic efforts. I have a particular interests in the following aspects of drug discovery:
Neglected diseases such as human African trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis and malaria.
Chemical validation of drug targets, including novel targets for which there is little or no precedence for drug discovery.
Novel approaches to and paradigms for drug discovery.
Mode of action studies and target identification.
I am Head of Chemistry in the DDU. Our main focuses are on neglected diseases and novel drug targets. The neglected diseases we are tackling are malaria, tuberculosis and the kinetoplastid diseases. We use both target-based approaches and phenotypic approaches (whole parasite screening). We have had particular success in validating the enzyme N-myristoyltransferase as a drug target in human African trypanosomiasis, and in identifying and optimising phenotypic hits. In our novel targets area, we aim to validate novel areas of biology as potential drug targets.
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BESIFLOXACIN
DDD498
