AUTHOR OF THIS BLOG

DR ANTHONY MELVIN CRASTO, WORLDDRUGTRACKER

Ring-locking enables selective anhydrosugar synthesis from carbohydrate pyrolysis

 SYNTHESIS  Comments Off on Ring-locking enables selective anhydrosugar synthesis from carbohydrate pyrolysis
Jul 292016
 

 

Ring-locking enables selective anhydrosugar synthesis from carbohydrate pyrolysis

Green Chem., 2016, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/C6GC01600F, Paper
Li Chen, Jinmo Zhao, Sivaram Pradhan, Bruce E. Brinson, Gustavo E. Scuseria, Z. Conrad Zhang, Michael S. Wong
The nonselective nature of glucose pyrolysis chemistry can be controlled by preventing the sugar ring from opening and fragmenting.

Ring-locking enables selective anhydrosugar synthesis from carbohydrate pyrolysis

*Corresponding authors
aDepartment of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, USA
E-mail: mswong@rice.edu
bDepartment of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, USA
cDalian National Laboratory of Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Dalian, China
E-mail: zczhang@dicp.ac.cn
dDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, USA
eDepartment of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, USA
Green Chem., 2016, Advance Article

DOI: 10.1039/C6GC01600F

see ………………..http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2016/GC/C6GC01600F?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+rss%2FGC+%28RSC+-+Green+Chem.+latest+articles%29#!divAbstract

The selective production of platform chemicals from thermal conversion of biomass-derived carbohydrates is challenging. As precursors to natural products and drug molecules, anhydrosugars are difficult to synthesize from simple carbohydrates in large quantities without side products, due to various competing pathways during pyrolysis. Here we demonstrate that the nonselective chemistry of carbohydrate pyrolysis is substantially improved by alkoxy or phenoxy substitution at the anomeric carbon of glucose prior to thermal treatment. Through this ring-locking step, we found that the selectivity to 1,6-anhydro-β-D-glucopyranose (levoglucosan, LGA) increased from 2% to greater than 90% after fast pyrolysis of the resulting sugar at 600 °C. DFT analysis indicated that LGA formation becomes the dominant reaction pathway when the substituent group inhibits the pyranose ring from opening and fragmenting into non-anhydrosugar products. LGA forms selectively when the activation barrier for ring-opening is significantly increased over that for 1,6-elimination, with both barriers affected by the substituent type and anomeric position. These findings introduce the ring-locking concept to sugar pyrolysis chemistry and suggest a chemical-thermal treatment approach for upgrading simple and complex carbohydrates.

////////Ring-locking ,  selective anhydrosugar, carbohydrate pyrolysis, synthesis

Share

Anti-Aging Secret , A substance found in pomegranate fruit proved an effective anti-aging agent

 Ayurveda  Comments Off on Anti-Aging Secret , A substance found in pomegranate fruit proved an effective anti-aging agent
Jul 292016
 

thumbnail image: Anti-Aging Secret

Anti-Aging Secret

A substance found in pomegranate fruit proved an effective anti-aging agent

Read more

http://www.chemistryviews.org/details/news/9605411/Anti-Aging_Secret.html?elq_mid=11072&elq_cid=1558306

UA improves fitness and extends lifespan.

CREDIT http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nm.4132.html

CREDIT ChemistryViews

/////////////pomegranate fruit,  anti-aging agent

Share

Varenicline (Chantix™) バレニクリン酒石酸塩

 Uncategorized  Comments Off on Varenicline (Chantix™) バレニクリン酒石酸塩
Jul 282016
 

Varenicline.svg

Varenicline (Chantix™)

Varenicline

  • MF C13H13N3
  • MW 211.26
(1R,12S)-5,8,14-Triazatétracyclo[10.3.1.02,11.04,9]hexadéca-2,4,6,8,10-pentaène [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
6,10-Methano-6H-azepino[4,5-g]quinoxaline, 7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-, (6R,10S)- [ACD/Index Name]
Champix
(1R,12S)-5,8,14-triazatetracyclo[10.3.1.02,11.04,9]hexadeca-2(11),3,5,7,9-pentaene
CP-526,555
MFCD08460603
MFCD10001497
UNII:W6HS99O8ZO
APPROVALS
FDA MAY 10, 2006
EMA SEPT 2006
PMDA JAPAN JAN 25 2008

Varenicline (trade name Chantix and Champix usually in the form of varenicline tartrate), is a prescription medication used to treatnicotine addiction. Varenicline is a nicotinic receptor partial agonist—it stimulates nicotine receptors more weakly than nicotine itself does. In this respect it is similar to cytisine and different from the nicotinic antagonist, bupropion, and nicotine replacement therapies(NRTs) like nicotine patches and nicotine gum. As a partial agonist it both reduces cravings for and decreases the pleasurable effects of cigarettes and other tobacco products. Through these mechanisms it can assist some patients to quit smoking.

Varenicline

Varenicline
CAS Registry Number: 249296-44-4
CAS Name: 7,8,9,10-Tetrahydro-6,10-methano-6H-pyrazino[2,3-h][3]benzazepine
Additional Names: 5,8,14-triazatetracyclo[10.3.1.02,11.04,9]hexadeca-2(11)-3,5,7,9-pentaene
Manufacturers’ Codes: CP-526555
Molecular Formula: C13H13N3
Molecular Weight: 211.26
Percent Composition: C 73.91%, H 6.20%, N 19.89%
Literature References: Nicotinic a4b2 acetylcholine receptor partial agonist. Prepn: P. R. P. Brooks, J. W. Coe, WO 0162736(2001 to Pfizer). Synthesis, receptor binding studies, and in vivo dopaminergic acitvity: J. W. Coe et al., J. Med. Chem. 48, 3474 (2005). Metabolism: R. S. Obach et al., Drug Metab. Dispos. 34, 121 (2006).
Derivative Type: Tartrate
CAS Registry Number: 375815-87-5
Trademarks: Champix (Pfizer)
Molecular Formula: C13H13N3.C4H6O6
Molecular Weight: 361.35
Percent Composition: C 56.51%, H 5.30%, N 11.63%, O 26.57%
Therap-Cat: Aid in smoking cessation.
バレニクリン酒石酸塩
Varenicline Tartrate

C13H13N3▪C4H6O6 : 361.35
[375815-87-5]

Medical uses

Varenicline is used for smoking cessation. In a 2009 meta-analysis varenicline was found to be more effective than bupropion (odds ratio 1.40) and NRTs (odds ratio 1.56).[1]

A 2013 Cochrane overview and network meta-analysis concluded that varenicline is the most effective medication for tobacco cessation and that smokers were nearly three times more likely to quit on varenicline than with placebo treatment. Varenicline was more efficacious than bupropion or NRT and as effective as combination NRT for tobacco smoking cessation.[2][3]

The United States’ Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) has approved the use of varenicline for up to twelve weeks. If smoking cessation has been achieved it may be continued for another twelve weeks.[4]

Varenicline has not been tested in those under 18 years old or pregnant women and therefore is not recommended for use by these groups. Varenicline is considered a class C pregnancy drug, as animal studies have shown no increased risk of congenital anomalies, however, no data from human studies is available.[5] An observational study is currently being conducted assessing for malformations related to varenicline exposure, but has no results yet.[6] An alternate drug is preferred for smoking cessation during breastfeeding due to lack of information and based on the animal studies on nicotine.[7]

 

Varenicline L-tartrate (Compound I) is the international commonly accepted name for 7,8,9,10- tetrahydro-6, 10-methano-6i7-pyrazino [2, 3- h] [3 ] benzazepme, (2R, 3R) -2 , 3-dihydroxybutanedioate (1:1) (which is also known as 5,8,14- tπazatetracyclo [10.3.1. O2‘11. O4‘9] -hexadeca-2 (11) , 3, 5, 7, 9-pentaene, (2R, 3R)-2,3- dihydroxybutanedioate (1:1)) and has an empirical formula of C13H13N3 • C4H6O6 and a molecular weight of 361.35. Varenicline L-tartrate is a commercially marketed pharmaceutically active substance known to be useful for the treatment of smoking addiction.

Figure imgf000002_0001

(D

Varenicline L-tartrate is a partial agonist selective for (X4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes. In the United States, varenicline L-tartrate is marketed under the name Chantix™ for the treatment of smoking cessation. Varenicline base and its pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts are described in U.S. Patent No. 6,410,550. In particular, Example 26 of U.S. Patent No. 6,410,550 describes the preparation of varenicline hydrochloride salt using 1- (4 , 5-dinitro-10- aza-tπcyclo [6.3.1.O2‘7] dodeca-2, 4, 6-trien-10-yl) -2,2,2- tπfluoroethanone (compound of formula (III)) as starting compound. On the other hand, Example HA) of U.S. Patent No. 6,410,550 illustrates the preparation of compound of formula (III) via nitration of compound of formula (II) using an excess of nitronium triflate (>4 equiv) as a nitrating agent. The process disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 6,410,550 is depicted in Scheme 1.

Figure imgf000003_0001

VareniclineΗCl

Scheme 1

However, Coe et al., J. Med. Chem., 48, 3474 (2005), describes the same process and examples as U.S. Patent No. 6,410,550, and it also reveals that this process affords intermediate ortho-4 , 5-dinitrocompound of formula (III) together with the meta-3, 5-dinitro- isomer (i.e. the meta-dinitrocompound) in a ratio 9:1. The presence of the meta-dinitrocompound may affect not only the purity of the intermediate compound of formula III but it may also have an effect on the purity of the final varenicline tartrate, given that it can be carried along the synthetic pathway and/or it can also give rise to other derivative impurities. Thereby, as well as in U.S. Patent No. 6,410,550, in order to isolate pure compound of formula (III) , the raw product is triturated with ethyl acetate/hexane to afford compound of formula (III) with 77% yield. Additionally, the mother liquor is purified by chromatography on silica gel to improve the yield to a total of 82.8%. However, this process is not desirable for industrial implementation since it requires extensive and complicated purification procedures, i.e. trituration of the solid product along with column chromatography purification of the mother liquor, which is not very efficient or suitable for industrial scale-up.

Several improved processes for the synthesis of varenicline or its salts have been reported in the literature (e.g. WO2006/090236) . However, none of these processes tackle the optimization of the purification step of compound of formula (III).

There is therefore the need for providing an improved process for the preparation of varenicline L- tartrate which involves simple experimental procedures well suited to industrial production, which avoids the use of column chromatography purifications, and which affords high pure varenicline L-tartrate which hence can be used directly as a starting product for the preparation of the marketed pharmaceutical speciality.

Additionally, it has been observed that varenicline L-tartrate is usually obtained as a yellow solid under – A –

standard synthetic conditions. In this regard, colour must be attributed to the presence of some specific impurities that may or may not be detectable by conventional methods such as HPLC. The presence of impurities may adversely affect the safety and shelf life of formulations. In this connection, International application No. WO2006/090236 describes the isolation of vareniclme L- tartrate as a white solid. However, in order to remove coloured impurities, the varenicline L-tartrate obtained in WO2006/090236 is treated with a particular activated carbon having a specific grade (i.e. Darco KB-B™) . In fact, Example 5 of WO2006/090236 describes a large reprocessing step which comprises: dissolving varenicline L-tartrate in water, adding toluene, basifying with NaOH aqueous solution, collecting the toluene phase containing varenicline free base, distilling, adding methanol, azeotropically distilling the mixture, and adding more methanol to obtain a methanolic solution containing varenicline free base, adding Darco KB-B™ (10% w/w) , stirring for one hour, filtering through a pad of celite, and treating with L-tartaric acid to give varenicline L- tartrate salt as a white solid. Further, WO2006/090236 provides the absorbance at 430 nm of a varenicline L- tartrate salt solution, either in dichloromethane or in toluene, with or without using Darco KB-B™ activated carbon. However, this measure cannot be used to corroborate the whiteness of the solid varenicline L- tartrate. In addition, Example 3 of International application No. WO2002/092089, also disclose the preparation of varenicline L-tartrate polymorphic form C (i.e. a hydrate polymorph) as a white precipitate. Therefore, there is also a need for a simple and efficient method for preparing varenicline L-tartrate with enhanced whiteness and having a high purity.

SYNTHESIS

 

Synthesis of Intermediate VIII

Paper

J. Med. Chem. 48, 3474 (2005).

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/jm050069n

STR1

PATENT

https://www.google.com/patents/WO2001062736A1?cl=en

 

CLIP

Profiles of Drug Substances, Excipients and Related Methodology, Volume 37

edited by Harry G. Brittain

STR1

STR1

 

STR1

STR1

STR1

STR1

STR1

 

 

SYNTHESIS

DOI: 10.1021/jm00190a020
DOI: 10.1021/jm050069n

 

CLIP

Scheme (I) compound patent US6410550B1 is provided adjacent difluorobromobenzene as raw materials by DA reaction, oxidation, cyclization, debenzylation get varenicline intermediate (II). The synthesis route is as follows:

Figure CN102827079AD00051
CLIP

Patent CN101693712A mainly given varenicline intermediate (II) The preparation process is different from the compound patented. After the five-step method patents cited compounds. The entire route is longer, while using a large number of precious metal catalysts and reaction conditions need very strict control, inappropriate EVAL industry production.

Figure CN102827079AD00052
CLIP

STR1

STR1

PATENT

CN 102827079

A varenicline intermediate 2,3, 4, 5-tetrahydro-1,5-methylene bridge synthesis -1H-3- benzazepine hydrochloride, which comprises the following Step: (1) 2-indanone of formula 3 and the compound and paraformaldehyde under alkaline or acidic conditions Mannich reaction, as shown in general formula 2 intermediate; (2) the step (I) obtained through reaction of Formula 2 intermediate under basic or acidic conditions by reducing the role of the carbonyl group is reduced to a methylene group, and get varenicline intermediate (II) by debenzylation, the reaction is:

Figure CN102827079AC00021

Wherein, R groups are selected from _H, _Me, _Et, _iPr> _t_Bu.

 

Figure 2;

Figure CN102827079AD00072

Wherein, R group is -H, -Me, -Et, -iPr or -t_Bu.

(2) Step (I) obtained by the reaction intermediates of formula under basic or acidic conditions by reducing the role of the carbonyl group is reduced 2 methylene, and get by debenzylation cutting Lenk Lin intermediate (II);

Figure CN102827079AD00073

STR1

CLIP

Varenicline, a nicotinic 􀀁4􀀂2 partial agonist, was approved in the US for the treatment of smoking cessation in May of 2006. It was developed and marketed by Pfizer as a treatment for cigarette smokers who want to quit. Varenicline partially activates the nicotinic receptors and thus reduces the craving for cigarette that smokers feel when they try to quit smoking. By mitigating this craving and antagonizing nicotine activity without other symptoms, this novel drug helps quitting this dangerous addiction easier on the patients [6,52]. Several modifications [54,55] to the original synthesis [53,56] have been reported in the literature, including an improved process scale synthesis of the last few steps (Scheme 15) [57]. The Grignard reaction was initiated on a small scale by addition of 2-bromo fluorobenzene 113 to a slurry of Magnesium turnings and catalytic 1,2-dibromoethane in THF and heating the mixture until refluxing in maintained. To this refluxing mixture was added a mixture of the 2-bromo fluorobenzene 113 and cyclopentadiene 114 over a period of 1.5 h. After complete addition, the reaction was allowed to reflux for additional 1.5 h to give the Diels- Alder product 115 in 64% yield. Dihydroxylation of the olefin 115 by reacting with catalytic osmium tetraoxide in the presence of N-methylmorpholine N-oxide (NMO) in acetone: water mixture at room temperature provided the diol 116 in 89% yield. Oxidative cleavage of diol 116 with sodium periodate in biphasic mixture of water: DCE at 10ºC provided di-aldehyde 117 which was immediately reacted with benzyl amine in the presence of sodium acetoxyborohydride to give benzyl amine 118 in 85.7% yield. The removal of the benzyl group was effected by hydrogenation of the HCl salt in 40-50 psi hydrogen pressure with 20% Pd(OH)2 in methanol to give amine hydrochloride 119 in 88% yield. Treatment of amine 119 with trifluoroacetic anhydride and pyridine in dichloromethane at 0ºC gave trifluoroacetamide 120 in 94% yield. Dinitro compound 121 was prepared by addition of trifluoroacetamide 120 to a mixture of trifluoromethane sulfonic acid and nitric acid, which was premixed, in dichloromethane at 0ºC. Reduction of the dinitro compound 121 by hydrogenation at 40-50 psi hydrogen in the presence of catalytic 5%Pd/C in isopropanol:water mixture provided the diamine intermediate 122 which was quickly reacted with glyoxal in water at room temperature for 18h to give compound 123 in 85% overall yield. The trifluoroacetamide 123 was then hydrolyzed with 2 M sodium hydroxide in toluene at 37-40ºC for 2-3h followed by preparation of tartrate salt in methanol to furnish varenicline tartrate (XV).

STR1

[52]Keating, G.; Siddiqui, M. A. A. CNSdrugs, 2006, 11, 946.
[53] Coe, J. W.; Brooks, P. R.; Vetelino, M. G.; Wirtz, M. C.; Arnold,E. P. ; Huang, J.; Sands, S. B.; Davis, T. I.; Lebel, L. A.; Fox, C.
B.; Shrikhande, A.; Heym, J. H.; Schaeffer, E.; Rollema, H.; Lu,Y.; Mansbach, R. S.; Chambers, L. K.; Rovetti, C. C.; Schulz, D.
W.; Tingley, III, F. D.; O’Neill, B. T. J. Med. Chem., 2005, 48,3474.
[54] Brooks, P. R.; Caron, S.; Coe, J. W.; Ng, K. K.; Singer, R. A.;Vazquez, E.; Vetelino, M. G.; Watson, Jr. H. H.; Whritenour, D.
C.; Wirtz, M. C. Synthesis, 2004, 11, 1755.
[55] Singer, R. A.; McKinley, J. D.; Barbe, G.; Farlow, R. A. Org. Lett.,2004, 6, 2357.
[56] Coe, J. W.; Brooks, P. R. P. US-6410550 B1, 2002.
[57] Busch, F. R.; Hawkins, J. M.; Mustakis, L. G.; Sinay, T. G., Jr.;Watson, T. J. N.; Withbroe, G. J. WO-2006090236 A1, 2006.

PATENT

WO 2002085843

https://google.com/patents/WO2002085843A2?cl=en

STR1

 

PATENT

https://www.google.com/patents/EP2204369A1?cl=en

Varenicline (a compound I of formula I) is the international commonly accepted non-proprietary name for 7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-6,10-methano-6H-pyrazino[2,3-h][3]benzazepine (which is also known as 5,8,14-triazatetracyclo[10.3.1.02,11.04,9]-hexadeca-2(11),3,5,7,9-pentaene), and has an empirical formula of C13H13N3 and a molecular weight of 211.26.

Figure imgb0001

The L-tartrate salt of varenicline is known to be therapeutically useful and is commercially marketed for the treatment of smoking addiction. Varenicline L-tartrate is a partial agonist selective for α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes. In the United States, varenicline L-tartrate is marketed under the trade mark Chantix and is indicated as an aid to smoking cessation treatment.

Varenicline base and its pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts are described in U.S. Patent No. 6,410,550 . In particular, the preparation of varenicline provided in this reference makes use of 10-aza-tricyclo[6.3.1.02,7]-dodeca-2(7),3,5-triene (a compound of Formula VI), as a key intermediate compound (see Scheme 1 below). Specifically, Example 1 of U.S. Patent No. 6,410,550 describes the synthetic preparation of key intermediate compound of Formula VI as depicted in Scheme 1.

Figure imgb0002

 

1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,4-methano-naphthalene-cis-2,3-diol (a compound of Formula III), and / or indane-1,3-dicarbaldehyde (a compound of Formula IV).

Example 1: Preparation of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,4-methano-naphthalene-cis-2,3-diol (a compound of Formula III)

A 10mL round bottom flask was charged with a compound of formula II (142mg, 1mmol), N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (120mg, 1.03mmol), tert-butanol (3mL) and water (1mL). FibreCat™ 3003 (OsO4 anchored onto a polymeric support) (11.6mg, 0.0025mmol) was added to this solution and the mixture was heated to reflux. Complete conversion to a compound of formula III was detected by GC, method A, after 48h.

Example 2: Preparation of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,4-methano-naphthalene-cis-2,3-diol (a compound of Formula III)Step A) Preparation of hexadecyl-trimethylammoniumpermanganate (HTAP):

HTAP was prepared from ion exchange reaction between hexadecyltrimethylammoniumbromide and potassium permanganate.

Potassium permanganate (17.38g, 0.11mol, 1equiv.) was dissolved in 500mL water. A solution of hexadecyltrimethylammoniumbromide (40.10g, 0.11mol, 1equiv) in 500mL water was added drop-wise over 45 min at 20-22°C, and the mixture stirred for 30 minutes at this temperature. The precipitated solid was collected by filtration, washed with water (3 x 100mL) and dried under vacuum at 35°C for 24 hours to give 34.38g of HTAP as a light purple solid.

Step B) Preparation of a compound of formula III:

Compound II (3.52g, 24.8mmol, 1equiv.) was dissolved in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (80mL) and a solution of HTAP (10g, 24.8mmol, 1.0equiv.) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (125mL) was added drop-wise at 23-30°C over 45min. The reaction was monitored by TLC (hexane-ethyl acetate = 1:1). After complete reaction the mixture was cooled to below 10°C, and methyl tert-butyl ether (50mL) and 5% aqueous NaOH solution (50mL) were added and the mixture stirred for 30min. The solid was removed by filtration, and washed with methyl tert-butyl ether (2 x 30mL). The combined layers of the filtrate were separated and the aqueous phase extracted with methyl tert-butyl ether (2 x 30mL). The organic layers were combined and washed with 5% aqueous NaOH solution (50mL), water (2 x 50mL), dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated to obtain a dark green solid. This residue was suspended in acetone (15mL) and collected by filtration, washing with additional acetone (3 x 5mL). The product was dried under vacuum at 40°C to give 2.215g (50.7% yield) as a white crystalline solid.

Analytical data: m.p. = 178.8-179.3°C; 1H-NMR: See Figure 1; 13C-NMR: See Figure 2.

Example 3: Preparation of indane-1,3-dicarbaldehyde (a compound of Formula IV)

A 25 mL round bottom flask was charged with a compound of formula I (142mg, 1mmol), Ruthenium (III) chloride hydrate (Aldrich, Reagent Plus™) (7.2mg, 0.035mmol), acetonitrile (8.5mL) and water (1.1mL). The solution was heated to 45°C and sodium periodate (449mg, 2.1mmol) was added portionwise over 25 minutes. After 1h, the reaction was cooled to ambient temperature and filtered. The solids were washed with ethyl acetate (3 x 2mL) and water (3mL). The filtrate was concentrated under vacuum and 5mL of water were added to the obtained residue. The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (2 x 5mL) and the combination of the organic layers was washed with water (3 x 5mL), dried with MgSO4 and concentrated under vacuum to obtain a compound of formula IV (118mg) in 68% yield, 70.9% purity (analyzed by GC, method A).

PATENT

WO 199935131, WO 2002092089, US 2013030179

STR1

 

PATENT

https://www.google.com/patents/WO2009065872A2?cl=en

Example 1: Preparation of 7,8,9,10- tetrahydro-6, 10-methano-6H-pyrazino [2, 3-h] [3] benzazepine L-tartrate (i.e. varenicline L-tartrate)

A) Preparation of compound of formula (III)

This example is based on U.S. Patent No. 6,410,550.

A 250 mL round bottom flask with thermometer, condenser, addition funnel and magnetic stirring was charged with 10-aza-tricyclo [ 6.3.1. O2‘7] dodeca-2, 4, 6- triene para-toluene sulfonic acid salt (12.4g, 37.5 mmol) and 44 mL of CH2Cl2. Triethylamine (8.3 g, 82.5 mmol) was added to the slurry and the resulting solution was cooled to 0-5 0C. The addition funnel was charged with a solution of (CF3CO)2O (8.1q, 41.25 mmol) in 19 mL of CH2Cl2. This solution was slowly added to the reaction mixture, maintaining the temperature < 15 0C. The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 hour, and the complete conversion was monitored by GC. The crude reaction mixture was washed with water (2 * 40 mL) and brine (40 mL) . The organic phase was used in the next step without further purification.

On the other hand, a 500 mL round bottom flask with thermometer, condenser, addition funnel and magnetic stirring was charged with CF3SO3H (25.9 g, 172.5 mmol), CH2Cl2 (110 mL) and cooled to 0-5 0C. At this temperature, fuming nitric acid (5.4 g, 86.25 mmol) was added slowly. To the resulting slurry at 0-5 0C, the solution obtained in the previous step was slowly added, maintaining the temperature < 15 0C. After the addition, the reaction mixture was stirred overnight. The complete dinitration was confirmed by GC. The crude reaction mixture was poured into water (60 mL) an ice (80 g) and stirred. The phases were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with CH2Cl2 (3 x 50 mL) . The mixture of the organic phases was washed with aqueous saturated NaHCO3, dried over Na2SO4 and volatiles evaporated under vacuum to obtain 11.9 g of a solid that was suspended and stirred for 2 hours in AcOEt (12 mL) and hexanes (24 mL) . The solid was filtered and washed with hexanes to obtain the compound of formula (III), 9.1g with a purity of 88.9% by GC (9.8% of meta-dimtrocompound impurity) .

B) Preparation of compound of formula (IV)

This example is based on International Patent No. WO/2006/090236.

A 200 mL autoclave was charged with (III) (9.1 g, 26.3 mmol), damp 5% Pd/C 50% and 180 mL of a 2- propanol/water (80/20 wt/wt) . The reaction was stirred under 50 psi of hydrogen for 18 hours. The complete hydrogenation was confirmed by GC analysis. The reaction was filtered through Celite and washed with 2-propanol (40 mL) . To this solution, K2HPO4(458 mg, 2.63 mmol) was added. The mixture was cooled at 0-5 0C and a solution of 4.07 g of 40% aqueous glyoxal diluted with water (14.5 mL) was added slowly. The resulting solution was stirred 2 hours at this temperature and overnight at room temperature. The complete conversion was confirmed by GC analysis. The reaction was concentrated under vacuum to a volume of 68 mL and water (128 mL) was added drop- wise. The resulting suspension was stirred for 2 hours at room temperature, 1 hour in a ice/water bath, filtered, washed with water (20 mL) and dried m a oven at 50 0C to obtain the compound of formula (IV), 6.78 g.

C) Preparation of vareniclme L-tartrate (compound of formula (I) )

This example is based on International Patent No. WO/2006/090236.

A 250 mL round bottom flask with thermometer, condenser, and magnetic stirring was charged with compound of formula (IV) (6.78 g, 22 mmol) and toluene

(47 mL) . To this solution was added a solution of NaOH (2.7 g, 68.2 mmol) in water (34 mL) . The mixture was heated to 400C and stirred for 4 hours. The complete hydrolysis was confirmed by GC analysis. Toluene (68 mL) was added and the reaction was cooled. The phases were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with toluene (30 mL) . The organic phases were evaporated under vacuum. The residue was dissolved in MeOH (90 mL) and evaporated again. The final residue was dissolved in 156 mL of MeOH. 1.3 g of activated carbon “Darco G-60 100 mesh” were added and the mixture was stirred for 30 min and filtered through Celite to obtain an intense yellow solution. The process with activated carbon was repeated without any improvement in the colour. This solution was added drop-wise over a solution of L- tartaric acid (3.63 g, 24.2 mmol) in MeOH (47 mL) . The slurry was stirred for 72 hours at room temperature, filtered, washed with MeOH and dried in an oven at 50 0C for 8 hours, to obtain 5.05 g of varenicline L-tartrate as a yellow solid with a 95.5% purity by HPLC (4.4% of unknown impurity A). Colour L: 92.75, a*: -7.19, b*:43.08.

Comparative Example 2: Preparation of 7,8,9,10- tetrahydro-6, 10-methano-6H-pyrazmo [2, 3-h] [3 ] benzazepine L-tartrate (i.e. varenicline L-tartrate) A) Preparation of compound of formula (IV)

This example is based on International Patent No. WO/2006/090236.

A 200 mL autoclave was charged with (III) prepared according to Comparative Example 1.A) (4.1 g) , 123 mg of damp 5% Pd/C 50% and 81 mL of a 2-propanol/water (80/20 wt/wt) . The reaction was stirred under 50 psi of hydrogen for 24 hours. The complete hydrogenation was confirmed by GC analysis. The reaction was filtered through Celite and washed with 2-propanol (16 mL) . To this solution, K2HPO4 (207 mg, 1.19 mmol) was added. The mixture was cooled at 0-5 0C and a solution of 1.84 g of 40% aqueous glyoxal diluted with water (6.6 mL) was added slowly. The resulting solution was stirred 2 hours at this temperature and overnight at room temperature. The complete conversion was confirmed by GC analysis. The reaction was concentrated under vacuum to a volume of 30 mL and water (56 mL) was added drop-wise. The resulting suspension was stirred for 2 hours at room temperature, 1 hour in a ice/water bath, filtered, washed with water and dried in a oven at 50 0C to obtain 3.15 g of compound of formula (IV) .

B) Preparation of vareniclme L-tartrate (compound of formula (I) )

This example is based on International application No. WO/2006/090236. A 100 mL round bottom flask with thermometer, condenser, and magnetic stirring was charged with

7, 8, 9, 10-tetrahydro-8- (tπfluoroacetyl) -6, 10-methano-6H- pyrazino [2 , 3-h] [3] benzazepine, i.e. compound of formula

(IV) (3.14 g, 10.2 mmol) and toluene (22 mL) . To this solution was added a solution of NaOH (1.3 g, 31.6 mmol) in water (16 mL) . The mixture was heated to 40 0C and stirred for 2.5 hours. The complete hydrolysis was confirmed by GC analysis. Toluene (30 mL) was added and the reaction was cooled. The phases were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with toluene (15 mL) . The organic phases were evaporated under vacuum. The residue was dissolved in MeOH (45 mL) and evaporated again. The final residue was dissolved m 70 mL of MeOH. 314 mg of activated carbon “Darco G-60 100 mesh” were added and the mixture was stirred for 30 mm and filtered through Celite to obtain a yellow solution. This solution was added drop-wise over a solution of L- tartaπc acid (1.68 g, 11.22 mmol) m MeOH (22 mL) . The slurry was stirred for 1 hour at room temperature, filtered, washed with MeOH (2 x 5 mL) and dried under vacuum, to obtain vareniclme L-tartrate (2.48 g) as a yellow solid with a 95.6% purity by HPLC (4.4% of unknown impurity A). Colour L: 99.50, a*: -4.98, b*:43.02

Comparative Example 3: Preparation of 7,8,9,10- tetrahydro-6, 10-methano-6H-pyrazino [2, 3-h] [3 ] benzazepine L-tartrate (i.e. vareniclme L-tartrate)

This example is based on International application No. WO/2002/092089.

2 g of vareniclme L-tartrate as obtained from Comparative Example 1 were dissolved in 3 mL of water.

To this solution, 100 mL of CH3CN were added, and the resulting slurry was stirred for 10 mm and filtered.

After drying the product was analysed to be a 98.2% purity by HPLC (1.7% of unknown impurity A) . Colour L: 91.44, a*: -3.24, b* : 33.47

Example 1: Preparation of 7, 8, 9, lO-tetrahydro-6, 10- methano-6H-pyrazmo [2, 3-h] [3] benzazepine L-tartrate

(i.e. vareniclme L-tartrate)

A) Preparation of compound of formula (III) This example is based on U.S. Patent No. 6,410,550, except for the purification step, which is the object of the present invention (i.e. crystallization in toluene) .

A 500 mL round bottom flask with thermometer, condenser, addition funnel and magnetic stirring was charged with 10-aza-tricyclo [ 6.3.1. O2‘7] dodeca-2, 4, 6- tπene para-toluene sulfonic acid salt (32.5g, 98.2 mmol) and 115 mL of CH2Cl2. Triethylamine (21.8 g, 216 mmol) was added to the slurry and the resulting solution was cooled to 0-5 0C. The addition funnel was charged with a solution of (CF3CO)2O (22.7 g, 108 mmol) in 50 mL of CH2Cl2. This solution was slowly added to the reaction mixture, maintaining the temperature < 15 0C. The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 hour, and the complete conversion was monitored by GC. The crude reaction mixture was washed with water (2 x 100 mL) and brine (100 mL) . The organic phase was used in the next step without further purification.

A l L round bottom flask with thermometer, condenser, addition funnel and magnetic stirring was charged with CF3SO3H (67.8 g, 452 mmol), CH2Cl2 (280 mL) and cooled to 0-5 0C. At this temperature, fuming nitric acid (14.2 g, 226 mmol) was slowly added. To the resulting slurry at 0-5 0C, the solution obtained in the previous step was slowly added, maintaining the temperature < 15 0C. After the addition, the reaction mixture was stirred overnight. The complete dinitration was confirmed by GC. The crude reaction mixture was poured into water (150 mL) an ice (200 g) and stirred. The phases were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with CH2Cl2 (100 mL) . The mixture of the organic phases was washed with aqueous saturated NaHCO3 (2×100 mL) , water (100 mL) , dried over Na2SO4 and volatiles evaporated under vacuum to obtain 30.5 g of a solid with a 83.6% purity by GC (12.5% of meta- dinitrocompound impurity) . 20 g of this solid were crystallized in toluene (100 mL) to obtain the compound of formula (III), 15 g of a pale brown solid with a 98.5 % purity by GC (meta-dinitrocompound impurity not detected) .

B) Preparation of compound of formula (IV) This example is based on International Patent No. WO/2006/090236.

A 200 mL autoclave was charged with (III) (9.1 g, 26.3 mmol, crystals from toluene), damp 5% Pd/C 50% and 180 mL of a 2-propanol/water (80/20 wt/wt) . The reaction was stirred under 50 psi of hydrogen for 18 hours. The complete hydrogenation was confirmed by GC analysis. The reaction was filtered over Celite and washed with 2- propanol (40 mL) . To this solution, K2HPO4 (458 mg, 2.63 mmol) was added. The mixture was cooled at 0-5 0C and a solution of 4.07 g of 40% aqueous glyoxal diluted with water (14.5 mL) was added slowly. The resulting solution was stirred 2 hours at this temperature and overnight at room temperature. The complete conversion was confirmed by GC analysis. The reaction was concentrated under vacuum to a volume of 68 mL and water (128 mL) was added drop-wise. The resulting suspension was stirred for 2 hours at room temperature, 1 hour in a ice/water bath, filtered, washed with water (20 mL) and dried m a oven at 50 0C to obtain the product, 7.16 g of compound of formula (IV) with a 99.9% purity by HPLC. C) Preparation of varenicline L-tartrate (compound of formula ( I) )

Thrs example rs based on International Patent No. WO/2006/090236. A 250 mL round bottom flask with thermometer, condenser, and magnetic stirring was charged with a solution of NaOH (2.89 g, 72.23 mmol) in water (36 mL) , compound of formula (IV) (7.15 g, 23.3 mmol) and toluene (50 mL) . The mixture was heated to 40 0C and stirred for 4 hours. The complete hydrolysis was confirmed by GC analysis. Toluene (71 mL) was added and the reaction was cooled. The phases were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with toluene (36 mL) . The organic phases were evaporated under vacuum. The residue was dissolved in MeOH (110 mL) and evaporated again. The final residue was dissolved in 164 mL of MeOH. 750 mg of activated carbon “Darco G-60 100 mesh” were added and the mixture was stirred for 30 min and filtered through Celite to obtain a yellow solution. This solution was added drop- wise over a solution of L-tartaric acid (3.84 g, 25.6 mmol) in MeOH (50 mL) . The slurry was stirred for 14 hours at room temperature, filtered, washed with MeOH and dried under vacuum, to obtain varenicline L-tartrate

(7.04 g) as an off-white solid with a >99.9% purity by HPLC (unknown impurity A not detected) . Colour L: 94.39, a*: 2.27, b*:9.02.

Post-marketing surveillance

No evidence for increased risks of cardiovascular events, depression, or self-harm with varenicline versus nicotine replacement therapy has been found in one post-marketing surveillance study.[23]

Mechanism of action

Varenicline displays full agonism on α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.[24][25] And it is a partial agonist on the α4β2, α3β4, and α6β2 subtypes.[26] In addition, it is a weak agonist on the α3β2 containing receptors.

Varenicline’s partial agonism on the α4β2 receptors rather than nicotine’s full agonism produces less effect of dopamine release than nicotine’s. This α4β2 competitive binding, reduces the ability of nicotine to bind and stimulate the mesolimbic dopamine system – similar to the method of action of buprenorphine in the treatment of opioid addiction.[3]

Pharmacokinetics

Most of the active compound is excreted by the kidneys (92–93%). A small proportion is glucuronidated, oxidised, N-formylated or conjugated to a hexose.[27] The elimination half-life is about 24 hours.

History

Use of Cytisus plant as a smoking substitute during World War II[28] led to use as a cessation aid in eastern Europe and extraction of cytisine.[29] Cytisine analogs led to varenicline at Pfizer.[30][31][32]

Varenicline received a “priority review” by the US FDA in February 2006, shortening the usual 10-month review period to 6 months because of its demonstrated effectiveness inclinical trials and perceived lack of safety issues.[33] The agency’s approval of the drug came on May 11, 2006.[4] On August 1, 2006, varenicline was made available for sale in the United States and on September 29, 2006, was approved for sale in the European Union.[34]

SEE

Busch FR, Concannon PE, Handfield RE, McKinley JD, McMahon ME, Singer RA, Watson TJ, Withbroe GJ, Stivanello M, Leoni L, Bezze C. Synthesis of (1 (Aminomethyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-3-yl)methanol: Structural Confirmation of the Main Band Impurity Found in Varenicline® Starting Material.Synth Commun. 2008;38:441–447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00397910701771231.
Varenicline standards and impurity controls. www.freepatentsonline.com/US2007/0224690.html.
N-formyl and N-methyl degradation products. www.freepatentsonline.com/y2004/0235850.html.
Methods of reducing degradant formation in pharmaceutical compositions of Varenicline.www.freepatentsonline.com/y2008/0026059.html.
Varenicline standards and impurity controls. www.freepatentsonline.com/EP2004186.html.
Satheesh B, Kumarpulluru S, Raghavan V, Saravanan D. UHPLC Separation and Quantification of Related Substances of Varenicline Tartrate Tablet. Acta Chromatogr. 2010;22:207–218.http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/AChrom.22.2010.2.4.
STR1
US6410550 Nov 13, 1998 Jun 25, 2002 Pfizer Inc Aryl fused azapolycyclic compounds
WO2009155403A2 * Jun 18, 2009 Dec 23, 2009 Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. Processes for the preparation of varenicline and intermediates thereof
Reference
1 * BHUSHAN, VIDYA; RATHORE, RAJENDRA; CHANDRASEKARAN, S.: “A Simple and Mild Method for the cis-Hydroxylation of Alkenes with Cetyltrimethylammonium Permanganate” SYNTHESIS, no. 5, 1984, pages 431-433, XP002581198
2 * BROOKS P R ET AL: “Synthesis of 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-methano-1H-3-benzaz epine via oxidative cleavage and reductive amination strategies” SYNTHESIS 20040803 DE, no. 11, 3 August 2004 (2004-08-03), pages 1755-1758, XP002581197 ISSN: 0039-7881
3 * SORBERA L A ET AL: “Varenicline tartrate: Aid to smoking cessation nicotinic [alpha]4[beta]2 partial agonist” DRUGS OF THE FUTURE 200602 ES LNKD- DOI:10.1358/DOF.2006.031.02.964028, vol. 31, no. 2, February 2006 (2006-02), pages 117-122, XP002581199 ISSN: 0377-8282 DOI: 10.1358/dof.2006.031.02.964028
WO2001062736A1 * Feb 8, 2001 Aug 30, 2001 Pfizer Products Inc. Aryl fused azapolycyclic compounds
WO2002085843A2 * Mar 4, 2002 Oct 31, 2002 Pfizer Products Inc. Process for the preparation of 1,3-substituted indenes and aryl-fused azapolycyclic compounds
WO2006090236A1 * Feb 21, 2006 Aug 31, 2006 Pfizer Products Inc. Preparation of high purity substituted quinoxaline
WO2008060487A2 * Nov 9, 2007 May 22, 2008 Pfizer Products Inc. Polymorphs of nicotinic intermediates
Reference
1 * COE J W ET AL: “Varenicline: an alpha4beta2 Nicotinic Receptor Partial Agonist for Smoking Cessation” JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY, AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, WASHINGTON., US, vol. 48, no. 10, 1 January 2005 (2005-01-01), pages 3474-3477, XP002474642 ISSN: 0022-2623 cited in the application
Citing Patent Filing date Publication date Applicant Title
WO2010005643A1 * May 28, 2009 Jan 14, 2010 Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. Processes for purifying varenicline l-tartrate salt and preparing crystalline forms of varenicline l-tartrate salt
WO2011110954A1 * Mar 8, 2011 Sep 15, 2011 Actavis Group Ptc Ehf Highly pure varenicline or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof substantially free of methylvarenicline impurity
WO2011154586A3 * Jun 13, 2011 Mar 22, 2012 Medichem, S. A. Improved methods for the preparation of quinoxaline derivatives
EP2581375A2 * Jun 13, 2011 Apr 17, 2013 Medichem, S.A. Improved methods for the preparation of quinoxaline derivatives
US8039620 May 21, 2009 Oct 18, 2011 Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. Varenicline tosylate, an intermediate in the preparation process of varenicline L-tartrate
US8178537 Jun 22, 2010 May 15, 2012 Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. Solid state forms of varenicline salts and processes for preparation thereof

References

  1. Jump up^ Mills EJ, Wu P, Spurden D, Ebbert JO, Wilson K (2009). “Efficacy of pharmacotherapies for short-term smoking abstinance: a systematic review and meta-analysis” (PDF). Harm Reduct J 6: 25. doi:10.1186/1477-7517-6-25. PMC 2760513. PMID 19761618.
  2. ^ Jump up to:a b Cahill K, Stevens S, Perera R, Lancaster T (May 2013). “Pharmacological interventions for smoking cessation: an overview and network meta-analysis”. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (Systematic Review & Meta-Analysis) 5: CD009329.doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009329.pub2. PMID 23728690.
  3. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Elrashidi MY, Ebbert JO (June 2014). “Emerging drugs for the treatment of tobacco dependence: 2014 update”. Expert Opin Emerg Drug (Review) 19 (2): 243–60.doi:10.1517/14728214.2014.899580. PMID 24654737.
  4. ^ Jump up to:a b U.S. Food and Drug Administration.FDA Approves Novel Medication for Smoking Cessation. Press release, 11 May 2006.
  5. Jump up^ Cressman, AM; Pupco, A; Kim, E; Koren, G; Bozzo, P (May 2012). “Smoking cessation therapy during pregnancy.”. Canadian Family Physician 58 (5): 525–7. PMC 3352787.PMID 22586193.
  6. Jump up^ “Varenicline Pregnancy Cohort Study”. clinicaltrials.gov.
  7. Jump up^ “LactMed”. nih.gov.
  8. Jump up^ Leung, LK; Patafio, FM; Rosser, WW (September 28, 2011). “Gastrointestinal adverse effects of varenicline at maintenance dose: a meta-analysis”. BMC clinical pharmacology11 (1): 15. doi:10.1186/1472-6904-11-15. PMC 3192741. PMID 21955317.
  9.  American Cancer Society. “Cancer Drug Guide: Varenicline”. Retrieved 2008-01-19.
  10. Jump up^ “DailyMed – CHANTIX- varenicline tartrate”. nih.gov.
  11. FDA. “Public Health Advisory: FDA Requires New Boxed Warnings for the Smoking Cessation Drugs Chantix and Zyban”. Retrieved 2009-07-01.
  12. ^ Jump up to:a b “www.accessdata.fda.gov” (PDF).
  13.  Hughes, JR (8 January 2015). “Varenicline as a Cause of Suicidal Outcomes.”. Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco.doi:10.1093/ntr/ntu275. PMID 25572451.
  14.  “FDA Drug Safety Communication: Chantix (varenicline) may increase the risk of certain cardiovascular adverse events in patients with cardiovascular disease”. 2011-06-16.
  15. Jump up^ Singh, S; Loke, YK, Spangler, JG, Furberg, CD (Sep 6, 2011). “Risk of serious adverse cardiovascular events associated with varenicline: a systematic review and meta-analysis” (PDF). CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association 183 (12): 1359–66.doi:10.1503/cmaj.110218. PMC 3168618. PMID 21727225.
  16.  Takagi, H; Umemoto, T (Sep 6, 2011). “Varenicline: quantifying the risk”. CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association 183 (12): 1404. doi:10.1503/cmaj.111-2063.PMC 3168634. PMID 21896705.
  17. Jump up^ Samuels, L (Sep 6, 2011). “Varenicline: cardiovascular safety”. CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association 183 (12): 1407–08. doi:10.1503/cmaj.111-2073. PMC 3168639.PMID 21896709.
  18.  “European Medicine Agency confirms positive benefit-risk balance for Champix.”. 2011-07-21.
  19. ^ Jump up to:a b Prochaska JJ, Hilton JF (2012). “Risk of cardiovascular serious adverse events associated with varenicline use for tobacco cessation: systematic review and meta-analysis”. BMJ (Systematic Review & Meta-Analysis) 344: e2856.doi:10.1136/bmj.e2856. PMC 3344735. PMID 22563098.
  20.  Mills EJ, Thorlund K, Eapen S, Wu P, Prochaska JJ (January 2014). “Cardiovascular events associated with smoking cessation pharmacotherapies: a network meta-analysis”.Circulation (Network Meta-Analysis) 129 (1): 28–41.doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.003961. PMID 24323793.
  21.  cessation in cardiovascular patients”. Evidence-Based Medicine (Review & Commentary) 19 (5): 193. doi:10.1136/eb-2014-110030.PMID 24917603.
  22.  Rowland K (April 2014). “ACP Journal Club. Review: Nicotine replacement therapy increases CVD events; bupropion and varenicline do not”. Annals of Internal Medicine(Review & Commentary) 160 (8): JC2. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-160-8-201404150-02002.PMID 24733219.
  23. Jump up^ Kotz D, Viechtbauer W, Simpson C, van Schayck OC, West R, Sheikh A (2015).“Cardiovascular and neuropsychiatric risks of varenicline: a retrospective cohort study”.Lancet Respir Med (retrospective cohort) 3: 761–768. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(15)00320-3. PMC 4593936. PMID 26355008.
  24. Jump up^ Mihalak KB, Carroll FI, Luetje CW; Carroll; Luetje (2006). “Varenicline is a partial agonist at alpha4beta2 and a full agonist at alpha7 neuronal nicotinic receptors”. Mol. Pharmacol.70 (3): 801–805. doi:10.1124/mol.106.025130. PMID 16766716.
  25. Jump up^ Mineur YS, Picciotto MR; Picciotto (December 2010). “Nicotine receptors and depression: revisiting and revising the cholinergic hypothesis”. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 31 (12): 580–6. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2010.09.004. PMC 2991594. PMID 20965579.
  26.  Tanuja Bordia. “Varenicline Is a Potent Partial Agonist at α6β2* Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in Rat and Monkey Striatum”. aspetjournals.org.
  27.  Obach, RS; Reed-Hagen, AE; Krueger, SS; Obach, BJ; O’Connell, TN; Zandi, KS; Miller, S; Coe, JW (2006). “Metabolism and disposition of varenicline, a selective alpha4beta2 acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, in vivo and in vitro”. Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals 34 (1): 121–130.doi:10.1124/dmd.105.006767. PMID 16221753.
  28.  “[Cytisine as an aid for smoking cessation].”. Med Monatsschr Pharm 15 (1): 20–1. Jan 1992. PMID 1542278.
  29.  Prochaska, BMJ 347:f5198 2013 http://www.bmj.com/content/347/bmj.f5198
  30.  Coe JW, Brooks PR, Vetelino MG, Wirtz MC, Arnold EP, Huang J, Sands SB, Davis TI, Lebel LA, Fox CB, Shrikhande A, Heym JH, Schaeffer E, Rollema H, Lu Y, Mansbach RS, Chambers LK, Rovetti CC, Schulz DW, Tingley FD 3rd, O’Neill BT (2005). “Varenicline: an alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptor partial agonist for smoking cessation”. J. Med. Chem. 48(10): 3474–3477. doi:10.1021/jm050069n. PMID 15887955.
  31. Schwartz JL (1979). “Review and evaluation of methods of smoking cessation, 1969–77. Summary of a monograph”. Public Health Rep 94 (6): 558–63. PMC 1431736.PMID 515342.
  32.  Etter JF (2006). “Cytisine for smoking cessation: a literature review and a meta-analysis”. Arch. Intern. Med. 166 (15): 1553–1559. doi:10.1001/archinte.166.15.1553.PMID 16908787.
  33.  Kuehn BM (2006). “FDA speeds smoking cessation drug review”. JAMA 295 (6): 614–614.doi:10.1001/jama.295.6.614. PMID 16467225.
  34.  European Medicines Agency (2011-01-28). “EPAR summary for the public. Champix varenicline”. London. Retrieved 2011-02-14.

External links

Manufacturer’s website USA

STR1

Varenicline
Varenicline.svg
Varenicline ball-and-stick model.png
Systematic (IUPAC) name
7,8,9,10-Tetrahydro-6,10-methano-6H-pyrazino[2,3-h] [3]benzazepine
Clinical data
Trade names Chantix
AHFS/Drugs.com Monograph
MedlinePlus a606024
License data
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: B3
  • US: C (Risk not ruled out)
Routes of
administration		 Oral
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Protein binding <20%
Metabolism Limited (<10%)
Biological half-life 24 hours
Excretion Renal (81–92%)
Identifiers
CAS Number 249296-44-4 Yes 375815-87-5
ATC code N07BA03 (WHO)
PubChem CID 5310966
IUPHAR/BPS 5459
DrugBank DB01273 Yes
ChemSpider 4470510 Yes
UNII W6HS99O8ZO Yes
KEGG D08669 
ChEBI CHEBI:84500 
ChEMBL CHEMBL1076903 Yes
Chemical data
Formula C13H13N3
Molar mass 211.267 g/mol

////////////Varenicline, Chantix™, FDA 2006, 249296-44-4, 375815-87-5,  Champix , Pfizer, バレニクリン酒石酸塩

n1c2cc3c(cc2ncc1)[C@@H]4CNC[C@H]3C4

Share

Written Confirmation expired: Can an API still be imported when produced earlier?

 regulatory  Comments Off on Written Confirmation expired: Can an API still be imported when produced earlier?
Jul 282016
 

 

What needs to be considered if an API is produced in the time period of a valid written confirmation but imported after this confirmation has expired? This is answered in a revised Q&A Document of the EU Commission.

see………http://www.gmp-compliance.org/enews_05432_Written-Confirmation-expired-Can-an-API-still-be-imported-when-produced-earlier_15432,15354,15367,Z-QAMAP_n.html

The EU Commission has updated its Question and Answers Document “Importation of active substances for medicinal products for human use” (now version 7). In this updated version, the question “Can an API batch manufactured during the period of validity of a written confirmation be imported into the EU once the written confirmation is expired?”

In the answer it is referred to Article 46(b)(2)(b) of Directive 2001/83/EC, where it is defined that APIs can only be imported if they are manufactured in accordance with EU GMP or equivalent, and accompanied by a written confirmation from the competent authority of the exporting third country certifying this.

But what if an API is produced in the time period of a valid written confirmation but imported after this confirmation has expired?

In the respective answer the EU Commission states that “it is legitimate to consider that the guarantees of equivalence provided by the written confirmation apply to any API batch in the scope of the written confirmation which was released for sale within the period of validity of the written confirmation, even if not exported in that time period.”

So the answer is ‘yes’, it still can be imported. But it needs to be accompanied by the expired written confirmation together with appropriate documentation which proves “that the whole consignment has been manufactured and released for sale by the quality unit before the expiry date of the written confirmation” and “provides a solid justification of why a valid written confirmation is not available.”

An import without any written confirmation is not possible.

 

///////////API, produced, time period of a valid written confirmation, imported, confirmation has expired, revised Q&A Document of the EU Commission.

Share

SPIRONOLACTONE, спиронолактон , سبيرونولاكتون , 螺内酯 ,

 GENERIC, Uncategorized  Comments Off on SPIRONOLACTONE, спиронолактон , سبيرونولاكتون , 螺内酯 ,
Jul 282016
 

Skeletal formula of spironolactone

Spironolactone

Spironolactone, Supra-puren, Suracton, спиронолактон, سبيرونولاكتون ,

螺内酯 , Abbolactone, Aldactide, SNL, Spiroctanie, Sprioderm, Verospirone,  Opianin

7α-Acetylthio-17α-hydroxy-3-oxopregn-4-ene-21-carboxylic acid γ-lactone

(1’S,2R,2’R,9’R,10′R,11’S,15’S)-9′-(acetylsulfanyl)-2′,15‘-dimethylspiro[oxolane-2,14′-tetracyclo[8.7.0.02,7.011,15]heptadecan]-6′-ene-5,5′-dione

(7a,17a)-7-(Acetylthio)-17-hydroxy-3-oxopregn-4-ene-21-carboxylic acid g-lactone
17-Hydroxy-7a-mercapto-3-oxo-17a-pregn-4-ene-21-carboxylic Acid g-Lactone Acetate
3-(3-Oxo-7a-acetylthio-17b-hydroxy-4-androsten-17a-yl)propionic Acid g-Lactone
 CAS 52-01-7

MF C24H32O4S, MW 416.573 Da

ChemSpider 2D Image | spironolactone | C24H32O4SSpironolactone, marketed under the brand name Aldactone among others, is a medication primarily used to treatfluid build-up due to heart failure, liver scarring, or kidney disease.[1] Other uses include high blood pressure, low blood potassium that does not improve with supplementation, early puberty, excessive hair growth in women,[1] and as a component of hormone replacement therapy for transgender women.[6] It is taken by mouth.[1]

Common side effects include electrolyte abnormalities particularly high blood potassium, nausea, vomiting, headache, a rash, and a decreased desire for sex. In those with liver or kidney problems extra care should be taken.[1]Spironolactone has not been well studied in pregnancy and should not be used to treat high blood pressure of pregnancy.[7] It is a steroid that blocks mineralocorticoid receptors. It also blocks androgen, and blocks progesterone. It belongs to a class of medications known as potassium-sparing diuretics.[1]

Spironolactone was introduced in 1959.[8][9] It is on the World Health Organization’s List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system.[10] It is available as a generic medication.[1] The wholesale cost in the developing world as of 2014 is between 0.02 and 0.12 USD per day.[11] In the United States it costs about 0.50 USD per day.[1]

 

Title: Spironolactone
CAS Registry Number: 52-01-7
CAS Name: (7a,17a)-7-(Acetylthio)-17-hydroxy-3-oxopregn-4-ene-21-carboxylic acid g-lactone
Additional Names: 17-hydroxy-7a-mercapto-3-oxo-17a-pregn-4-ene-21-carboxylic acid g-lactone, acetate; 3-(3-oxo-7a-acetylthio-17b-hydroxy-4-androsten-17a-yl)propionic acid g-lactone
Manufacturers’ Codes: SC-9420
Trademarks: Aldactone (Pharmacia & Upjohn); Aquareduct (Azupharma); Practon (Pfizer); Osyrol (Aventis); Sincomen (Schering AG); Spirobeta (Betapharm); Spiroctan (Ferlux); Spirolone (APS); Spironone (Dexo); Verospiron (Richter Gedeon); Xenalon (Mepha)
Molecular Formula: C24H32O4S
Molecular Weight: 416.57
Percent Composition: C 69.20%, H 7.74%, O 15.36%, S 7.70%
Literature References: Aldosterone antagonist. Prepn: Cella, Tweit, J. Org. Chem. 24, 1109 (1959); US 3013012 (1961 to Searle); Tweit et al., J. Org. Chem. 27, 3325 (1962). Activity and metabolic studies: Gerhards, Engelhardt, Arzneim.-Forsch. 13, 972 (1963). Crystal and molecular structure: Dideberg, Dupont, Acta Crystallogr. B28, 3014 (1972). Comprehensive description: J. L. Sutter, E. P. K. Lau, Anal. Profiles Drug Subs. 4, 431-451 (1975). Review of carcinogenetic risk: IARC Monographs 24, 259-273 (1980). Review of antiandrogen effects and clinical use in hirsutism: R. R. Tremblay, Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 15, 363-371 (1986); of clinical efficacy in hypertension: A. N. Brest, Clin. Ther. 8, 568-585 (1986). Review of pharmacology: H. A. Skluth, J. G. Gums,DICP Ann. Pharmacother. 24, 52-59 (1990). Clinical trial in congestive heart failure: B. Pitt et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 341, 709 (1999).
Properties: Crystals from methanol, mp 134-135° (resolidifies and dec 201-202°). [a]D20 -33.5° (chloroform). uv max: 238 nm (e20200). Practically insol in water. Sol in alcohol; freely sol in benzene, chloroform. LD50 in rats, mice, rabbits (mg/kg): 790, 360, 870 i.p. (IARC, 1980).
Melting point: mp 134-135° (resolidifies and dec 201-202°)
Optical Rotation: [a]D20 -33.5° (chloroform)
Absorption maximum: uv max: 238 nm (e 20200)
Toxicity data: LD50 in rats, mice, rabbits (mg/kg): 790, 360, 870 i.p. (IARC, 1980)
Therap-Cat: Diuretic.
Therap-Cat-Vet: Diuretic.
Keywords: Aldosterone Antagonist; Diuretic; Steroids

Medical uses

Spironolactone is used primarily to treat heart failure, edematous conditions such as nephrotic syndrome or ascites in people with liver disease, essential hypertension, hypokalemia, secondary hyperaldosteronism (such as occurs with hepatic cirrhosis), and Conn’s syndrome (primary hyperaldosteronism). On its own, spironolactone is only a weak diuretic because it primarily targets the distal nephron (collecting tubule), where only small amounts of sodium are reabsorbed, but it can be combined with other diuretics to increase efficacy.

Spironolactone is an antagonist of the androgen receptor (AR) as well as an inhibitor of androgen production. Due to the antiandrogenic effects that result from these actions, it is frequently used off-label to treat a variety of dermatological conditions in which androgens, such as testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), play a role. Some of these uses include androgenic alopecia in men (either at low doses or as a topical formulation) and women, and hirsutism, acne, and seborrhea in women.[12] Spironolactone is the most commonly used drug in the treatment of hirsutism in the United States.[13] Higher doses of spironolactone are not recommended in males due to the high risk of feminization and other side effects. Similarly, it is also commonly used to treat symptoms of hyperandrogenism in polycystic ovary syndrome.[14]

 

Spironolactone (SL) is known to be a potent aldosterone antagonist at mineralocorticoid steroid hormone receptors, and it is widely used in humans for the treatment of essential hypertension, congestive heat failure and refractory edema or hyperaldosteronism. However, the prolonged use of SL is associated with undesirable endocrine side effects such as gynecomastia and lose of libido in men and menstrual irregularities in women due to interaction of SL with gonadal steroid hormone biosynthesis and target cell gonadal steroid receptors.

The nature and prevalence of the undesirable side effects limit the usefulness of spironolactone as a therapeutic agent. Gynecomastia or tender breast enlargement has been found to occur in 10% of hypertensive patients using spironolactone for therapy as compared to 1% of men in the placebo group. Recent studies by Pitt, et al. with spironolactone have shown that in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) taking digoxin and a loop diuretic—spironolactone therapy in conjunction with digitalis and ACE inhibitor—reduces mortality by 30%. See Pitt, B., et al., The Effect of Spironolactone on Morbidity and Mortality in Patients with Severe Heart Failure, Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigors; N. Engl. J. Med., 1999, 341:709-717. These authors stated that the 30% reduction in the risk of death among patients in the group receiving spironolactone could be attributed to a lower risk of both death from progressive heart failure and sudden death from cardiac arrhythmic causes. In addition, they found that the frequency of hospitalization for worsening heart failure is 35% lower in the spironolacotone treated group than in the placebo group. These authors concluded that patients who received spironolactone had a significant improvement in the symptoms of severe heart failure caused by systolic left ventricular dysfunction. Overall, 8% of the patients in the spironolactone group discontinued treatment because of adverse events. The purpose of the present invention is to make available the individual chiral isomers of spironolactone that would be effective in treating CHF and in reducing hypertension, and at the same time would be devoid of undesirable side effects such as gynecomastia, lose of libido in men, and menstrual irregularities in women.

Spironolactone is the name commonly used for a specific spirolactone that has the full chemical name 17-hydroxy-7-alpha-mercapto-3-oxo-17-alpha-pregn-4-ene-21-carboxylic acid gamma-lactone acetate. The term “spirolactone” denotes that a lactone 10 ring (i.e., a cyclic ester) is attached to another ring structure in a spiro configuration (i.e., the lactone ring shares a single carbon atom with the other ring). Spirolactones that are coupled to steroids are the most important class of spirolactones from a pharmaceutical perspective, so they are widely referred to in the pharmaceutical arts simply as spirolactones. As used herein, “spironolactone” refers to a molecule comprising a lactone structure coupled via a spiro configuration to a steroid structure or steroid derivative.

Spironolactone, its activities, and modes of synthesis and purification are described in a number of U.S. patents, notably U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,013,012, 4,529,811 and 4,603,128.

Intracellular receptors (IRs) form a class of structurally-related genetic regulators that act as ligand-dependent transcription factors. See Evans, R. M., “The Steroid and Thyroid Hormone Receptor Superfamily”, Science, May 13, 1988; 240(4854):889-95. Steroid receptors are a recognized subset of the IRs, including the progesterone receptor (PR), androgen receptor (AR), estrogen receptor (ER), which can be referred to collectively as the gonadal steroid receptors, glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). Regulation of a gene by such factors requires both the IR itself and a corresponding ligand that has the ability to selectively bind to the IR in a way that affects gene transcription.

Ligands for the IRs can include low molecular weight native molecules, such as the hormones aldosterone, progesterone, estrogen and testosterone, as well as synthetic derivative compounds such as medroxyprogesterone acetate, diethylstilbesterol and 19-nortestosterone. These ligands, when present the fluid surrounding a cell, pass through the outer cell membrane by passive diffusion and bind to specific IR proteins to create a ligand/receptor complex. This complex then translocates to the cell’s nucleus, where it binds to a specific gene or genes present in the cell’s DNA. Once bound to DNA, the complex modulates the production of the protein encoded by that gene. In this regard, a compound that binds to an IR and mimics the effect of the native ligand is referred to as an “agonist”, while a compound that binds to an IR and inhibits the effect of the native ligand is called an “antagonist”.

The therapeutic mechanism of action of spironolactone involves binding to intracellular mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs) in kidney epithelial cells, thereby inhibiting the binding of aldosterone. Spironolactone has been found to counteract the sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion effects of aldosterone and other mineralocorticoids. Spironolactone has also been shown to interfere with testosterone biosynthesis, has anti-androgen action and inhibits adrenal aldosterone biosynthesis. Large doses of spironolactone in children appear to decrease the testosterone production rate.

Spironolactone is found to exhibit intra-individual variability of pharmacokinetic parameters and it presumably belongs to the group of drugs with high inter-subject variability. Spironolactone has poor water solubility and dissolution rate.

In order to prolong the half-life and decrease the side effects associated with spironolactone, syntheses of spironolactone derivatives have been developed (e.g. synthesis of mexrenone, prorenone, spirorenone). Slight modifications of the spironolactone steroid skeleton, e.g. such as formation of 11β-allenic and epoxy compounds, have been shown to effect important variations in the affinity and specificity for the mineralocorticoid receptor. These results suggest that it is possible to develop spironolactone analogues that do not interact with the androgen receptor or cytochrome P-450 and are therefore free of spironolactone undesirable side-effects.

METABOLISM

Figure US20090325918A1-20091231-C00003

SYNTHESIS

METHOD 1 REF 150

STR1

REF 130, 150

STR1

 

STR1

METHOD 2 REF 140

 

STR1

STR1

 

STR1

METHOD 3 REF 150

STR1

 

Synthesis

Cella, John A.; Tweit, Robert C. (1959). Journal of Organic Chemistry 24: 1109. doi:10.1021/jo01090a019.

(See also part 1 and part 3)

 

SPECTROSCOPY UV

STR1

SPECTROSCOPY IR

KBR

The principal absorption peaks of the spectrum shown in Figure 5 were noted at 1765,
1693, 1673, 1240, 1178, 1135, 1123 and 1193 cm -1.

STR1

 

SPECTROSCOPY 1H NMR

STR1

STR1

SPECTROSCOPY 13C NMR

STR1

STR1

SPECTROSCOPY MASS SPECTRUM

STR1

STR1STR1

130 J.A. Cola, E.A. Brown, and R.R. Burtner, 3. Org. Chem., 24, 1109(1959).

 140 Remington’s: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 19 t~ edn.Volume II, K.G. Alfonso, ed.; Mack Publishing Co., Pennsylvania (1995) p.1048.
150. G. Anner and H. Wehrli (Ciba-Geigy, A.-G.), German Often 2,625,723 (cl.C07J21/00), Dec,1976; Swiss Appl. 75/7, 696, 13Jun. 1975; pp. 37.

ANALYTICAL

    • High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Conditions
      Column LiChrosorb RP-8, 5 μm. 150 × 4.6 mm I.D.
      Eluent Acetonitrile-0.05 M phosphate buffer, pH 4 (45:55)
      Flow-rate 1 ml/min
      Temperature 25° C.
      Detector UV detector, wavelength 286 nm or 271 nm
      Recorder Chart speed 0.5 cm/min
      Sample loop 10 μl
    • The concentration of canrenone is determined in plasma and urine samples by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV-detection. An aliquot of 300 ng of spironolactone derivative is added to the samples as internal standard, which are then extracted twice with 1 ml n-hexane-toluene (1:1, v/v). The organic phase is taken to dryness and re-dissolved in 250 μl HPLC eluent (methanol-water, 60:40, v/v). (25×4.6 mm; 5 μm). Detection is performed with the UV detector set at λ=285 nm.

Flurometric Method

    Five ml of water is a reagent blank and 5 ml of working standards containing 0.05 μg and 0.20 μg of SC-9376 are carried through the entire procedure. Lower sales are read vs. the 0.05 μg standard at full scale, and higher samples vs. the 0.20 μg standard. Fluorescence readings are proportional to the concentrations of the standards in this range.
      Pipette 0.2 ml of heparinized plasma into a 50-ml polyethylene-stoppered centrifuge tube, dilute to 5 ml with water and add 15 ml of methylene chloride (Du Pont refrigeration grade, redistilled). Shake for 30 seconds, centrifuge and discard the aqueous supernatant. Add 1 ml 0.1 N NaOH, shake 15 seconds, centrifuge and discard the supernatant. Transfer a 10-ml aliquot of the methylene chloride phase to another tube containing 2 ml of 65% aqueous sulfuric acid, shake 30 seconds, centrifuge and remove organic phase by aspiration. The material is allowed to stand at room temperature for about 1 hour and then about 1 ml of the sulfuric acid phase in transferred to a quartz cuvette. Fluorescence intensity is determined in an Aminco-Bowman spectrophotofluorometer (activation maximum, 465 nm).

 

    Gas Liquid Chromatography
    The GLC estimation is carried out on a Fractovap Model 251 series 2150 (Carlo Erba) instrument equipped with a Nickel-63 electron capture detector. A 6-foot, 0.4 mm internal diameter, U-shaped glass column, packed with OV-17 2% or XE-60 1% on gas chrom A, 100-120 mesh (Applied Science Lab) is conditioned for 3 days before use. Argon with 10% methane which passed through a molecular sieve before entering the column is used as the carrier gas. The conditions of analysis are: column 255° C., detector 275° C., carrier gas flow 30 ml/min. Samples are injected on the column with a 10 μl Hamilton syringe. The injector in not heated.

PATENT

https://www.google.com/patents/US20090325918

EXAMPLE 1Chiral Separation

The separation of 7 beta isomer of SL is schematically described below.

 

    • Figure US20090325918A1-20091231-C00004
      Chromatographic Method for Isolation of SL Isomers
      The basic method is described in Chan, Ky, et al., J. Chromatog, Nov. 15, 1991:571 (1-2) 291-297. The separation is performed using spectra-physics HPLC instrument and UV variable wavelength detector set at 254 nm. For chiral separation, the chromatographic column is either a pre-packed 25 mm×4.6 mm ID Cyclobond 1 (5 μm particle size), or a pre-packed 150 mm×4 mm ID Resolvosil BSA-7 column (5 μm) operated using the conditions described herein.
      Analysis of the isomers present in the peaks in the chromatograms and their chiral extract purity analysis can be determined in each case by high resolution NMR spectroscopy using a chiral shift reagent. Based on this information and the determination of molecular weight by mass spectrometry and/or optical activity, structural configuration is assigned to each isomer. Eluted samples of isomers may be re-chromatographed in order to obtain adequate quantities of isomers having desired optical purity for study. For future use, reference standards that are optically pure will be compared for confirmation of purity and identity to the isolated isomers that are obtained after their chromatographic separation.

EXAMPLE 2Chemical Synthesis of Optical Isomers

    As an example, the desire spironolactone 7-beta-isomer is synthesized following the scheme that is described below:
    • Figure US20090325918A1-20091231-C00005
      Diene (i) is prepared from commercially available starting materials using methods well known in the art of chemical synthesis.
      Diene (i) is treated with acetic acid and the mixture is heated to reflux to yield 7-alpha-acetate ester (ii). The 7-alpha-ester (ii) is further subjected to nucleophilic substitution, followed by hydrolysis to obtain the 7-beta-isomer (iii). The 7-beta-isomer (iii) is then esterified with an acyl halide in the presence of a base to generate the desired spironolactone 7-beta-isomer (iv).

EXAMPLE 3Preparation of Radiolabeled Probe Compounds of the Invention

      Using known methods, the compounds of the invention may be prepared as radiolabeled probes by carrying out their synthesis using precursors comprising at least one atom that is a radioisotope. The radioisotope is preferably selected from at least one of carbon (preferably

14

      C), hydrogen (preferably

3

      H), sulfur (preferably

35

    S), or iodine (preferably I). Such radiolabeled probes are conveniently synthesized by a radioisotope supplier specializing in customer synthesis of radiolabeled probe compounds. Such suppliers include Amersham Corporation, Arlington Heights, Ill.; Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc., Andover, Mass.; SRI International, Menlo Park, Calif.; Wizard Laboratories, West Sacramento, Calif.; ChemSyn Laboratories, Lexena, Kans.; American Radiolabeled Chemicals, Inc., St. Louis, Mo.; and Moravek Biochemicals Inc., Brea, Calif.
      Tritium labeled probe compounds are also conveniently prepared catalytically via platinum-catalyzed exchange in tritiated acetic acid, acid-catalyzed exchange in tritiated trifluoroacetic acid, or heterogeneous-catalyzed exchange with tritium gas. Tritium labeled probe compounds can also be prepared, when appropriate, by sodium borotritide reduction. Such preparations are also conveniently carried out as a custom radiolabeling by any of the suppliers listed in the preceding paragraph using the compound of the invention as substrate.

 

    EXAMPLE 4Isolation and Purification Procedure
    The optical isomers of spironolactones may be isolated from fluid sample such as urine or blood as follows:
    Extraction from Urine
    The urine sample is extracted with dichloromethane and the extract washed with NaOH (0.1 N) and then with water to neutrality. The residue obtained after evaporation of the dichloromethane extract is purified on TLC in three different systems: benzene-acetone-water, (150:100:0.4); chloroform-ethanol, (90:10); ethyl acetate-cyclohexane-ethanol, (45:25:10), using aldosterone as reference standard.
      The extract is then purified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on a Waters 6000 A, 480 U.V. detector instrument with radial pressure. The extract is first run through a C

18

    10μ column using methanol-water (70:30) as the eluent, followed by a silica 5μ column using dichloromethane-methanol (95:5). In both cases, the rate of the eluent is 1.5 ml/min. A small part of the extract is subjected to heptafluorobutyrylation for GLC investigation.

References

  1.  “Spironolactone”. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved Oct 24, 2015.
  2.  “Spironolactone: MedlinePlus Drug Information”. Retrieved 2016-01-20.
  3.  “Spironolactone”. Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
  4.  “Spironolactone”. Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House.
  5.  Harry G. Brittain (26 November 2002). Analytical Profiles of Drug Substances and Excipients. Academic Press. p. 309. ISBN 978-0-12-260829-2. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
  6.  Maizes, Victoria (2015). Integrative Women’s Health (2 ed.). p. 746.ISBN 9780190214807.
  7.  “Spironolactone Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings”. Retrieved 29 November2015.
  8.  Camille Georges Wermuth (24 July 2008). The Practice of Medicinal Chemistry. Academic Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-12-374194-3. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
  9.  Marshall Sittig (1988). Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia. William Andrew. p. 1385. ISBN 978-0-8155-1144-1. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
  10.  “WHO Model List of EssentialMedicines” (PDF). World Health Organization. October 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
  11.  “Spironolactone”. International Drug Price Indicator Guide. Retrieved 29 November2015.
  12.  Hughes BR, Cunliffe WJ (May 1988). “Tolerance of spironolactone”. The British Journal of Dermatology 118 (5): 687–91. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1988.tb02571.x.PMID 2969259.
  13. Victor R. Preedy (1 January 2012). Handbook of Hair in Health and Disease. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 132–. ISBN 978-90-8686-728-8.
  14.  Loy R, Seibel MM (December 1988). “Evaluation and therapy of polycystic ovarian syndrome”. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America 17 (4): 785–813.PMID 3143568.

 

Spironolactone
Skeletal formula of spironolactone
Ball-and-stick model of the spironolactone molecule
Systematic (IUPAC) name
7α-Acetylthio-17α-hydroxy-3-oxopregn-4-ene-21-carboxylic acid γ-lactone
Clinical data
Pronunciation /spɪˌroʊnəˈlæktoʊn, spaɪ–, spə–, –ˈrɒ–, –noʊ–/or /ˌspaɪrənoʊˈlæktoʊn/[2][3][4]
Trade names Aldactone
AHFS/Drugs.com Monograph
MedlinePlus a682627
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: B3
  • US: C (Risk not ruled out)
Routes of
administration		 Oral[1]
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Protein binding 90%+[5]
Metabolism Hepatic CYP450
Biological half-life 1.3-2 hours
Excretion Urine, bile
Identifiers
CAS Number 52-01-7 Yes
ATC code C03DA01 (WHO)
PubChem CID 5833
IUPHAR/BPS 2875
DrugBank DB00421 Yes
ChemSpider 5628 Yes
UNII 27O7W4T232 Yes
KEGG D00443 Yes
ChEBI CHEBI:9241 Yes
ChEMBL CHEMBL1393 Yes
Chemical data
Formula C24H32O4S
Molar mass 416.574 g/mol

///////Spironolactone, Supra-puren, Suracton, спиронолактон, سبيرونولاكتون ,

螺内酯 , Abbolactone, Aldactide, SNL, Spiroctanie, Sprioderm, Verospirone,  Opianin

O=C5O[C@@]4([C@@]3([C@H]([C@@H]2[C@H](SC(=O)C)C/C1=C/C(=O)CC[C@]1(C)[C@H]2CC3)CC4)C)CC5

Share

Vorinostat (Zolinza)

 Uncategorized  Comments Off on Vorinostat (Zolinza)
Jul 272016
 

Vorinostat, MK0683

CAS 149647-78-9

Zolinza, SAHA, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, Suberanilohydroxamic acid, N-hydroxy-N’-phenyloctanediamide

US patent 5369108, PDT PATENT

For the treatment of cutaneous manifestations in patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma who have progressive, persistent or recurrent disease on or following two systemic therapies. Inhibits histone deacetylase I & 3.

  • CCRIS 8456
  • HSDB 7930
  • M344
  • N-Hydroxy-N’-phenyloctanediamide
  • SAHA
  • SAHA cpd
  • Suberanilohydroxamic acid
  • suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid
  • UNII-58IFB293JI
  • MK0683
Average: 264.3202
Monoisotopic: 264.147392516
Chemical Formula C14H20N2O3
N-hydroxy-N‘-phenyl-octanediamide
Trade names Zolinza, 100 MG, CAPSULE, ORAL
   ZOLINZA (VORINOSTAT) [Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp.]
MedlinePlus a607050
Licence data US FDA:link
   LAUNCHED 2006 MERCKhttp://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2011/021991s002lbl.pdf
Legal status ℞-only (US)
Routes Oral
Pharmacokinetic data
Protein binding 71%
Metabolism Hepatic glucuronidation andoxidation
CYP system not involved
Half-life 2 hours
Excretion Renal (negligible)
Identifiers
CAS number 149647-78-9 
ATC code L01XX38
 
Chemical data
Formula C14H20N2O3 
Mol. mass 264.32 g/mol

CLINICAL TRIALS..http://clinicaltrials.gov/search/intervention=Vorinostat

Vorinostat (rINN) also known as suberanilohydroxamic acid (suberoyl+anilide+hydroxamic acid abbreviated as SAHA) is a member of a larger class of compounds that inhibit histone deacetylases (HDAC). Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDI) have a broad spectrum of epigenetic activities.

Vorinostat is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL) when the disease persists, gets worse, or comes back during or after treatment with other medicines.[1] The compound was developed by Columbia University chemist, Ronald Breslow.

VORINOSTAT

Vorinostat was the first histone deacetylase inhibitor[2] approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of CTCL on October 6, 2006. It is manufactured by Patheon, Inc., in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, for Merck & Co., Inc., White House Station, New Jersey.[3]

ZOLINZA contains vorinostat, which is described chemically as N-hydroxy-N’-phenyloctanediamide. The empirical formula is C14H20N2O3. The molecular weight is 264.32 and the structural formula is:

ZOLINZA® (vorinostat) Structural Formula Illustration

Vorinostat is a white to light orange powder. It is very slightly soluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol, isopropanol and acetone, freely soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide and insoluble in methylene chloride. It has no chiral centers and is non-hygroscopic. The differential scanning calorimetry ranged from 161.7 (endotherm) to 163.9°C. The pH of saturated water solutions of vorinostat drug substance was 6.6. The pKa of vorinostat was determined to be 9.2.

Each 100 mg ZOLINZA capsule for oral administration contains 100 mg vorinostat and the following inactive ingredients: microcrystalline cellulose, sodium croscarmellose and magnesium stearate. The capsule shell excipients are titanium dioxide, gelatin and sodium lauryl sulfate.

Vorinostat has been shown to bind to the active site of histone deacetylases and act as a chelator for Zinc ions also found in the active site of histone deacetylases [4] Vorinostat’s inhibition of histone deacetylases results in the accumulation of acetylated histones and acetylated proteins, including transcription factors crucial for the expression of genes needed to induce cell differentiation. [4]
SAHA inhibits class I and class II HDACs at nanomolar concentrations and arrests cell growth in a wide variety of transformed cells in culture at 2.5-5.0 µM. This compound efficiently suppressed MES-SA cell growth at a low dosage (3 µM) already after 24 hours treatment. Decrease of cell survival was even more pronounced after prolonged treatment and reached 9% and 2% after 48 and 72 hours of treatment, respectively. Colony forming capability of MES-SA cells treated with 3 µM vorinostat for 24 and 48 hours was significantly diminished and blocked after 72 hours.

Vorinostat has also been used to treat Sézary syndrome, another type of lymphoma closely related to CTCL.[5]

A recent study suggested that vorinostat also possesses some activity against recurrent glioblastoma multiforme, resulting in a median overall survival of 5.7 months (compared to 4 – 4.4 months in earlier studies).[6] Further brain tumor trials are planned in which vorinostat will be combined with other drugs.

Including vorinostat in treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) showed improved response rates and increased median progression free survival and overall survival (although the survival improvements were not significant at the P=0.05 level).[7]

It has given encouraging results in a phase II trial for myelodysplastic syndromes in combination with Idarubicin and Cytarabine.[8]

Vorinostat is an interesting target for scientists interested in eradicating HIV from infected persons.[9] Vorinostat was recently shown to have both in vitro and in vivo effects against latently HIV infected T-cells.[10][11]

Vorinostat, represented by structural formula (I) and chemically named as N-hydroxy-N’- phenyl-octanediamide or suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAElA), is a member of a larger class of compounds that inhibit histone deacetylases (HDAC). Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDI) have a broad spectrum of epigenetic activities and vorinostat is marketed, under the brand name Zolinza®, for the treatment of a type of skin cancer called cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). Vorinostat is approved to be used when the disease persists, gets worse, or comes back during or after treatment with other medicines. Vorinostat has also been used to treat Sέzary’s disease and, in addition, possesses some activity against recurrent glioblastoma multiforme.

Figure imgf000002_0001

Vorinostat was first described in US patent 5369108, wherein four different synthetic routes for the preparation of vorinostat are disclosed (Schemes 1 to 4).

The single step process illustrated in Scheme 1 involves coupling of the diacid chloride of suberic acid with aniline and hydiOxylamine hydrochloride. However, the yield of this reaction is only 15-30%.

Figure imgf000003_0001

Scheme 1

The multistep process illustrated in Scheme 2 begins with the monomethyl ester of suberic acid, which undergoes conversion to the corresponding acid chloride. Further coupling with aniline gives the methyl ester of suberanilic acid. Hydrolysis of the ester and further coupling with benzyl protected hydroxylamine gives benzyl protected vorinostat which on deprotection gives vorinostat.

HO. (CH2J6 OMe . ,OOMM e

O O

Figure imgf000003_0002
Figure imgf000003_0003
Figure imgf000003_0004

Scheme 2

In addition to the disadvantage of being a five-step process with overall yields reported as 35-65%, this process suffers from further disadvantages such as the use of the expensive monomethyl ester of suberic acid.

Figure imgf000004_0001

Scheme 3

The two step process illustrated in Scheme 3 involves coupling of the diacid chloride of suberic acid with aniline and O-benzyl hydroxylamine and then deprotection. However, the overall yield of this reaction is only 20-35%.

Figure imgf000004_0002

Scheme 4

The process illustrated in Scheme 4 is similar to that illustrated in Scheme 3, with the exception that O-trimethylsilyl hydroxylamine was used instead of O-benzyl hydroxylamine. The overall yield of this reaction is reported as 20-33%.

Another process for the preparation of vorinostat has been reported in J. Med. Chem.,

1995, vol. 38(8), pages 1411-1413. The reported process, illustrated in Scheme 5, begins with the conversion of suberic acid to suberanilic acid by a high temperature melt reaction.

Suberanilic acid is further converted to the corresponding methyl ester using Dowex resin and the methyl ester of suberanilic acid thus formed is converted to vorinostat by treatment with hydroxylamine hydrochloride. However, this process employs high temperatures (1900C) in the preparation of vorinostat which adds to the inefficiency and high processing costs on commercial scale. The high temperatures also increase the likelihood of impurities being formed during manufacture and safety concerns. The overall yield reported was a poor 35%.

Figure imgf000005_0001

MeOH, Dowex, 22 hours

Figure imgf000005_0002
Figure imgf000005_0003

Scheme 5

Another process for the preparation of vorinostat has been reported in OPPI Briefs, 2001, vol. 33(4), pages 391-394. The reported process, illustrated in Scheme 6, involves conversion of suberic acid to suberic anhydride, which on treatment with aniline gives suberanilic acid. Coupling of this suberanilic acid with ethyl chloroformate gives a mixed anhydride which upon treatment with hydroxylamine gives vorinostat in an overall yield of 58%. In the first step, there is competition between the formation of suberic anhydride and the linear anhydride and consequently isolation of pure suberic anhydride from the reaction mixture is very difficult. This process step is also hindered by the formation of process impurities and competitive reactions. In the second step, there is formation of dianilide by reaction of two moles of aniline with the linear anhydride. In the third step, suberanilic acid is an inconvenient by-product as the suberanilic acid is converted to a mixed anhydride with ethyl chloroformate, which is highly unstable and is converted back into suberanilic acid. Consequently, it is very difficult to obtain pure vorinostat from the reaction mixture. Although the reported yield was claimed to be 58%, when repeated a yield of only 38% was obtained.

Figure imgf000006_0001

Scheme 6

A further process for the preparation of vorinostat has been reported in J. Med. Chem., 2005, vol. 48(15), pages 5047-5051. The reported process, illustrated in Scheme 7, involves conversion of monomethyl suberate to monomethyl suberanilic acid, followed by coupling with hydroxylamine hydrochloride to afford vorinostat in an overall yield of 79%. However, the process uses the expensive monomethyl ester of suberic acid as starting material.

HOBt, DCC, DMF, RT, 4 hours

Figure imgf000006_0002
Figure imgf000006_0003
Figure imgf000006_0004
Processes for the preparation of vorinostat, and its form 1 crystalline polymorph, have been disclosed in patent applications US 2004/0122101 and WO 2006/127319. However, the disclosed processes, comprising the preparation of vorinostat from suberic acid, are a cumbersome three step process comprising the sequential steps of amidation of suberic acid with aniline, esterification of the mono-amide product with methanol, and finally reaction with hydroxylamine hydrochloride and sodium methoxide to afford vorinostat. This process is not very convenient as it involves elevated temperatures, lengthy reaction times and has a low overall yield of around 23%. In addition, the intermediate products and final product are not very pure and require exhaustive purification steps.

CLIP

Vorinostat (ZolinzaTM) Vorinostat, a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor from Merck, was approved for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), a type of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.

Vorinostat was shown to inhibit HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC6 at nanomolar concentrations. HDAC inhibitors are potent differentiating agents toward a variety of neoplasms, including leukemia and breast and prostate cancers [58].

Commercially available monomethyl ester 125 wasVorinostat (ZolinzaTM) Vorinostat, a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor from Merck, was approved for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), a type of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.

Vorinostat was shown to inhibit HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC6 at nanomolar concentrations. HDAC inhibitors are potent differentiating agents toward a variety of neoplasms, including leukemia and breast and prostate cancers [58].

Commercially available monomethyl ester 125 was reacted with aniline in the presence of DCC and HOBt in DMF to give amide 127 in 89%yield [59] (Scheme 16).

Methyl ester amide 127 was then reacted with hydroxylamine HCl salt and potassium hydroxide in methanol to give vorinostat(XVI) in 90% yield.

STR1

[58] Breslow, R.; Marks, P.A.; Rifkind, R. A.; Jursic, B. WO9307148,2003.
[59] Gediya, L. K.; Chopra, P.; Purushottamachar, P.; Maheshwari, N.;Njar, V. C. O. J. Med. Chem., 2005, 48, 5047.

PATENT

VORINOSTAT

http://www.google.com/patents/EP2349985A2

A preferred embodiment of the first aspect of the present invention is illustrated in Scheme

Figure imgf000016_0001

suberic acid subefanilic acid      NH2OHHCl, CDI

Figure imgf000016_0002

suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (T)

Scheme 8

Optionally, an activating agent can be used in step (a) and/ or step (b) to afford products with high yields and purity. Preferably, the activating agent is selected from cyanuric chloride, cyanuric fluoride, catecholborane, or a mixture thereof. The activating agent is preferably used in combination with the coupling agent. A preferred embodiment of the process according to the first aspect of the present invention comprises the following steps:

(i) taking a mixture of THF, CDI and DCC;

(ii) adding suberic acid; (iii) adding aniline in THF to the solution from step (ii);

(iv) stirring at 25-30°C;

(v) filtering off the solid dicyclohexyl urea formed in the reaction;

(vi) concentrating the filtrate in vacuo;

(vii) adding a solution of KOH in water; (vϋi) filtering off the solid by-product;

(ix) heating the filtrate;

(x) adding aq. HCl;

(xi) isolating suberanilic acid;

(xii) mixing the suberanilic acid and CDI in DMF; (xiii) adding hydroxylamine hydrochloride as solid to the mixture from step (xii);

(xiv) isolating vorinostat from the mixture obtained in step (xiii);

(xv) adding acetonitrile and aq. ammonia to the vorinostat from step (xiv);

(xvi) heating the mixture;

(xvii) cooling the mixture to 20-27°C; and (xvϋi) isolating pure vorinostat from the mixture obtained in step (xvii).

Preferably, by utilising the same organic solvent in steps (a) and (b), pure vorinostat can be obtained without isolation of any synthetic intermediate^).

A preferred embodiment of the second aspect of the present invention is illustrated in Scheme 9.

Figure imgf000018_0001

suberic acid N-hydtoxy-7-carboxy-heptanamide

Figure imgf000018_0002

Example 1

Stage 1 : Conversion of suberic acid to suberanilic acid

A mixture of CDI (0.5eq) and DCC (0.8eq) in THF (15 vol) was stirred for 1 hour at 25- 3O0C. Suberic acid (leq) and aniline (leq) in THF (1 vol) was added and the mixture stirred for a further 16-20 hours. The solid by-product was removed by filtration and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo at 5O0C. The solid residue obtained was treated with a solution of KOH (2eq) in water (10 vol) and stirred for 30 minutes at 25-300C and any solid byproduct formed was removed by filtration. The filtrate obtained was heated at 6O0C for 3-4 hours and cooled to 200C before addition of an aqueous solution of HCl (17.5%, 3 vol). The mixture was stirred for 30 minutes and the solid filtered, washed with water (2×5 vol) and dried under vacuum at 60-650C. Molar Yield = 60-65% Purity by HPLC = 99.5%

Stage 2: Conversion of suberanilic acid to crude vorinostat The suberanilic acid (leq) obtained in stage 1 was dissolved in DMF (5 vol) and CDI (2eq) was added at 25-3O0C and maintained for 30 minutes under stirring. Hydroxylamine hydrochloride (4eq) was added and stirring continued for 30 minutes. Water (25 vol) was then added and the mixture stirred for 2 hours. The precipitated solid was filtered, washed with water (2×5 vol) and dried under vacuum at 500C. Molar Yield = 70-75% Purity by HPLC = 99% Stage 3: Purification of crude vorinostat

Aqueous ammonia (2.5 vol) was added to the crude vorinostat (leq) in acetonitrile (15 vol) at 25-30°C. The mixture was then maintained at 55-60°C for 1 hour before being cooled to 20-25°C and being stirred for a further hour. The resulting solid was filtered, washed with acetonitrile (2×0.5 vol) and dried under vacuum at 45-5O0C for 5 hours. Molar Yield = 55-60% Purity by HPLC > 99.8%

Example 2

Stage 1 : Conversion of suberic acid to crude vorinostat

A mixture of CDI (0.5eq) and DCC (0.8eq) in THF (15 vol) was stirred for 1 hour at 25- 30°C. Suberic acid (leq) and hydroxylamine (leq) in THF (1 vol) was added and the mixture stirred for a further 1 hour. Then CDI (0.5eq), DCC (0.8eq) and aniline (leq) were added to the mixture and the mixture was stirred for a further 16-20 hours. The solid byproduct was removed by filtration and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo at 50°C to obtain crude vorinostat. Molar Yield = 55-60% Purity by HPLC > 95.8%

Stage 2: Purification of crude vorinostat

Aqueous ammonia (2.5 vol) was added to the crude vorinostat (leq) in acetonitrile (15 vol) at 25-3O0C. The mixture was then maintained at 55-600C for 1 hour before being cooled to 20-250C and being stirred for a further hour. The resulting solid was filtered, washed with acetonitrile (2×0.5 vol) and dried under vacuum at 45-500C for 5 hours. Molar Yield = 35-40% Purity by HPLC > 99.8%

PATENT

SYNTHESIS

WO2009098515A1

Scheme V. – –

Figure imgf000012_0001

Vorinostat

Suberic acid (l.Oeq) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (15vol) and the clear solution was chilled to 0-5°C. Methyl chloro formate (l.leq) and triethylamine (1.1 eq) were added to the solution at the same temperature and the mixture was stirred for 15 minutes. The triethylamine.HCl salt formed was filtered off, then aniline (leq) was added to the reaction mixture at 0-50C and stirring was continued for 15 minutes. Methyl chloroformate (l.leq) and triethylamine (l.leq) were added to the clear solution and stirring was continued for a further 15 minutes at 0-5°C. This chilled reaction mixture was added to a freshly prepared hydroxylamine solution in methanol (*see below) chilled to 0-5°C and stirred for 15 minutes at 0-5°C. The solvent was removed under vacuum at 40°C and the residue obtained was taken in methylene dichloride and the organic solution was washed with water and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. Methylene dichloride was removed under vacuum at 40°C and acetonitrile was added to the residue. This mixture was stirred for 15 minutes before the solid was filtered under vacuum and dried under vacuum at 60°C to afford the product as a white solid. Molar yield = 35-41%; HPLC purity = 99.90%.

VORINOSTAT

1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): 1.27 (m, 4H, 2 x -CH2-), 1.53 (m, 4H, 2 x -CH2-), 1.94 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 2H, -CH2-), 2.29 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 2H, -CH2-), 7.03 (t, J = 7.35 Hz, IH, aromatic para position), 7.27 (t, J = 7.90 Hz, 2H, aromatic meta position), 7.58 (t, J = 7.65 Hz, 2H, aromatic ortho position), 8.66 (s, IH, -OH, D2O exchangeable), 9.85 (s, IH, amide -NH-, D2O exchangeable), 10.33 (s, IH, -NH-OH, D2O exchangeable).

13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): 25.04 (2C, 2 x -CH2-), 28.43 (2C, 2 x -CH2-), 32.24 (1C, -CH2-), 36.34 (1C, -CH2-), 119.01 (2C, Ar-C), 122.96 (1C, Ar-C), 128.68 (2C, Ar-C), 139.24 (1C, Ar- C, =CNH-), 169.23 (1C, -CO-), 171.50 (1C, -CO-).

*Preparation of hydroxylamine solution:

Potassium hydroxide (l.leq) was added to methanol (8vol) and the solution was chilled to 0-5°C. Similarly hydroxylamine hydrochloride (l.leq) was added to methanol (8vol) and chilled to 0-5°C. The chilled amine solution was added to the chilled alkali solution and stirred for 15 minutes at 0-50C. The white potassium chloride salt was filtered off and the filtrate was used as such.

PATENT
POLYMORPHS
The present invention is directed to a Form I polymorph of SAHA characterized by an X-ray diffraction pattern substantially similar to that set forth in FIG. 13A. SAHA Form I is also characterized by an X-ray diffraction pattern including characteristic peaks at about at about 9.0, 9.4, 17.5, 19.4, 20.0, 24.0, 24.4, 24.8, 25.0, 28.0, and 43.3 degrees 2θ. SAHA Form I is further characterized by an X-ray diffraction pattern including characteristic peaks at about 9.0, 9.4, 17.5, 19.4, 20.0, 24.0, 24.4, 24.8, 25.0, 28.0, 43.3 degrees 20, and lacking at least one peak at about <8.7, 10.0-10.2, 13.4-14.0, 15.0-15.2, 17.5-19.0, 20.1-20.3, 21.1-21.3, 22.0-22.22, 22.7-23.0, 25.0-25.5, 26.0-26.2, and 27.4-27.6 degrees 2θ.
PAPER

SPECTRAL DATA AND SYNTHESIS

Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 2011 ,  vol. 54,  13  pg. 4694 – 4720

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/jm2003552

 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/jm2003552/suppl_file/jm2003552_si_001.pdf

for structures see above link

Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (26, SAHA, vorinostat).

Suberic acid monomethyl ester (23) (15.09 g, 80.2 mmol) and DMF (0.10 mL) in anhydrous
DCM (300 mL) was added SOCl2 (34.6 mL, 0.481 mol), and the reaction mixture was refluxed for 3
h. The mixture was then concentrated. Toluene (300 mL) was added to the residue and evaporated
to afford crude acid chloride 24. Crude 24 was dissolved in DCM (240 mL), and followed by
addition of aniline (7.3 mL, 80.2 mmol) and Et3N (16.9 mL, 0.120 mol). The reaction mixture was
stirred for 90 min at room temp. The course of reaction was monitored by TLC (30% EtOAc in
hexanes) and LC–MS. DCM was removed, and ethyl acetate (500 mL) was added to dissolve the
residue. The organic layer was washed with aqueous NaHCO3 (500 mL × 2), 1 N HCl (400 mL × 2),
water, dried (Na2SO4), and evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue was purified
by vacuum liquid chromatography (silica, 20% EtOAc in hexanes) to afford compound 25as white crystalline solids (20.15 g, 96 %). NaOMe in MeOH solution (5.4 M, 106 mL, 0.573 mol) was added to a solution of compound 25 (10.05 g, 38.2 mmol) and NH2OH·HCl (26.54 g, 0.382 mol) in

dry MeOH (375 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred for 40 min at room temp. The reaction was
quenched by adding of 1 N HCl to pH 7–8. MeOH was removed under reduced pressure and water
(1 L) was added to the residue. The precipitated solid was filtered and washed with water (300 mL)
and EtOAc (150 mL) to afford crude 26 which was further purified by recrystallization. MeOH (200
mL) was added to crude 26 (5 g) and warmed to dissolve all solids. The MeOH solution was filtered,

and deionized water (400 mL) was added to the filtrate, the resulting solution was placed at 4 oC
overnight. Crystals obtained were filtered and washed with deionized water (100 mL) to afford pure
26 (vorinostat, SAHA) as off-white crystals. Overall yield: 80–85% from compound 23. Compound
26,

LC–MS m/z 265.1 ([M + H]+).

1H NMR (DMSO-d6)  10.35 (1H, s), 9.86 (1H, s), 8.68 (1H, s),
7.58 (2H, d, J = 7.6 Hz), 7.28 (2H, t, J = 7.5 Hz), 7.02 (1H, t, J = 7.4 Hz), 2.29 (2H, t, J = 7.4 Hz),
1.94 (2H, t, J = 7.4 Hz), 1.57 (2H, m), 1.49 (2H, m), 1.33 – 1.20 (2H, m); 13C NMR (DMSO-d6) 
171.2, 169.1, 139.3, 128.6, 122.9, 119.0, 36.3, 32.2, 28.4, 28.3, 25.0. Anal. (C10H20N2O3) C, H, N.

CLIP

Suberic acid monomethyl ester (23) (15.09 g, 80.2 mmol) and DMF (0.10 mL) in anhydrous DCM (300 mL) was added SOCl2 (34.6 mL, 0.481 mol), and the reaction mixture was refluxed for 3 h. The mixture was then concentrated. Toluene (300 mL) was added to the residue and evaporated to afford crude acid chloride 24. Crude 24 was dissolved in DCM (240 mL), and followed by addition of aniline (7.3 mL, 80.2 mmol) and Et3N (16.9 mL, 0.120 mol). The reaction mixture was stirred for 90 min at room temp. The course of reaction was monitored by TLC (30% EtOAc in hexanes) and LC–MS. DCM was removed, and ethyl acetate (500 mL) was added to dissolve the residue. The organic layer was washed with aqueous NaHCO3 (500 mL × 2), 1 N HCl (400 mL ×2), water, dried (Na2SO4), and evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by vacuum liquid chromatography (silica, 20% EtOAc in hexanes) to afford compound 25 as white crystalline solids (20.15 g, 96 %). NaOMe in MeOH solution (5.4 M, 106 mL, 0.573 mol) was added to a solution of compound 25 (10.05 g, 38.2 mmol) and NH2OH·HCl (26.54 g, 0.382 mol) in dry MeOH (375 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred for 40 min at room temp. The reaction was quenched by adding of 1 N HCl to pH 7–8. MeOH was removed under reduced pressure and water (1 L) was added to the residue. The precipitated solid was filtered and washed with water (300 mL) and EtOAc (150 mL) to afford crude 26 which was further purified by recrystallization. MeOH (200 mL) was added to crude 26 (5 g) and warmed to dissolve all solids. The MeOH solution was filtered,  S37 and deionized water (400 mL) was added to the filtrate, the resulting solution was placed at 4 oC overnight. Crystals obtained were filtered and washed with deionized water (100 mL) to afford pure 26 (vorinostat, SAHA) as off-white crystals. Overall yield: 80–85% from compound 23.

. Compound 26,

LC–MS m/z 265.1 ([M + H] + ).

1H NMR (DMSO-d6)  10.35 (1H, s), 9.86 (1H, s), 8.68 (1H, s), 7.58 (2H, d, J = 7.6 Hz), 7.28 (2H, t, J = 7.5 Hz), 7.02 (1H, t, J = 7.4 Hz), 2.29 (2H, t, J = 7.4 Hz), 1.94 (2H, t, J = 7.4 Hz), 1.57 (2H, m), 1.49 (2H, m), 1.33 – 1.20 (2H, m);

13C NMR (DMSO-d6)  171.2, 169.1, 139.3, 128.6, 122.9, 119.0, 36.3, 32.2, 28.4, 28.3, 25.0.

Anal. (C10H20N2O3) C, H, N.

 NMR
 1H NMR spectrum of C14H20N2O3 in CDCL3 at 400 MHz.
………………………………………………………….

References

  1.  “ZOLINZA, Merck’s Investigational Medicine for Advanced Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma (CTCL), To Receive Priority Review from U.S. Food and Drug Administration” (Press release). Merck & Co. June 7, 2006. Retrieved 2006-10-06.
  2.  HDAC Inhibitors Base (vorinostat)
  3.  “FDA Approves New Drug for Skin Cancer, Zolinza” (Press release). Food and Drug Administration. October 6, 2006. Retrieved 2006-10-06.
  4.  Richon, Victoria. “Cancer biology: mechanism of antitumour action of vorinostat (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid), a novel histone deacetylase inhibitor”. British Journal of Cancer. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
  5.  Cuneo A, Castoldi. “Mycosis fungoides/Sezary’s syndrome”. Retrieved 2008-02-15.
  6.  “Vorinostat shows anti-cancer activity in recurrent gliomas” (Press release). Mayo Clinic. June 3, 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-03.
  7.  http://www.rtmagazine.com/reuters_article.asp?id=20091209clin013.html Dec 2009. URL dead Jan 2012
  8.  “Zolinza, Idarubicin, Cytarabine Combination Yields High Response Rates In MDS Patients (ASH 2011)”.
  9.  “Study of the Effect of Vorinostat on HIV RNA Expression in the Resting CD4+ T Cells of HIV+ Pts on Stable ART”. ClinicalTrials.gov. 2011-03-21.
  10.  Archin NM, Espeseth A, Parker D, Cheema M, Hazuda D, Margolis DM (2009). “Expression of latent HIV induced by the potent HDAC inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid.”. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 25 (2): 207–12. doi:10.1089/aid.2008.0191. PMC 2853863. PMID 19239360.
  11.  Contreras X, Schweneker M, Chen CS, McCune JM, Deeks SG, Martin J et al. (2009). “Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid reactivates HIV from latently infected cells.”. J Biol Chem 284 (11): 6782–9.doi:10.1074/jbc.M807898200. PMC 2652322. PMID 19136668.
  12. Vorinostat bound to proteins in the PDB
  13. J. Med. Chem.,1995, vol. 38(8), pages 1411-1413.
  14. A new simple and high-yield synthesis of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid and its inhibitory effect alone or in combination with retinoids on proliferation of human prostate cancer cells
    J Med Chem 2005, 48(15): 5047
  15. A new facile and expeditious synthesis of N-hydroxy-N’-phenyloctanediamide, a potent inducer of terminal cytodifferentiation
    Org Prep Proced Int 2001, 33(4): 391
  16. US patent 5369108, PDT PATENT
  17. WO2007/22408………
  18. WO 1993007148
  19. CN 102344392
United States 7456219     APPROVAL    2006-11-14 EXPIRY 2026-11-14
United States 6087367                        1994-10-04             2011-10-04
Canada 2120619                        2006-11-21             2012-10-05
Patent Patent Expiry pat use code
7399787 Feb 9, 2025 U-892
7456219 Mar 11, 2027
7652069 Mar 4, 2023
7732490 Mar 4, 2023 U-892
7851509 Feb 21, 2024 U-892
8067472 Mar 4, 2023 U-892
8093295 May 16, 2026
8101663 Mar 4, 2023 U-892
RE38506 Nov 29, 2013

U 892 =TREATMENT OF CUTANEOUS MANIFESTATIONS IN PATIENTS WTIH CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA (CTCL)

Exclusivity Code Exclusivity_Date
ODE Oct 6, 2013
WO2009098515A1 * Feb 6, 2009 Aug 13, 2009 Generics Uk Ltd Novel process for the preparation of vorinostat

Marks, P.A., Breslow, R. Dimethyl sulfoxide to vorinostat: Development of this histone deacetylase inhibitor as an anticancer drug. Nat Biotech 25(1) 84-90 (2007). DOI: 10.1038/nbt1272
Takashi Kumagai, et al. Histone deacetylase inhibitor, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (Vorinostat, SAHA) profoundly inhibits the growth of human pancreatic cancer cells. International Journal of Cancer. 2007 Aug 1;121(3):656-65. DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22558
Hrzenjak A, et al. Histone deacetylase inhibitor vorinostat suppresses the growth of uterine sarcomas in vitro and in vivo. Mol Cancer. 2010 Mar 4;9:49. DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-49

………………………………………………………………………………………

Vorinostat
Title: Vorinostat
CAS Registry Number: 149647-78-9
CAS Name: N-Hydroxy-N¢-phenyloctanediamide
Additional Names: suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid; SAHA
Molecular Formula: C14H20N2O3
Molecular Weight: 264.32
Percent Composition: C 63.62%, H 7.63%, N 10.60%, O 18.16%
Literature References: Second generation hybrid polar compound; histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor that induces cell cycle arrest, differentiation and apoptosis in tumor cells. Prepn: R. Breslow et al., WO 9307148; eidem, US 5369108 (1993, 1994 both to Sloan-Kettering Inst.; Columbia Univ.); J. C. Stowell et al., J. Med. Chem. 38, 1411 (1995). Synthesis: A. Mai et al., Org. Prep. Proceed. Int. 33, 391 (2001). HTLC determn in serum: L. Du et al., Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 19, 1779 (2005). In vitroantiproliferative activity: P. N. Munster et al., Cancer Res. 61, 8492 (2001). In vivo antineoplastic activity: L. A. Cohen et al.,Anticancer Res. 22, 1497 (2002). Clinical pharmacokinetics and activity in cancer patients: W. K. Kelly et al., J. Clin. Oncol. 23, 3923 (2005). Review of mechanism of action: V. M. Richon et al., Blood Cells Mol. Dis. 27, 260-264 (2001); of development and therapeutic potential: R. W. Johnstone, IDrugs 7, 674-682 (2004).
Properties: White solid, mp 159-160.5°.
Melting point: mp 159-160.5°
Therap-Cat: Antineoplastic.
Keywords: Antineoplastic.
US7148257 Aug 26, 2003 Dec 12, 2006 Merck Hdac Research, Llc Methods of treating mesothelioma with suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid
US7375137 Mar 28, 2006 May 20, 2008 Merck Hdac Research, Llc Methods of treating cancer with HDAC inhibitors
US7399787 Jul 9, 2003 Jul 15, 2008 Merck Hdac Research, Llc Methods of treating cancer with HDAC inhibitors
US7456219 Jun 19, 2003 Nov 25, 2008 Merck Hdac Research, Llc Polymorphs of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid
US7652069 Oct 30, 2007 Jan 26, 2010 Merck Hdac Research, Llc Polymorphs of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid
US7732490 Sep 11, 2007 Jun 8, 2010 Merck Hdac Research, Llc Methods of treating cancer
US7847122 Mar 18, 2008 Dec 7, 2010 Merck Hdac Research, Llc Polymorphs of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid
US7851509 Mar 18, 2008 Dec 14, 2010 Merck Hdac Research, Llc Polymorphs of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid
US7879865 Nov 18, 2005 Feb 1, 2011 Sloan-Kettering Institute For Cancer Research Treatment of cancer of the brain using histone deacetylase inhibitors
US7998957 Feb 6, 2008 Aug 16, 2011 Lixte Biotechnology, Inc. Oxabicycloheptanes and oxabicylcoheptenes, their preparation and use
US8058268 Jul 29, 2009 Nov 15, 2011 Lixte Biotechnology, Inc. Neuroprotective agents for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases
US8067472 Apr 23, 2010 Nov 29, 2011 Merck Hdac Research, Llc Methods of treating Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
US8088951 Nov 30, 2007 Jan 3, 2012 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Epigenetic mechanisms re-establish access to long-term memory after neuronal loss
US8093295 May 16, 2006 Jan 10, 2012 Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. Formulations of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid and methods for producing the same
US8101663 Dec 7, 2009 Jan 24, 2012 Merck Hdac Research, Llc Polymorphs of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid
US8143445 Oct 1, 2008 Mar 27, 2012 Lixte Biotechnology, Inc. HDAC inhibitors
US8227473 Jul 17, 2009 Jul 24, 2012 Lixte Biotechnology, Inc. Oxabicycloheptanes and oxabicycloheptenes, their preparation and use
US8288440 * Jan 13, 2010 Oct 16, 2012 Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. Formulations of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid and methods for producing same
US8329719 Aug 1, 2011 Dec 11, 2012 Lixte Biotechnology, Inc. Neuroprotective agents for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases
US8426444 Jun 30, 2011 Apr 23, 2013 Lixte Biotechnology, Inc. Oxabicycloheptanes and oxabicycloheptenes, their preparation and use
US8450372 * Jan 13, 2010 May 28, 2013 Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. Formulations of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid and methods for producing same
US8455688 Mar 21, 2012 Jun 4, 2013 Lixte Biotechnology, Inc. HDAC inhibitors
US8541458 Jun 11, 2012 Sep 24, 2013 Lixte Biotechnology, Inc. Oxabicycloheptanes and oxabicycloheptenes, their preparation and use
US8563615 Nov 1, 2010 Oct 22, 2013 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Use of CI-994 and dinaline for the treatment of memory/cognition and anxiety disorders
US20100112046 * Jan 13, 2010 May 6, 2010 Jeannie Chow Wong Formulations of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid and methods for producing same
US20100113829 * Jan 13, 2010 May 6, 2010 Cote Aaron S Formulations of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid and methods for producing same
US20100119596 * Jan 13, 2010 May 13, 2010 Jeannie Chow Wong Formulations of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid and methods for producing same
US20110263712 * Oct 14, 2009 Oct 27, 2011 Generics (Uk) Limited Process for the preparation of vorinostat
US20110313044 * Jun 16, 2011 Dec 22, 2011 Urquima S.A. Polymorphs of Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid
EP2079304A1 * Sep 24, 2007 Jul 22, 2009 Merck &amp; Co., Inc. Amine base salts of saha and polymorphs thereof
EP2229941A1 * May 16, 2006 Sep 22, 2010 Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. Formulations of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid and methods for producing same
EP2292221A2 * May 16, 2006 Mar 9, 2011 Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. Formulations of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid and methods for producing same
WO2006127319A2 * May 16, 2006 Nov 30, 2006 Merck & Co Inc Formulations of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid and methods for producing same
WO2006127321A2 * May 16, 2006 Nov 30, 2006 Merck & Co Inc Formulations of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid and methods for producing same
WO2008039421A2 * Sep 24, 2007 Apr 3, 2008 Arlene E Mckeown Pharmaceutical compositions of hdac inhibitors and chelatable metal compounds, and metal-hdac inhibitor chelate complexes
WO2008042146A1 * Sep 24, 2007 Apr 10, 2008 Arlene E Mckeown Amine base salts of saha and polymorphs thereof
WO2008097654A1 * Feb 8, 2008 Aug 14, 2008 Nancie M Archin Methods of using saha for treating hiv infection
WO2009020565A1 * Aug 1, 2008 Feb 12, 2009 Lixte Biotechnology Inc Use of phosphatases to treat neuroblastomas and medulloblastomas
WO2010061220A2 * Nov 25, 2009 Jun 3, 2010 Generics [Uk] Limited Novel processes and pure polymorphs

EXTRAS

MS-275 (Entinostat); CI-994 (Tacedinaline); BML-210; M344; MGCD0103 (Mocetinostat); PXD101 (Belinostat); LBH-589 (Panobinostat); Tubastatin A; Scriptaid; NSC 3852; NCH 51; HNHA; BML-281; CBHA; Salermide; Pimelic Diphenylamide; ITF2357 (Givinostat); PCI-24781; APHA Compound 8; Droxinostat; SB939.

SEE COMPILATION ON SIMILAR COMPOUNDS AT …………..http://drugsynthesisint.blogspot.in/p/nostat-series.html

//////////////149647-78-9, MK0683, VORINOSTAT, Zolinza

ONC(=O)CCCCCCC(=O)NC1=CC=CC=C1

///////

Share

Prucalopride succinate (Resolor)

 Uncategorized  Comments Off on Prucalopride succinate (Resolor)
Jul 272016
 

Prucalopride.svg

Prucalopride (Resolor)

CAS 179474-81-8 , R-093877; R-108512
4-Amino-5-chlor-N-[1-(3-methoxypropyl)-4-piperidinyl]-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-7-carboxamid
R-093877|R-108512|Resolor®
Resolor;Resotran
Resotran
UNII:0A09IUW5TP
SHIRE 2010 LAUNCHED
JANNSEN PHASE 3 IRRITABLE BOWL SYNDROME
Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., INNOVATOR
Prucalopride succinate.png
Prucalopride succinate; 179474-85-2; Resolor; Prucalopride (succinate); UNII-4V2G75E1CK; R-108512;
Molecular Formula: C22H32ClN3O7
Molecular Weight: 485.95838 g/mol

Drug Name：Prucalopride Succinate

Trade Name：Resolor®, MOA：Serotonin (5-HT4) receptor agonist, Indication：Chronic constipation

Company：Shire (Originator) , Johnson & Johnson

APPROVED EU 2009-10-15

CHINA 2014-01-21

COA  NMR  HPLC CLICK

Prucalopride (brand name Resolor, developed by Johnson & Johnson and licensed to Movetis) is a drug acting as a selective, high affinity 5-HT4 receptor agonist[1] which targets the impaired motility associated with chronic constipation, thus normalizing bowel movements.[2][3][4][5][6][7] Prucalopride was approved for use in Europe in 2009,[8] in Canada (named Resotran) on December 7, 2011[9] and in Israel in 2014[10] but it has not been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use in the United States. The drug has also been tested for the treatment of chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction.[11][12]

Mechanism of action

Prucalopride, a first in class dihydro-benzofuran-carboxamide, is a selective, high affinity serotonin (5-HT4) receptor agonist with enterokinetic activities.[13] Prucalopride alters colonic motility patterns via serotonin 5-HT4 receptor stimulation: it stimulates colonic mass movements, which provide the main propulsive force for defecation.

The observed effects are exerted via highly selective action on 5-HT4 receptors:[13] prucalopride has >150-fold higher affinity for 5-HT4 receptors than for other receptors.[1][14] Prucalopride differs from other 5-HT4 agonists such as tegaserod and cisapride, which at therapeutic concentrations also interact with other receptors (5-HT1B/D and the cardiac human ether-a-go-go K+ or hERG channelrespectively) and this may account for the adverse cardiovascular events that have resulted in the restricted availability of these drugs.[14] Clinical trials evaluating the effect of prucalopride on QT interval and related adverse events have not demonstrated significant differences compared with placebo.[13]

ChemSpider 2D Image | prucalopride | C18H26ClN3O3

Pharmacokinetics

Prucalopride is rapidly absorbed (Cmax attained 2–3 hours after single 2 mg oral dose) and is extensively distributed. Metabolism is not the major route of elimination. In vitro, human liver metabolism is very slow and only minor amounts of metabolites are found. A large fraction of the active substance is excreted unchanged (about 60% of the administered dose in urine and at least 6% in feces).Renal excretion of unchanged prucalopride involves both passive filtration and active secretion. Plasma clearance averages 317 ml/min, terminal half-life is 24–30 hours,[15] and steady-state is reached within 3–4 days. On once daily treatment with 2 mg prucalopride, steady-state plasma concentrations fluctuate between trough and peak values of 2.5 and 7 ng/ml, respectively.[13]

In vitro data indicate that prucalopride has a low interaction potential, and therapeutic concentrations of prucalopride are not expected to affect the CYP-mediated metabolism of co-medicated medicinal products.[13]

Efficacy

The primary measure of efficacy in the clinical trials is three or more spontaneous complete bowel movements per week; a secondary measure is an increase of at least one complete spontaneous bowel movement per week.[7][16][17] Further measures are improvements in PAC-QOL[18] (a quality of life measure) and PAC-SYM[19] (a range of stool,abdominal, and rectal symptoms associated with chronic constipation). Infrequent bowel movements, bloating, straining, abdominal pain, and defecation urge with inability to evacuate can be severe symptoms, significantly affecting quality of life.[20][21][22][23][24]

In three large clinical trials, 12 weeks of treatment with prucalopride 2 and 4 mg/day resulted in a significantly higher proportion of patients reaching the primary efficacy endpoint of an average of ≥3 spontaneous complete bowel movements than with placebo.[7][16][17] There was also significantly improved bowel habit and associated symptoms, patient satisfaction with bowel habit and treatment, and HR-QOL in patients with severe chronic constipation, including those who did not experience adequate relief with prior therapies (>80% of the trial participants).[7][16][17] The improvement in patient satisfaction with bowel habit and treatment was maintained during treatment for up to 24 months; prucalopride therapy was generally well tolerated.[25][26]

Side effects

Prucalopride has been given orally to ~2700 patients with chronic constipation in controlled clinical trials. The most frequently reported side effects are headache andgastrointestinal symptoms (abdominal pain, nausea or diarrhea). Such reactions occur predominantly at the start of therapy and usually disappear within a few days with continued treatment.[13]

Approval

In the European Economic Area, prucalopride was originally approved for the symptomatic treatment of chronic constipation in women in whom laxatives fail to provide adequate relief.[13] Subsequently, it has been approved by the European Commission for use in adults – that is, including male patients – for the same indication.[27]

Contraindications

Prucalopride is contraindicated where there is hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients, renal impairment requiring dialysis, intestinal perforation orobstruction due to structural or functional disorder of the gut wall, obstructive ileus, severe inflammatory conditions of the intestinal tract, such as Crohn’s disease, and ulcerative colitis and toxic megacolon/megarectum.[13]

CLIP

Prucalopride succinate, a first-in-class dihydrobenzofurancarboxamide, is a selective serotonin (5-HT4) receptor agonist.86–94 The drug, marketed under the brand name Resolor, possesses enterokinetic activity and was developed by the Belgian-based pharmaceutical firm Movetis. Prucalopride alters colonic motility patterns via serotonin 5-HT4 receptor stimulation, triggering the central propulsive force for defecation.95–97 The preparation of prucalopride succinate begins with the commercially available salicylic aniline 124 (Scheme 18). Acidic esterification, acetylation of the aniline nitrogen atom, and ambient-temperature chlorination via sulfuryl chloride (SO2Cl2) converted aminophenol 124 to acetamidoester 125 in 83% yield over the course of three steps.98–102 An unique set of conditions involving sodium tosylchloramide (chloramine T) trihydrate and sodium iodide were then employed to convert 125 to o-phenolic iodide 126, which then underwent sequential Sonogashira/cyclization reaction utilizing TMS-acetylene with tetramethylguanidine (TMG) in the presence of silica gel to furnish the benzofuran progenitor of 127.103 Hydrogenation of this intermediate benzofuranyl Sonagashira product saturated the 2,3-benzofuranyl bond while leaving the chlorine atom intact, ultimately delivering dihydrobenzofuran 127 in excellent yield for the two step sequence. Base-induced saponification and acetamide removal gave rise to acid 128. This acid was activated as the corresponding mixed anhydride and treated with commercial piperidine 129 to construct prucalopride which was stirred at room temperature for 24 h in ethanolic succinic acid to provide prucalopride succinate (XI). The yield for the formation of the salt was not provided.

STR1

86. Briejer, M. R.; Bosmans, J. P.; Van Daele, P.; Jurzak, M.; Heylen, L.; Leysen, J. E.;Prins, N. H.; Schuurkes, J. A. J. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2001, 423, 71.
87. Briejer, M. R.; Prins, N. H.; Schuurkes, J. A. J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 2001, 13,465.
88. Coggrave, M.; Wiesel, P. H.; Norton, C. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2006.CD002115.
89. Coremans, G.; Kerstens, R.; De Pauw, M.; Stevens, M. Digestion 2003, 67, 82.
90. De Winter, B. Y.; Boeckxstaens, G. E.; De Man, J. G.; Moreels, T. G.; Schuurkes, J.A. J.; Peeters, T. L.; Herman, A. G.; Pelckmans, P. A. Gut 1999, 45, 713.
91. Emmanuel, A. V.; Roy, A. J.; Nicholls, T. J.; Kamm, M. A. Aliment. Pharmacol.Ther. 2002, 16, 1347.
92. Frampton, J. E. Drugs 2009, 69, 2463.
93. Krogh, K.; Bach Jensen, M.; Gandrup, P.; Laurberg, S.; Nilsson, J.; Kerstens, R.;De Pauw, M. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 2002, 37, 431.
94. Pau, D.; Workman, A. J.; Kane, K. A.; Rankin, A. C. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2005,313, 146.
95. De Maeyer, J. H.; Schuurkes, J. A. J.; Lefebvre, R. A. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2009, 156,362.
96. Irving, H. R.; Tochon-Danguy, N.; Chinkwo, K. A.; Li, J. G.; Grabbe, C.; Shapiro,M.; Pouton, C. W.; Coupar, I. M. Pharmacology 2010, 85, 224.
97. Ray, A. M.; Kelsell, R. E.; Houp, J. A.; Kelly, F. M.; Medhurst, A. D.; Cox, H. M.;Calver, A. R. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2009, 604, 1.
98. Baba, Y.; Usui, T.; Iwata, N. EP 640602 A1, 1995.
99. Fancelli, D.; Caccia, C.; Severino, D.; Vaghi, F.; Varasi, M. WO 9633186 A1,1996.
100. Hirokawa, Y.; Fujiwara, I.; Suzuki, K.; Harada, H.; Yoshikawa, T.; Yoshida, N.;Kato, S. J. Med. Chem. 2003, 46, 702.
101. Kakigami, T.; Usui, T.; Tsukamoto, K.; Kataoka, T. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1998, 46,42.
102. Van Daele, G. H. P.; Bosmans, J.-P. R. M. A.; Schuurkes, J. A. J. WO 9616060 A1,1996.
103. Candiani, I.; DeBernadinis, S.; Cabri, W.; Marchi, M.; Bedeschi, A.; Penco, S.Synlett 1993, 269.

PAPER

Synlett 1993, 269

https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/abstract/10.1055/s-1993-22663

PAPER

Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1998, 46,42.

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/cpb1958/46/1/46_1_42/_article

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/cpb1958/46/1/46_1_42/_pdf

PATENT

US5948794

http://www.google.co.in/patents/US5948794

EXAMPLE 1

In trichloromethane (135 ml) 4-amino-5-chloro-2,3-dihydro-7-benzofurancarboxylic acid (0.05 mol) (the preparation of which was described in EP-0,389,037-A) was suspended and cooled to ±5° C. N,N-diethylethanamine (0.05 mol) was added dropwise at a temperature below 10° C. Ethyl chloroformate (0.05 mol) was added dropwise and the reaction mixture was stirred for 40 min. while keeping the temperature below 10° C. The resulting mixture was added dropwise over a 20-min period to a solution of 1-(3-methoxypropyl)-4-piperidinamine (0.05 mol) in trichloromethane (35 ml). The cooling bath was removed and the reaction mixture was stirred for 150 min. Said mixture was washed with water (50 ml). The precipitate was filtered off over a glass filter and washed with water and CHCl3. The filtrate was separated in it’s layers. The separated organic layer was washed with water (50 ml)+a 50% NaOH solution (1 ml), dried, filtered and the solvent was evaporated. The residue was stirred in 2-propanol (100 ml). This mixture was acidified with HCl/2-propanol (7.2 ml; 5.29 N). The mixture was stirred for 16 hours at room temperature and the resulting precipitate was filtered off, washed with 2-propanol (15 ml) and dried (vacuum; 50° C.), yielding 12.6 g (62%) of 4-amino-5-chloro-2,3-dihydro-N- 1-(3-methoxypropyl)-4-piperidinyl!-7-benzofurancarboxamide monohydrochloride (comp. 1).

US5854260

http://www.google.co.in/patents/US5854260

EXPERIMENTAL PART EXAMPLE 1

In trichloromethane (135 ml) 4-amino-5-chloro-2,3-dihydro-7-benzofurancarboxylic acid (0.05 mol) (the preparation of which was described in EP-0,389,037-A) was suspended and cooled to ±5° C. N,N-diethylethanamine (0.05 mol) was added dropwise at a temperature below 10° C. Ethyl chloroformate (0.05 mol) was added dropwise and the reaction mixture was stirred for 40 min. while keeping the temperature below 10° C. The resulting mixture was added dropwise over a 20-min period to a solution of 1-(3-methoxypropyl)-4-piperidinamine (0.05 mol) in trichloromethane (35 ml). The cooling bath was removed and the reaction mixture was stirred for 150 min. Said mixture was washed with water (50 ml). The precipitate was filtered off over a glass filter and washed with water and CHCl3. The filtrate was separated in it’s layers. The separated organic layer was washed with water (50 ml)+ a 50% NaOH solution (1 ml), dried, filtered and the solvent was evaporated. The residue was stirred in 2-propanol (100 ml). This mixture was acidified with HCl/2-propanol (7.2 ml; 5.29 N). The mixture was stirred for 16 hours at room temperature and the resulting precipitate was filtered off, washed with 2-propanol (15 ml) and dried (vacuum; 50° C.), yielding 12.6 g (62%) of 4-amino-5-chloro-2,3-dihydro-N- 1-(3-methoxypropyl)-4-piperidinyl!-7-benzofurancarboxamide monohydrochloride (comp. 1).

str1

PATENT

WO199616060A1

http://www.google.co.in/patents/WO1996016060A1?cl=en

EP-0,389,037-A, published on September 26, 1990, N-(3-hydroxy-4-piperidin- yl) (dihydrobenzofuran or dihydro-2H-benzopyran)carboxamide derivatives are disclosed as having gastrointestinal motility stimulating properties. In our EP-0,445,862-A, published on September 11, 1991, N-(4-piperidinyl) (dihydrobenzo¬ furan or dihydro-2H-benzopyran)carboxamide derivatives are disclosed also having gastrointestinal motility stimulating properties.

The compound subject to the present application differs therefrom by showing superior enterokinetic properties.

The present invention concerns a compound of formula

Figure imgf000003_0001

and the pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts thereof.

The chemical name of the compound of formula (I) is 4-amino-5-chloro-2,3-dihydro-N- [l-(3-methoxypropyl)-4-piperidinyl]-7-benzofurancarboxamide.

str1

Example 1

In trichloromethane (135 ml) 4-amino-5-chloro-2,3-dihydro-7-benzofurancarboxylic acid (0.05 mol) (the preparation of which was described in EP-0,389,037-A) was suspended and cooled to ± 5 °C. H,N-diethylethanamine (0.05 mol) was added dropwise at a temperature below 10 °C. Ethyl chloroformate (0.05 mol) was added dropwise and the reaction mixture was stirred for 40 min. while keeping the temperature below 10°C. The resulting mixture was added dropwise over a 20-min period to a solution of l-(3-methoxypropyl)-4-piperidinamine (0.05 mol) in trichloromethane (35 ml). The cooling bath was removed and the reaction mixture was stirred for 150 min. Said mixture was washed with water (50 ml). The precipitate was filtered off over a glass filter and washed with water and CHCI3. The filtrate was separated in it’s layers. The separated organic layer was washed with water (50 ml) + a 50% NaOH solution (1 ml), dried, filtered and the solvent was evaporated. The residue was stirred in 2-propanol (100 ml). This mixture was acidified with HCl/2-propanol (7.2 ml; 5.29 N). The mixture was stirred for 16 hours at room temperature and the resulting precipitate was filtered off, washed with 2-propanol (15 ml) and dried (vacuum; 50 °C), yielding 12.6 g (62%) of 4-amino-5-chloro-2,3-dihydro-M-[ 1 -(3-methoxypropyl)-4-piperidinyl]-7- benzofurancarboxamide monohydrochloride (comp. 1).

Example 2

A mixture of 4-amino-5-chloro-2,3-dihydro-N-(4-piperidinyl)-7-benzofuran- carboxamide(O.Olmol), l-chloro-3-methoxypropane (0.012mol), M,M-diethyl- ethanamine (2Jml) and KI (catalytic amount) in N,M-dimethylformamide (75ml) was stirred overnight at 50°C. The reaction mixture was cooled. The solvent was evaporated. The residue was purified by column chromatography over silica gel (eluent: CHCl3/(CH3OH/NH3) 97/3). The pure fractions were collected and the solvent was evaporated. The residue was dissolved in 2-propanol and converted into the hydrochloric acid salt (1:1) with HCl/2-propanol. The precipitate was filtered off and dried (vacuum; 80°C), yielding 1.40g (35%) of 4-amino-5-chloro-2,3-dihydro-N-[l-(3-methoxypropyl)- 4-piperidinyl]-7-benzofurancarboxamide monohydrochloride (comp. 1).

PAPER

Chinese Journal of Pharmaceuticals 2012, 43, 5-8.

str1

str1

CLIP

Chinese Patent CN 103012337 A report is as follows:

Figure CN104529960AD00053

PAPER

Pharmaceutical & Clinical Research 2011, 19, 306-307.

str1

CLIP

US5374637 (CN1045781, EP389037) and J. Het Chem, 1980,17 (6): 1333-5 reported synthetic route, as follows:

Figure CN104529960AD00051

CLIP

Chinese Patent CN 104016949 A synthetic route reported as follows:

Figure CN104529960AD00052

PATENT

CN104529960A

https://www.google.com/patents/CN104529960A?cl=zh

Figure CN104529960AD00061

str1.

Figure CN104529960AD00081

Example 1

1. Preparation of Compound II

Compound I (167. lg, Imol), triethylamine (111. lg, I. Imol) and methylene chloride (KMOg) added to the reaction flask, nitrogen cooled to 5 ° C, was slowly added dropwise trifluoroacetic anhydride (220. 5g, 1.05mol) / methylene chloride (150g) solution, maintaining the temperature throughout 5~15 ° C, dropping was completed, the reaction after 3 hours at room temperature, TLC (DCM = MeOH = 25: 1) The reaction was monitored to complete the reaction; the reaction mixture was slowly poured into ice water (560g) and stirred for 20 minutes, standing layer, the aqueous phase was separated, the organic phase was washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (IOOg) wash sash; IM hydrochloric acid (IlOg) wash sash, then with saturated brine (200g) washed sash, magnesium sulfate (40g) dried, filtered and concentrated to give compound II (250. Ig), yield: 952%.

[0066] 2. Preparation of Compound III

[0067] Chloroacetyl chloride (101. 7g, 0. 9mol), nitrobenzene (20g) and dichloroethane (580 g) added to the reaction flask, nitrogen cooled to 5 ° C, was slowly added anhydrous trichloro aluminum powder (359. 2g, 2. 7mol), to keep the whole temperature 5~20 ° C, plus complete, insulation 15~25 ° C for 30 minutes to obtain a mixture A.

[0068] Compound II (. 236. 7g, 0 9mol) and dichloroethane (500g) added to the reaction flask, nitrogen cooled to 15 ° C; the mixture was added Compound II A quick solution, plus complete, rapid heating 65~75 ° C, 1 hours later once every 15 minutes in the control, monitoring TLC (DCM = MeOH = 50: 1) to complete the reaction; the reaction mixture was immediately poured into ice water (800g) and stirred for 30 minutes, controlling the temperature between 15~25 ° C, the organic phase was separated, the organic phase washed with water (180g) was washed with saturated brine (240g), dried over magnesium sulfate (45g) was dried, filtered and concentrated to give crude compound III (303 . 2g).

[0069] Take the crude compound III (291. 3g) / ethanol 1 dichloromethane: 1 solution (1500ml) was dissolved, and then adding activated carbon (14. 5g) was refluxed for one hour, cooled to room temperature filtered and the filtrate concentrated at room temperature to 600~ 650g, stop and concentrated down to 5~10 ° C, filtered to give a yellow solid (204. 7g); the resulting yellow solid (207. 6g) in tetrahydrofuran (510g) was purified, reduced to 10~15 ° C, filtered, The filter cake was washed with tetrahydrofuran (90g) dip, dried under vacuum to give compound III (181. 3g), yield: 61.7% billion

[0070] 3. Preparation of Compound IV

[0071] Compound 111 (! 169.68,0.5 11〇1), methanol (5,801,111) and sodium acetate (123.38,1.5111〇1) was added to the reaction flask. After 6 hours of reaction, began TLC (DCM: MeOH = 30: 1 ) the reaction was monitored to completion of the reaction; the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, concentrated, and the residue with ethyl acetate (500g) and water (200g) was dissolved, the organic phase was separated, the organic phase was washed with 2M sodium hydrogen carbonate (120g) was washed, then with saturated brine (IOOg), dried over magnesium sulfate (50g) was dried, filtered and concentrated to 250~280g, cooled to room temperature with stirring was added cyclohexane (200 g of), after stirring for 1 hour and then filtered and dried to obtain compound IV (126. 7g), yield: 83.4% billion

[0072] 4. Preparation of Compound V

[0073] Compound IV (12L 2g, 0. 4mol), methanol (380g) and Raney-Ni (12. 5g) added to the autoclave, purged with nitrogen, hydrogen is introduced (3. Ompa), the reaction was heated to 45 ° C after 8 hours, TLC (DCM = MeOH = 30: 1) to monitor the reaction, to complete the reaction, cooled to room temperature and pressure, and then purged with nitrogen, the reaction solution was filtered and concentrated to give crude compound V (103. 7g), taking compound V crude product (103g) was refluxed with ethyl acetate (420g) (1 hour) was purified, cooled to room temperature and stirred for 30 minutes and filtered to give a yellow solid was dried in vacuo to give compound V (76 8g.), yield: 663 %.

[0074] 5. Preparation of Compound VI

[0075] Compound ¥ (57.88,0.2111〇1), 1 ^ dimethylformamide (4.58) and acetonitrile (30 (^) was added to the reaction flask and heated 74~76 ° C; solution of N- chlorosuccinimide imide (. 26. 7g, 0 2mol) and acetonitrile (45g) was added dropwise over 30 minutes and maintaining the temperature finished 76~82 ° C, dropping was completed, the reaction was kept, after one hour the reaction started TLC (DCM: MeOH = 30: 1) to monitor the reaction, the reaction is complete the reaction solution cooled to 5~8 ° C, the filter cake was washed with water (210g) washed stirred, filtered, and dried in vacuo to give compound VI (57. 6g), yield. rate of 89.1%.

6. Preparation of Compound VII

Compound VI (48. 5g, 0. 15mol) and methanol (80g) added to the reaction flask, stirring at room temperature was added dropwise 4M aqueous sodium hydroxide (HOg), dropwise complete, for the reaction, 25 ° C~35 after 4 hours of reaction ° C, samples of about 7:00 adjust PH TLC (DCM = MeOH = 30: 1) to monitor the reaction, until the reaction was complete, down to 5~10 ° C, with 6M hydrochloric acid solution PH ~ 7. 5, half the solution was concentrated, then 2M hydrochloric acid solution PH ~ 7, reduced to 15~20 ° C was stirred for 30 minutes, filtered, the filter cake with methyl tert-butyl ether (70g) beating, filtration, and dried in vacuo to give compound VII (28. 7g), yield: 903%.

PAPER

Chem Pharm Bull 46 (1), 42-52 (1998) and Pharmaceutical and clinical study based on 2011 (4) 306-307 reported synthetic route is as follows:

Figure CN104529960AD00041

Biological Activity

Description Prucalopride is a selective, high affinity 5-HT4 receptor agonist, inhibiting human 5-HT(4a) and 5-HT(4b) receptor with Ki value of 2.5 nM and 8 nM, respectively.
Targets 5-HT4A [1] 5-HT4B [1]
IC50 2.5 nM(Ki) 8 nM(Ki)
In vitro Prucalopride induces contractions in a concentration-dependent manner with pEC50 of 7.5. Prucalopride (1 mM) significantly amplifies the rebound contraction of the guinea-pig proximal colon after electrical field stimulation. Prucalopride induces relaxation of the rat oesophagus preparation of rat oesophagus tunica muscularis mucosae with pEC50 of 7.8, yielding a monophasic concentration–response curve. [1] Prucalopride (0.1 μM) concentration-dependently increases the amplitude of submaximal cholinergic contractions and of acetylcholine release induced by electrical field stimulation in pig gastric circular muscle, and the effect is induced and enhanced IBMX (10 μM). [2] Prucalopride (1 μM) significantly enhances the electrically induced cholinergic contractions in pig descending colon, and the facilitating effect is significantly enhanced by Rolipram. [3]
In vivo Prucalopride alters colonic contractile motility patterns in a dose-dependent fashion by stimulating high-amplitude clustered contractions in the proximal colon and by inhibiting contractile activity in the distal colon of fasted dogs. Prucalopride also causes a dose-dependent decrease in the time to the first giant migrating contraction (GMC); at higher doses of prucalopride, the first GMC generally occurres within the first half-hour after treatment. [4]
Features

Conversion of different model animals based on BSA (Value based on data from FDA Draft Guidelines)

Species Mouse Rat Rabbit Guinea pig Hamster Dog
Weight (kg) 0.02 0.15 1.8 0.4 0.08 10
Body Surface Area (m2) 0.007 0.025 0.15 0.05 0.02 0.5
Km factor 3 6 12 8 5 20
Animal A (mg/kg) = Animal B (mg/kg) multiplied by  Animal B Km
Animal A Km

For example, to modify the dose of resveratrol used for a mouse (22.4 mg/kg) to a dose based on the BSA for a rat, multiply 22.4 mg/kg by the Km factor for a mouse and then divide by the Km factor for a rat. This calculation results in a rat equivalent dose for resveratrol of 11.2 mg/kg.

Rat dose (mg/kg) = mouse dose (22.4 mg/kg) × mouse Km(3)  = 11.2 mg/kg
rat Km(6)

1

References

[1] Briejer MR, et al. Eur J Pharmacol, 2001, 423(1), 71-83.

[2] Priem E, et al. Neuropharmacology, 2012, 62(5-6), 2126-2135.

Clinical Trial Information( data from http://clinicaltrials.gov, updated on 2016-07-23)

NCT Number Recruitment Conditions Sponsor
/Collaborators		 Start Date Phases
NCT02806206 Not yet recruiting Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage|Crohn Disease|Celiac Disease|Intestinal Diseases|Inflammatory Bowel Diseases University of British Columbia July 2016 Phase 4
NCT02781493 Not yet recruiting Prucalopride Plus Polyethylene Glycol in Bowel Preparation for Colonoscopyp Shandong University|Binzhou Peoples Hospital|Taian People  …more June 2016 Phase 4
NCT02538367 Recruiting Functional Constipation Yuhan Corporation August 2015 Phase 1|Phase 2
NCT02228616 Recruiting Constipation Xian-Janssen Pharmaceutical Ltd. October 2014 Phase 4
NCT02425774 Recruiting Postoperative Ileus Katholieke Universiteit Leuven|Universitaire Ziekenhuizen  …more July 2014 Phase 4

References

  1. Briejer, M. R.; Bosmans, J. P.; Van Daele, P.; Jurzak, M.; Heylen, L.; Leysen, J. E.; Prins, N. H.; Schuurkes, J. A. (2001). “The in vitro pharmacological profile of prucalopride, a novel enterokinetic compound”. European Journal of Pharmacology 423 (1): 71–83.doi:10.1016/S0014-2999(01)01087-1. PMID 11438309.
  2.  Clinical trial number [1] for “NCT00793247” at ClinicalTrials.gov
  3.  Emmanuel, A. V.; Kamm, M. A.; Roy, A. J.; Kerstens, R.; Vandeplassche, L. (2012).“Randomised clinical trial: The efficacy of prucalopride in patients with chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction – a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over, multiple n = 1 study”.Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 35 (1): 48–55. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04907.x. PMC 3298655. PMID 22061077.
  4.  Smart, C. J.; Ramesh, A. N. (2011). “The successful treatment of acute refractory pseudo-obstruction with Prucalopride”. Colorectal Disease: no. doi:10.1111/j.1463-1318.2011.02929.x.
  5. Jump up^ Bouras, E. P.; Camilleri, M.; Burton, D. D.; McKinzie, S. (1999). “Selective stimulation of colonic transit by the benzofuran 5HT4 agonist, prucalopride, in healthy humans”. Gut44 (5): 682–686. doi:10.1136/gut.44.5.682. PMC 1727485. PMID 10205205.
  6. Jump up^ Bouras, E. P.; Camilleri, M.; Burton, D. D.; Thomforde, G.; McKinzie, S.; Zinsmeister, A. R. (2001). “Prucalopride accelerates gastrointestinal and colonic transit in patients with constipation without a rectal evacuation disorder”. Gastroenterology 120 (2): 354–360.doi:10.1053/gast.2001.21166. PMID 11159875.
  7. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Tack, J.; Van Outryve, M.; Beyens, G.; Kerstens, R.; Vandeplassche, L. (2008). “Prucalopride (Resolor) in the treatment of severe chronic constipation in patients dissatisfied with laxatives”. Gut 58 (3): 357–365. doi:10.1136/gut.2008.162404.PMID 18987031.
  8.  European Medicines Agency -EPAR
  9.  Health Canada, Notice of Decision for Resotran
  10.  Digestive Remedies in Israel
  11. Briejer, M. R.; Prins, N. H.; Schuurkes, J. A. (2001). “Effects of the enterokinetic prucalopride (R093877) on colonic motility in fasted dogs”. Neurogastroenterology and motility : the official journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society 13 (5): 465–472. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2982.2001.00280.x. PMID 11696108.
  12.  Oustamanolakis, P.; Tack, J. (2012). “Prucalopride for chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction”. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 35 (3): 398–9. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04947.x. PMID 22221087.
  13.  SmPC. Summary of product characteristics Resolor (prucalopride) October, 2009: 1-9.
  14.  De Maeyer, JH; Lefebvre, RA; Schuurkes, JA (Feb 2008). “5-HT(4) receptor agonists: similar but not the same”. Neurogastroenterol Motil 20 (2): 99–112. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2982.2007.01059.x. PMID 18199093.
  15.  Frampton, J. E. (2009). “Prucalopride”. Drugs 69 (17): 2463–2476.doi:10.2165/11204000-000000000-00000. PMID 19911858.
  16.  Camilleri, M.; Kerstens, R.; Rykx, A.; Vandeplassche, L. (2008). “A Placebo-Controlled Trial of Prucalopride for Severe Chronic Constipation”. New England Journal of Medicine 358 (22): 2344–2354. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0800670. PMID 18509121.
  17. ^ Jump up to:a b c Quigley, E. M. M.; Vandeplassche, L.; Kerstens, R.; Ausma, J. (2009). “Clinical trial: the efficacy, impact on quality of life, and safety and tolerability of prucalopride in severe chronic constipation – a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study”.Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 29 (3): 315–328. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03884.x. PMID 19035970.
  18. Marquis, P.; De La Loge, C.; Dubois, D.; McDermott, A.; Chassany, O. (2005). “Development and validation of the Patient Assessment of Constipation Quality of Life questionnaire”. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 40 (5): 540–551.doi:10.1080/00365520510012208. PMID 16036506.
  19.  Frank, L.; Kleinman, L.; Farup, C.; Taylor, L.; Miner Jr, P. (1999). “Psychometric validation of a constipation symptom assessment questionnaire”. Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology 34 (9): 870–877. doi:10.1080/003655299750025327.PMID 10522604.
  20.  Johanson, JF; Kralstein, J (2007). “Chronic constipation: a survey of the patient perspective.”. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 25 (5): 599–608. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.03238.x. PMID 17305761.
  21.  Koch, A.; Voderholzer, W. A.; Klauser, A. G.; Müller-Lissner, S. (1997). “Symptoms in chronic constipation”. Diseases of the colon and rectum 40 (8): 902–906.doi:10.1007/BF02051196. PMID 9269805.
  22. McCrea, G. L.; Miaskowski, C.; Stotts, N. A.; MacEra, L.; Paul, S. M.; Varma, M. G. (2009). “Gender differences in self-reported constipation characteristics, symptoms, and bowel and dietary habits among patients attending a specialty clinic for constipation”.Gender Medicine 6 (1): 259–271. doi:10.1016/j.genm.2009.04.007. PMID 19467522.
  23.  Pare, P.; Ferrazzi, S.; Thompson, W. G.; Irvine, E. J.; Rance, L. (2001). “An epidemiological survey of constipation in Canada: definitions, rates, demographics, and predictors of health care seeking”. The American Journal of Gastroenterology 96 (11): 3130–3137. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.05259.x. PMID 11721760.
  24. Wald, A.; Scarpignato, C.; Kamm, M. A.; Mueller-Lissner, S.; Helfrich, I.; Schuijt, C.; Bubeck, J.; Limoni, C.; Petrini, O. (2007). “The burden of constipation on quality of life: results of a multinational survey”. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 26 (2): 227–236. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03376.x. PMID 17593068.
  25.  Camilleri, M; Beyens, G; Kerstens, R; Vandeplassche, L (2009). “Long-term follow-up of safety and satisfaction with bowel function in response to oral prucalopride in patients with chronic constipation [Abstract]”. Gastroenterology 136 (Suppl 1): 160. doi:10.1016/s0016-5085(09)60143-8.
  26. Van Outryve, MJ; Beyens, G; Kerstens, R; Vandeplassche, L (2008). “Long-term follow-up study of oral prucalopride (Resolor) administered to patients with chronic constipation [Abstract T1400]”. Gastroenterology 134 (4 (suppl 1)): A547. doi:10.1016/s0016-5085(08)62554-8.
  27.  https://www.shire.com/newsroom/2015/june/resolor-eu-male-indication-press-release

External links

EP0389037A1 * 13 Mar 1990 26 Sep 1990 Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V. N-(3-hydroxy-4-piperidinyl)(dihydrobenzofuran, dihydro-2H-benzopyran or dihydrobenzodioxin)carboxamide derivatives
EP0445862A2 * 22 Feb 1991 11 Sep 1991 Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V. N-(4-piperidinyl)(dihydrobenzofuran or dihydro-2H-benzopyran)carboxamide derivatives
Citing Patent Filing date Publication date Applicant Title
WO1999058527A2 * 13 May 1999 18 Nov 1999 EGIS Gyógyszergyár Rt. Benzofuran derivatives, pharmaceutical composition containing the same, and a process for the preparation of the active ingredient
WO1999058527A3 * 13 May 1999 27 Jan 2000 Bela Agai Benzofuran derivatives, pharmaceutical composition containing the same, and a process for the preparation of the active ingredient
WO2000030640A1 * 16 Nov 1999 2 Jun 2000 Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V. Use of prucalopride for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of dyspepsia
WO2000066170A1 * 20 Apr 2000 9 Nov 2000 Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V. Prucalopride oral solution
WO2003059906A1 * 13 Jan 2003 24 Jul 2003 Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V. Prucalopride-n-oxide
WO2012116976A1 28 Feb 2012 7 Sep 2012 Shire – Movetis Nv Prucalopride oral solution
WO2013024164A1 17 Aug 2012 21 Feb 2013 Shire Ag Combinations of a 5-ht4 receptor agonist and a pde4 inhibitor for use in therapy
US6413988 20 Apr 2000 2 Jul 2002 Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V. Prucalopride oral solution
US8063069 30 Oct 2007 22 Nov 2011 Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V. Prucalopride-N-oxide
Patent ID Date Patent Title
US2016082123 2016-03-24 Hydrogel-Linked Prodrugs Releasing Tagged Drugs
US2015202317 2015-07-23 DIPEPTIDE-BASED PRODRUG LINKERS FOR ALIPHATIC AMINE-CONTAINING DRUGS
US2014323402 2014-10-30 Protein Carrier-Linked Prodrugs
US2014296257 2014-10-02 High-Loading Water-Soluable Carrier-Linked Prodrugs
US2014243254 2014-08-28 Polymeric Hyperbranched Carrier-Linked Prodrugs
US2013053301 2013-02-28 DIPEPTIDE-BASED PRODRUG LINKERS FOR ALIPHATIC AMINE-CONTAINING DRUGS
US2012220630 2012-08-30 PRUCALOPRIDE ORAL SOLUTION
US2012156259 2012-06-21 Biodegradable Polyethylene Glycol Based Water-Insoluble Hydrogels
US6413988 2002-07-02 Prucalopride oral solution
US6310077 2001-10-30 Enterokinetic benzamide
Prucalopride
Prucalopride.svg
Systematic (IUPAC) name
4-Amino-5-chloro-N-[1-(3-methoxypropyl)piperidin-4-yl]-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-7-carboxamide
Clinical data
Trade names Resolor, Resotran
AHFS/Drugs.com International Drug Names
License data
Pregnancy
category
  • Not recommended
Routes of
administration		 Oral
Legal status
Legal status
  • AU: S4 (Prescription only)
  • ℞ (Prescription only)
Identifiers
CAS Number 179474-81-8 Yes
ATC code A06AX05 (WHO)
PubChem CID 3052762
IUPHAR/BPS 243
ChemSpider 2314539
UNII 0A09IUW5TP Yes
Chemical data
Formula C18H26ClN3O3
Molar mass 367.870 g/mol

//////////Prucalopride succinate, Resolor, R-093877, R-108512, Resolor®, Resolor, Resotran, UNII:0A09IUW5TP, 179474-81-8 , R-093877,  R-108512, Shire , Johnson & Johnson, 179474-85-2, UNII-4V2G75E1CK, SHIRE,  2010,  LAUNCHED, JANNSEN , PHASE 3,  IRRITABLE BOWL SYNDROME

COCCCN1CCC(CC1)NC(=O)C2=CC(=C(C3=C2OCC3)N)Cl

COCCCN1CCC(CC1)NC(=O)C2=CC(=C(C3=C2OCC3)N)Cl.C(CC(=O)O)C(=O)O

Share

Mifamurtide (Mepact) мифамуртид , ميفامورتيد , 米法莫肽 ,

 Uncategorized  Comments Off on Mifamurtide (Mepact) мифамуртид , ميفامورتيد , 米法莫肽 ,
Jul 272016
 

Mifamurtide.svg

STR1

Mifamurtide (Mepact)

  • MF C59H109N6O19P
  • MW 1237.499
CGP-19835, MFCD09954133, MTP-cephalin, Mtp-PE
Muramyl tripeptide phosphatidylethanolamine
N-(N-Acetylmuramoyl)-L-alanyl-D-α-glutaminyl-N-[(7R)-4-hydroxy-4-oxido-10-oxo-7-[(1-oxohexadecyl)oxy]-3,5,9-trioxa-4-phosphapentacos-1-yl]-L-alaninamide
N-Acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine-L-alanine 2-(1′,2‘-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3′-hydroxyphosphoryloxy)ethylamide
(2R,5S,8R,13S,22R)-2-{[(3R,4R,5S,6R)-3-Acetamido-2,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl]oxy}-8-carbamoyl-19-hydroxy-5,13-dimethyl-19-oxido-3,6,11,14,25-pentaoxo-18,20,24-trioxa-4,7,12 ;,15-tetraaza-19λ5-phosphatetracontan-22-yl hexadecanoate
83461-56-7  CAS
838853-48-8 (mifamurtide sodium · xH2O)

Mifamurtide (trade name Mepact, marketed by Takeda) is a drug against osteosarcoma, a kind of bone cancer mainly affecting children and young adults, which is lethal in about a third of cases. The drug was approved in Europe in March 2009.

ChemSpider 2D Image | Mifamurtide | C59H109N6O19P

History

The drug was invented by Ciba-Geigy (now Novartis) in the early 1980s and sold to Jenner Biotherapies in the 1990s. In 2003,IDM Pharma bought the rights and developed it further.[1] IDM Pharma was acquired by Takeda along with mifamurtide in June 2009.[2]

Mifamurtide had already been granted orphan drug status by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2001, and theEuropean Medicines Agency (EMA) followed in 2004. It was approved in the 27 European Union member states plus Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway by a centralized marketing authorization in March 2009. The drug was denied approval by the FDA in 2007.[3][4] Mifamurtide has been licensed by the EMA since March, 2009.[5]

Indications

Mifamurtide is indicated for the treatment of high-grade, nonmetastasizing, resectable osteosarcoma following complete surgical removal in children, adolescents, and young adults, aged two to 30 years.[1][6][7] Osteosarcoma is diagnosed in about 1,000 individuals in Europe and the USA per year, most under the age of 30.[8] The drug is used in combination with postoperative, multiagent chemotherapy to kill remaining cancer cells and improve a patient’s chance of overall survival.[6]

In a phase-III clinical trial in about 800 newly diagnosed osteosarcoma patients, mifamurtide was combined with the chemotherapeutic agents doxorubicin and methotrexate, with or without cisplatin and ifosfamide. The mortality could be lowered by 30% versus chemotherapy plus placebo. Six years after the treatment, 78% of patients were still alive. This equals an absolute risk reduction of 8% .[1]

Adverse effects

In a clinical study, mifamurtide was given to 332 subjects (half of whom were under age of 16) and most side effects were found to be mild to moderate in nature. Most patients experience fewer adverse events with subsequent administration.[9][10]Common side effects include fever (about 90%), vomiting, fatigue and tachycardia (about 50%), infections, anaemia, anorexia, headache, diarrhoea and constipation(>10%).[1][11]

Pharmacokinetics

After application of the liposomal infusion, the drug is cleared from the plasma within minutes and is concentrated in lung, liver, spleen, nasopharynx, and thyroid. The terminal half-life is 18 hours. In patients receiving a second treatment after 11–12 weeks, no accumulation effects were observed.[12]

Pharmacodynamics

Mifamurtide is a fully synthetic derivative of muramyl dipeptide (MDP), the smallest naturally occurring immune stimulatory component of cell walls from Mycobacterium species. It has similar immunostimulatory effects as natural MDP with the advantage of a longer half-life in plasma.

NOD2 is a pattern recognition receptor which is found in several kinds of white blood cells, mainly monocytes and macrophages. It recognises muramyl dipeptide, a component of the cell wall of bacteria. Mifamurtide simulates a bacterial infection by binding to NOD2, activating white cells. This results in an increased production of TNF-α, interleukin 1,interleukin 6, interleukin 8, interleukin 12, and other cytokines, as well as ICAM-1. The activated white cells attack cancer cells, but not, at least in vitro, other cells.[13]

Interactions

Consequently, the combination of mifamurtide with these types of drugs is contraindicated. However, mifamurtide can be coadministered with low doses of NSAIDs. No evidence suggests mifamurtide interacts with the studied chemotherapeutics, or with the cytochrome P450 system.[14]

Chemistry

Scheme of a liposome formed by phospholipids in an aqueous solution

Mifamurtide is muramyl tripeptide phosphatidylethanolamine (MTP-PE), a synthetic analogue of muramyl dipeptide. The side chains of the molecule give it a longer elimination half-life than the natural substance. The substance is applied encapsulated into liposomes (L-MTP-PE). Being a phospholipid, it accumulates in the lipid bilayer of the liposomes in the infusion.[15]

Synthesis

One method of synthesis (shown first) is based on N,N’-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) assisted esterification of N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D–isoglutaminyl–L-alanine with N-hydroxysuccinimide, followed by a condensation with 2-aminoethyl-2,3-dipalmitoylglycerylphosphoric acid in triethylamine (Et3N).[16] A different approach (shown second) uses N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine, hydroxysuccinimide and alanyl-2-aminoethyl-2,3-dipalmitoylglycerylphosphoric acid;[17] that is, the alanine is introduced in the second step instead of the first.

Mifamurtide synthesis.png Mifamurtide synthesis2.png

Synthesis

 

Mifamurtide is an anticancer agent for the treatment of osteosarcoma, the most common primary malignancy of bone tissue mainly affecting children and adolescents.10

The drug was invented by Ciba-Geigy (now Novartis) in the early 1980s and the agent was subsequently licensed to Jenner Biotherapies in the 1990s.

IDM Pharma bought the rights to the drug from Jenner in April 2003.78 In March 2009, mifamurtide was approved in the 27 European Union member states plus Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway via a centralized marketing authorization.

After the approval, IDM Pharma was acquired by Takeda, which began launching mifamurtide, as Mepact, in February 2010.

Mifamurtide, a fully synthetic lipophilic derivative of muramyl dipeptide (MDP), is muramyl tripeptide phosphatidylethanolamine (MTP-PE), which is formulated as a liposomal infusion.79 Being a phospholipid, mifamurtide accumulates in the lipid bilayer of the liposomes upon infusion.

After application of the liposomal infusion, the drug is cleared from the plasma within minutes. However, it is concentrated in lung, liver, spleen, nasopharynx and thyroid, and the terminal half-life is 18 h, which is longer than the natural substance.

Two synthetic routes have been reported,80,81 and Scheme 16 describes the more processamenable route.

Commercially available 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero- 3-phosphoethanolamine (110) was coupled with N-Boc-L-alanine (111) by means of N-hydroxysuccinimide (112), DCC in DMF to give amide 113, which was followed by hydrogenolysis of the CBZ group to give the corresponding L-alanyl-phosphoric acid 114.

Next, commercially available N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-Disoglutamine (115) was subjected to hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBT) and DIC in DMF to provide the corresponding succinimide ester 116 which was condensed with compound 114 to provide mifamurtide (IX).

No yields were provided for these transformations.

str1

 

79. Prous, J. R.; Castaner, J. Drugs Future 1989, 14, 220.
80. Baschang, G.; Tarcsay, L.; Hartmann, A.; Stanek, J. EP 0027258 A1, 1980.
81. Brundish, D. E.; Wade, R. J. Labelled Compd. Radiopharm. 1985, 22, 29.

PATENT

https://www.google.com/patents/CN103408635A?cl=en

mifamurtide, the English called mifamurtide, formula C59Hltl9N6O19P, primarily for the treatment of non-metastatic

Resectable osteosarcoma (a rare but the main cause of death for children and young people osteoma), having the formula as follows:

 

Figure CN103408635AD00051

mifamurtide by certain stimuli such as macrophages and other white blood cells to kill tumor cells. Currently, mifamurtide listed injections into spherical liposome vesicles are muramyl tripeptide (MTP). This lipid trigger macrophages to consume mifamurtide. Once consumed mifamurtide, MTP-stimulated macrophages, in particular we will look for tumors in the liver, spleen and lung macrophages and kill it.

 mifamurtide injection approved for marketing based on the results of phase III clinical study. Taiwan’s National Cancer Institute Cooperative Group (NCI) established by the Children’s Oncology Group (COG) study, complete treatment of this product in patients with osteosarcoma largest research project in the book of about 800 cases. Evaluation of mifamurtide and 3-4 adjuvant chemotherapy (cis molybdenum, doxorubicin, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide with or the same as) the results of combination therapy. Studies have shown that mifamurtide used in combination with chemotherapy can reduce the mortality rate of about 30%, 78% of treated patients survived more than six years.

Shortcomings disclosed the full liquid phase synthesis technology route mifamurtide, but all-liquid phase synthesis: [0006] Currently, mifamurtide universal rely wholly liquid phase synthesis, relevant literature (220 Drugs Futl989, 14, (3)) that the synthesis requires intermediate purification steps cumbersome, time-consuming, and the total yield of the whole liquid phase synthesis is less than 30%, which has been the main factors affecting the productivity of mifamurtide

A method for logging meter synthetic peptide, characterized in that it comprises the following steps: Step 1, under the effect of coupling agent, an amino group, and Fmoc-D-Glu on the amino resin (OPG) -OH main chain carboxyl acylation, a compound of formula I; Step 2, Fmoc removal of the protecting group the compound of formula I, under the effect of coupling with Fmoc-L-Ala-OH acylation, a compound of formula 2; step 3, Fmoc removal of the protecting group the compound of formula 2, in the role of a coupling agent, with a compound of formula 3 for acylation, a compound of formula 4; step 4, PG protecting group removing compound of formula 4, the coupling the role of agent, and HL-Ala-OPG acylation, a compound of formula 5; Step 5, PG protecting group removal compound of formula 5, under the effect of coupling agent, and an amino acid performed on brain phospholipids reaction of a compound of formula 6, and then the resin was added Lysates deaminated compound of formula 7; Step 6, the compound of formula 7 to obtain the removal of benzyl mifamurtide;

Figure CN103408635AC00021
Figure CN103408635AC00031

Wherein Fmoc is the amino protecting group; wherein PG is a carboxy-protecting group for Allyl or Dmab; Resin as the amino resin.

Example: Synthesis of mifamurtide crude peptide

 Example 11 to give the formula hydrogenolysis at atmospheric pressure to 16 hours Example 7 was added to 7.42 g compound 250ml single neck flask, dried 150ml of methanol was added to dissolve 0.4 g of 10% palladium on carbon.Completion of the reaction, palladium-carbon was filtered off, the filtrate was concentrated by rotary evaporation to 65ml, is mifamurtide crude peptide solution. Mifamurtide synthetic crude peptide: 15 [0173] Example

 Example 12 to give the formula hydrogenolysis at atmospheric pressure to 16 hours Example 7 was added to 4.21 g compound 150ml single neck flask, dried 85ml of methanol was added to dissolve 0.2 g of 10% palladium on carbon.Completion of the reaction, palladium-carbon was filtered off, the filtrate was concentrated by rotary evaporation to 37ml, is mifamurtide crude peptide solution.

16 [0175] Example 2: Preparation of mifamurtide

 The embodiment 14 of crude peptide solution obtained in Example 65ml, IOOOml round bottom flask was added, under magnetic stirring, 650ml of anhydrous diethyl ether was added dropwise. Upon completion, at room temperature for crystallization. After filtration and drying the filter cake, the filter cake was again dissolved in 65ml of methanol. This methanol solution was added IOOOml round bottom flask, under magnetic stirring, 650ml of anhydrous diethyl ether was added dropwise. Upon completion, at room temperature for crystallization. Filtered cake was dried in vacuo to give mifamurtide 5.62g, yield 86.5%, purity 99.4%, total yield 74.5%

Preparation of mifamurtide of: 17 Example

 The embodiment of the crude peptide solution obtained in Example 15, 37ml, 500ml round bottom flask was added, under magnetic stirring, 370ml of anhydrous diethyl ether was added dropwise. Upon completion, at room temperature for crystallization. After filtration and drying the filter cake, the filter cake was again dissolved in 37ml of methanol. This solution was added to methanol 500ml round bottom flask, under magnetic stirring, 370ml of anhydrous diethyl ether was added dropwise. Upon completion, at room temperature for crystallization. Filtered, the filter cake was dried under vacuum to give · mifamurtide 3.16g, yield 85.8%, purity 99.5%, 72.2% overall yield.

References

  1.  “Mifamurtide: CGP 19835, CGP 19835A, L-MTP-PE, liposomal MTP-PE, MLV 19835A, MTP-PE, muramyltripeptide phosphatidylethanolamine”. Drugs in R&D 9 (2): 131–5. 2008. doi:10.2165/00126839-200809020-00007. PMID 18298131.
  2.  “First Treatment to Improve Survival in 20 Years Now Available for Patients With Osteosarcoma (Bone Cancer)”. Takeda. November 2009. Retrieved 23 March 2010.
  3.  “IDM Pharma’s MEPACT (Mifamurtide, L-MTP-PE) Receives Approval in Europe for Treatment of Patients with Non-Metastatic, Resectable Osteosarcoma”. PR Newswire. 2009-03-09. Retrieved 2009-11-12.
  4.  “IDM Pharma receives not approvable letter for Mifamurtide for treatment of osteosarcoma”. The Medical News. 2007-08-28. Retrieved 2009-11-12.
  5.  Mepact for Healthcare Professionals, retrieved 2009-11-12
  6. ^ Jump up to:a b EMA (2009-03-06). “Mepact: Product Information. Annex I: Summary of Product Characteristics” (PDF). p. 2. Retrieved 2009-11-12.
  7.  EMA (2009-05-06). “Mepact: European Public Assessment Report. Summary for the public” (PDF). p. 1. Retrieved 2009-11-12.
  8.  Meyers, P. A. (2009). “Muramyl tripeptide (mifamurtide) for the treatment of osteosarcoma”. Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy 9 (8): 1035–1049.doi:10.1586/era.09.69. PMID 19671023.
  9.  Meyers, P. A.; Schwartz, C. L.; Krailo, M. D.; Healey, J. H.; Bernstein, M. L.; Betcher, D.; Ferguson, W. S.; Gebhardt, M. C.; Goorin, A. M.; Harris, M.; Kleinerman, E.; Link, M. P.; Nadel, H.; Nieder, M.; Siegal, G. P.; Weiner, M. A.; Wells, R. J.; Womer, R. B.; Grier, H. E.; Children’s Oncology, G. (2008). “Osteosarcoma: the Addition of Muramyl Tripeptide to Chemotherapy Improves Overall Survival–A Report from the Children’s Oncology Group”.Journal of Clinical Oncology 26 (4): 633–638. doi:10.1200/JCO.2008.14.0095.PMID 18235123.
  10.  Meyers, P. A.; Schwartz, C. L.; Krailo, M.; Kleinerman, E. S.; Betcher, D.; Bernstein, M. L.; Conrad, E.; Ferguson, W.; Gebhardt, M.; Goorin, A. M.; Harris, M. B.; Healey, J.; Huvos, A.; Link, M.; Montebello, J.; Nadel, H.; Nieder, M.; Sato, J.; Siegal, G.; Weiner, M.; Wells, R.; Wold, L.; Womer, R.; Grier, H. (2005). “Osteosarcoma: A Randomized, Prospective Trial of the Addition of Ifosfamide and/or Muramyl Tripeptide to Cisplatin, Doxorubicin, and High-Dose Methotrexate”. Journal of Clinical Oncology 23 (9): 2004–2011. doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.06.031. PMID 15774791.
  11. (EMA 2009, pp. 5–7)
  12.  (EMA 2009, p. 8)
  13.  (EMA 2009, pp. 7–8)
  14. (EMA 2009, p. 4)
  15.  Fidler, I. J. (1982). “Efficacy of liposomes containing a lipophilic muramyl dipeptide derivative for activating the tumoricidal properties of alveolar macrophages in vivo”. Journal of Immunotherapy 1 (1): 43–55.
  16.  Prous, J. R.; Castaner, J. (1989). “ENV 2-3/MTP-PE”. Drugs Fut. 14 (3): 220.
  17.  Brundish, D. E.; Wade, R. (1985). “Synthesis of N-[2-3H]acetyl-D-muramyl-L-alanyl-D-iso-glutaminyl-L-alanyl-2-(1′,2′-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3′-phosphoryl)ethylamide of high specific radioactivity”. J Label Compd Radiopharm 22 (1): 29–35. doi:10.1002/jlcr.2580220105.
CN1055736A * Jan 28, 1986 Oct 30, 1991 E·R·斯奎布父子公司 Process for preparing 4,4-dialkyl-2-azetidinones
CN101709079A * Dec 22, 2009 May 19, 2010 江苏诺泰制药技术有限公司 Synthesis method of romurtide
US4323560 * Oct 6, 1980 Apr 6, 1982 Ciba-Geigy Corporation Novel phosphorylmuramyl peptides and processes for the manufacture thereof
Reference
1 * PROUS, J. ET AL: “ENV 2-3/MTP-PE“, 《DRUGS FUT》, vol. 14, no. 3, 31 March 1989 (1989-03-31), pages 220
2 * 黄胜炎: “抗肿瘤药新品与研发进展“, 《上海医药》, vol. 30, no. 9, 30 September 2009 (2009-09-30), pages 412 – 414
Mifamurtide
Mifamurtide.svg
Systematic (IUPAC) name
2-[(N-{(2R)-[(2-acetamido-2,3-dideoxy-D-glucopyranos-3-yl)oxy]-propanoyl}-L-alanyl-D-isoglutaminyl-L-alanyl)amino]ethyl (2R)-2,3-bis(hexadecanoyloxy)propyl hydrogen phosphate
Clinical data
License data
Pregnancy
category
  • not investigated
Routes of
administration		 intravenous liposomal infusion over one hour
Legal status
Legal status
  • ℞ (Prescription only)
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability N/A
Biological half-life minutes (in plasma)
18 hrs (terminal)
Identifiers
CAS Number 83461-56-7 Yes
838853-48-8 (mifamurtide sodium · xH2O)
ATC code L03AX15 (WHO)
PubChem CID 11672602
ChemSpider 9847332
UNII EQD2NNX741 
KEGG D06619 Yes
Chemical data
Formula C59H109N6O19P
Molar mass 1237.499 g/mol

///////////83461-56-7,  838853-48-8,  CGP-19835,  Mepact,  MFCD09954133,  Mifamurtide,  mifamurtide sodium,  MTP-cephalin,  Mtp-PE,  Muramyl tripeptide, phosphatidylethanolamine,  PEPTIDE,  мифамуртид,  ميفامورتيد,  米法莫肽

CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(COP(O)(=O)OCCNC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)CC[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@@H](C)O[C@H]1C(O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1NC(C)=O)C(N)=O)OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC

Share

Carbotegravir, Dolutegravir, New Patent, WO 2016113372, Lek Pharmaceutical and Chemical Co DD

 PATENTS  Comments Off on Carbotegravir, Dolutegravir, New Patent, WO 2016113372, Lek Pharmaceutical and Chemical Co DD
Jul 252016
 

 

WO 2016113372

Carbotegravir, New Patent, WO 2016113372, Lek Pharmaceutical and Chemical Co DD

LEK PHARMACEUTICALS D.D. [SI/SI]; Verovskova 57 1526 Ljubljana (SI)

MARAS, Nenad; (SI).
SELIC, Lovro; (SI).
CUSAK, Anja; (SI)

ViiV Healthcare is developing cabotegravir (first disclosed in WO2006088173), which in July 2016, was reported to be in phase 2 clinical development.

WO-2016113372

Process for preparing integrase inhibitors such as dolutegravir and cabotegravir and their analogs, useful for treating viral infections eg HIV infection. Also claims a process for preparing intermediates of dolutegravir and cabotegravir.

(4R, 12aS)-N-[(2,4-Difluorophenyl)methyl]-3 ,4,6,8, 12, 12a-hexahydro-7-hydroxy-4-methyl-6,8-dioxo-2H-pyrido[1 ‘,2’:4,5]pyrazino[2, 1-b][1 ,3]oxazine-9-carboxamide (Formula A):

Formula A

known by the INN name dolutegravir, is a new efficient antiviral agent from the group of HIV integrase inhibitors which is used in combination with some other antiviral agents for treatment of HIV infections, such as AIDS. The compound, which belongs to condensed polycyclic pyridines and was first disclosed in WO2006/1 16764, is marketed.

Another compound disclosed in WO2006/1 16764 is (3S, 1 1 aR)-N-[(2,4-difluorophenyl)methyl]-6-hydroxy-3-methyl-5,7-dioxo-2,3,5,7, 1 1 ,1 1 a-hexahydro[1 ,3]oxazolo[3,2-a]pyrido[1 ,2-d]pyrazine-8-carboxamide (Formula

Formula C

known by the INN name cabotegravir.

The complex structures of dolutegravir and cabotegravir present a synthetic challenge. The first description of the synthesis in WO2006/1 16764 shows a 16-steps synthesis (see Scheme A), which is industrially impractical due to its length and low overall yield.

Scheme A

WO 2010/068253 and WO 2006/1 16764 describe an alternative synthesis. The 1 1 -step synthesis, shown in Scheme B1 and Scheme B2, is based on bromination of the 9-position for further introduction of the carboxylic group. The synthesis relies on the use of expensive palladium catalysts and toxic selenium compounds. Furthermore, some variations of these approaches involve pyrone intermediates in several steps. In some cases pyrones are liquids which can complicate purification, while further reactions form complex mixtures.

doiutegravir

Scheme B2

In further alternative syntheses, acetoacetates were used as starting materials. Such an approach is challenging in terms of introducing the hydroxy group in the 7-position. The variation in Scheme C1 , described in WO2012/018065, starts from 4-benzyloxyacetoacetate. The procedure requires 9 steps, but use expensive reagents like palladium catalysts. Moreover, there is described a possibility of formation a co-crystal between an intermediate and hydroquinone, wherein however the additional step may diminish yields and make the process longer and time consuming.

Scheme C1

The variation in Scheme C2, described in WO2012/018065, starts from 4-chloroacetoacetate. The process is not optimal because of problems in steps which include pyrones and because of problems with conversion of 7-chloro to 7-hydroxy group which includes a disadvantageous use of silanolates with low yield (25%).

Scheme C2

The variation in Scheme C3, described in WO201 1/1 19566, starts from unsubstituted acetoacetate. For the introduction of the 7-hydroxy group, bromination is used and substitution of bromo with hydroxy is performed by a use of silanolates. The substitution of the bromine is achieved in a 43% yield.

Scheme C3

The variation in Scheme C4, described in WO201 1/1 19566, starts from 4-methoxyacetoacetate aiming at preparing dolutegravir or cabotegravir. The process uses lithium bases to affect a difficult to control selective monohydrolysis of a diester.

The object of the present invention is to provide short, simple, cost-effective, environmentally friendly and industrially suitable processes for beneficially providing dolutegravir and analogues thereof and cabotegravir and analogues thereof, in particular dolutegravir.

 

Scheme 1

According to an embodiment of the process of the invention the building block 3-aminobutanol can suitably be substituted with other aminoalcohols to give dolutegravir analogues. For example, using (S)-alaninol gives cabotegravir as the final product. Similarly, using amines other than 2,4-difluorobenzylamine in the amidation step results in the synthesis of other dolutegravir analogues.

According to the another preferred embodiment cabotegravir or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is prepared by the analogue process, which comprises providing a compound of formula (5c)

5c

converting the compound of formula (5c) to a compound of formula (6c)

6c

by carrying out a chlorination reaction, and converting the compound of formula (6c) to cabotegravir and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

The compound of formula (5c) can preferably be provided by converting a compound of formula (3) to a compound of formula (4c)

 

Scheme 2

1. ) EtOCOCI, Et3N / Me2CO

2. ) 2,4-difiuorobenzylamine

 

Scheme 3

Analogous compound of formula 7c is a useful intermediate in the synthesis of cabotegravir. Scheme 3a

 

Scheme 4

 

Examples

The following examples are merely illustrative of the present invention and they should not be considered as limiting the scope of the invention in any way. The examples and modifications or other equivalents thereof will become apparent to those versed in the art in the light of the present entire disclosure. Particularly, all Examples related to the preparation of dolutegravir and intermediates thereof can be used by the analogy for the preparation of cabotegravir and intermediates thereof.

Example 1 :

Methyl acetoacetate (1 , 25.22 g) and dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal (DMFDMA, 35 mL) was heated at 50-55°C for 2 h, then methanol (60 mL), aminoacetaldehyde dimethyl acetal (24 mL) and acetic acid (4 mL) was added an the mixture was heated under reflux for one hour, then concentrated. MTBE (100 mL) was added and the mixture was kept at 5 °C overnight to crystallize. Upon filtration 46 g (92%) of product 2 was recovered.

1H NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 2.31 (s, 3H), 3.30 (s, 6H), 3.49 (m, 2H), 3.61 (s, 3H), 4.43 (m, 1 H), 8.02 (d, 1 H), 10.8 (bs, 1 H). 13C NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 30.52, 35.48, 50.53, 54.23, 98.99, 102.47, 160.70, 166.92, 197.21 .

Example 2:

Compound 2 (5.00 g) was dissolved in 2-propanol, dimethyl oxalate (7.02 g) was added and heated to 40 °C. Sodium methylate (25% in methanol; 20 mL) was slowly (10 min) added, the mixture was then heated to 50-55 °C and stirred at that temperature for 2-2.5 h. The mixture was cooled to ambient temperature, then sodium hydroxide solution (1 M, 65 mL) was added to the mixture and stirred for another 2 h, followed by addition of concentrated hydrochloric acid (1 1 mL) and stirred for another 2 h. The precipitate was filtered and dried to give 8.08 g (NMR assay 47%; 65% yield) of compound 3.

1H NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 2.50 (m, 2H), 3.30 (s. 6H), 4.49 (m, 1 H), 7.06 (s, 1 H); 8.70 (s, 1 H). 13C NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 55.23, 55.37, 102.34, 1 15.47, 120.24, 145.17, 162.71 , 165.22, 178.55.

Example 3:

Compound 2 (158.37 g) was dissolved in methanol (548 mL), followed by the addition of dimethyl oxalate (202.2 g). While keeping the temperature below 30°C, potassium ferf-butoxide (192.1 g) was added and reaction mixture was heated at 50 °C overnight. The suspension was then filtered and the filter cake washed with methanol. The filtrate was concentrated (approximately to 680 mL), then water (680 mL) was added, followed by addition of lithium hydroxide hydrate (143.7 g) while keeping the temperature below 40 °C. The suspension was then stirred at ambient temperature overnight and filtered. To the obtained filtrate, concentrated hydrochloric acid (339 mL) was added while keeping the temperature below 30 °C. The suspension was aged for 2 h and filtered to give 4 as a white powder (95.6 g, NMR assay 100%; 52% yield).

Example 4:

Compound 2 (5.00 g) was dissolved in 2-propanol, dimethyl oxalate (7.02 g) was added and heated to 40 °C. Sodium methylate (25% in methanol; 15 mL) was slowly (10 min) added then the mixture was heated to 50-55 °C and stirred at that temperature for 72 h. The mixture was concentrated and components were separated by flash column chromatography (ethyl acetate/methanol 9:1 to 6:4). Early fractions gave compound 22 upon concentration, late fractions gave compound 23.

Compound 22: 1H NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 2.49 (m, 2H), 3.28 (s, 6H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 4.41 (m, 1 H), 4.50 (m, 1 H), 6.65 (s, 1 H), 8.36 (s, 1 H). 13C NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 51.63, 53.36, 54.25, 55.47, 102.71 , 1 18.24, 123.60, 140.81 , 150.21 , 162.44, 164.49, 173.43.

Compound 23: 1H NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 2.49 (m, 2H), 3.26 (s, 6H); 3.70 (s, 3H); 4.33 (d, 1 H); 4.60 (m, 1 H), 6.19 (s, 1 H), 8.12 (s, 1 H). 13C NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 50.03, 51.34, 54.59, 54.85, 102.91 , 1 16.04, 1 18.19, 148.32, 152.12, 163.46, 165.24, 174.99

Example 5:

Compound 3 (5.5 g; assay 53%) was suspended in acetonitrile, acetic acid (6 mL) and methanesulfonic acid (2.5 mL) were added followed by the heating of mixture to 70 °C for 4 h. The suspension was filtered and filtrate cooled to ambient temperature. Triethylamine (6.6 mL) and (R)-3-amino-butan-1 -ol (1.24 mL) was added followed by heating the mixture at reflux temperature for 20-24 h. The mixture was filtered, filtrate concentrated and 1 M HCI (100 mL) was added, followed by extraction with dichloromethane (3 x 50 mL). Combined organic fractions were concentrated, 2-propanol was added (10 mL) and suspension was stirred at 70-80 °C for 10 min, left to cool to ambient temperature then filtered to give 2.19 g of compound 4 (73%).

1H NMR (DMSO-de): δ 1.31 (d, 3H), 1.52 (m, 1 H), 1 .97 (m, 1 H), 3.89 (m, 1 H), 4.01 (m, 1 H), 4.46 (m, 1 H), 4.64 (m, 1 H), 4.78 (m, 1 H), 5.50 (m, 1 H), 7.29 (s, 1 H), 8.88 (s, 1 H), 15.83 (s, 1 H). 13C NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 15.22, 29.14, 45.26, 51.13, 62.09, 76.03, 1 16.31 , 1 18.79, 140.53, 146.79, 155.36, 165.24, 178.75.

Example 6:

Compound 3 (14.55 g; assay 49%) was suspended in acetonitrile (125 mL), acetic acid (15 mL) and methanesulfonic acid (6.25 mL) were added followed by the heating of mixture to 70 °C for 4 h. The suspension was filtered and filtrate cooled to ambient temperature. Triethylamine (16.5 mL) and (S)-2-aminopropanol (2.45 mL) was added followed by heating the mixture at reflux temperature for 24 h. The insoluble product was filtered, washed with 2-propanol (20 mL) and dried to give (3S, 1 1 aR)-3-methyl-5,7-dioxo-2,3,5,7, 1 1 ,1 1 a-hexahydrooxazolo[3,2-a]pyrido[1 ,2-d]pyrazine-8-carboxylic acid (5.2 g, 75%).

1H NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 1.31 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 3.65 (dd, J = 8.6, 6.8 Hz, 1 H), 4.13 (dd, J = 1 1.7, 10.3 Hz, 1 H), 4.28 (m, 1 H), 4.39 (dd, J = 8.6, 6.8 Hz, 1 H), 4.92 (dd, J = 12.3, 4.2 Hz, 1 H), 5.45 (dd, J = 10.2, 4.1 Hz, 1 H), 7.16 (s, 1 H), 8.84 (s, 1 H), 15.74 (s, 1 H).

Example 7:

Compound 4 (0.63 g) was dissolved in dichloromethane (15 mL), cooled to 5°C, then triethylamine (0.31 mL) was added, followed by ethyl chloroformate (0.26 mL), followed by slow (30 min) addition of 2,4-difluorobenzylamine. The mixture was then stirred at ambient temperature for 24 h. Water (10 mL) was added, organic phase was separated and washed with 1 M HCI (15 mL) and water (15 mL), concentrated and treated with 2-propanol to give the product 5 in a quantitative yield.

1H NMR (CDCI3): δ 1.39 (d, 3H), 1.52 (s, 1 H), 2.19 (m, 1 H), 4.00 (m, 2H), 4.16 (m, 1 H), 4.31 (m, 1 H), 4.62 (d, 2H), 5.00 (m, 1 H), 5.27 (m, 1 H), 6.80 (m 2H), 7.33 (m, 2H), 8.49 (s, 1 H), 10.48 (s, 1 H). 13C NMR (CDCI3): 15.50, 29.22, 36.43, 45.19, 51.83, 62.79, 103.71 , 103.91 , 1 1 1 .0, 1 1 1 .18, 120.59, 123.04, 130.40, 137.41 , 144.58, 156.27, 163. 87, 177.83.

Example 8:

To a suspension of 4 (2.84 g, 10 mmol) in a mixture of triethylamine (2.24 mL, 16 mmol) and acetone (50 mL) stirring on an ice bath was added ethyl chloroformate (1 .20 mL, 12 mmol). After stirring for 10 min, 2,4-difluorobenzylamine (1.21 mL, 10 mmol) was added and the mixture left stirring at room temperature for 1 h. The product was isolated by slowly diluting the reaction mixture with water (50 mL), partial concentration, filtration, washing with water (2 50 mL) and drying. There was obtained 5 as a white powder (3.48 g, 86%): mp 181.0-184.7 °C. 1H NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 1.29 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H), 1 .56 (dd, J = 13.9, 2.0 Hz, 1 H), 1 .93-2.06 (m, 1 H), 3.90 (ddd, J = 1 1.6, 5.0, 2.1 Hz, 1 H), 3.98 (td, J = 12.0, 2.2 Hz, 1 H), 4.45 (dd, J = 13.6, 6.6 Hz, 1 H), 4.72 (dd, J = 13.6, 3.8 Hz, 1 H), 4.74-4.81 (m, 1 H), 5.44 (dd, J = 6.6, 3.8 Hz, 1 H), 8.93 (s, 1 H), 15.14 (s, 1 H). 13C NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 15.78, 29.13, 44.89, 52.88, 61 .63, 75.61 , 1 13.54, 128.49, 136.42, 145.64, 154.62, 164.58, 174.58

Example 9:

To a suspension of 4 (1 1.36 g, 40 mmol) in acetonitrile (80 mL) stirring at room temperature was added TCCA (9.29 g, 38 mmol) and DABCO (0.23 g, 5 mol%). After stirring at room temperature for 1 h, the reaction was quenched with a mixture of DMSO (5.26 mL) and water (1.33 mL). The insoluble cyanuric acid was removed by filtration and the filtrate evaporated under reduced pressure to give viscous oil. This was triturated in methanol (20 mL) to induce crystallization. The product was filtered, washed with cold methanol (10 mL) and dried to give 7 as a yellowish powder (5.13 g, 41 %): mp 191 .3-198.7 °C.

Example 10:

Attempted chlorination of 23: Compound 23 (0.54g) was suspended in acetonitrile (10 mL) and trichlorocyanuric acid (0.44 g) was added and the solution was stirred at ambient temperature overnight. Precipitate was filtered. Only traces of a product corresponding to the compound 26 could be detected in the reaction mixture by LC-MS analysis. Conversion did not improve with time.

Example 11 :

Attempted chlorination of 3: Compound 3 (0.30 g) was suspended in acetonitrile (5 mL) and trichlorocyanuric acid (0.13 g) was added. The suspension was stirred at ambient temperature overnight. Only traces of a product corresponding to the compound 24 could be detected in the reaction mixture by LC-MS analysis.

Example 12:

9 10

Trichloroisocyanuric acid (0.23 g) was added in a single portion to a stirred solution of the diethyl 1 -(2,2-dimethoxyethyl)-4-oxo-1 ,4-dihydropyridine-2,5-dicarboxylate (9, 0.66 g) in dry acetonitrile (4 mL) at room temperature. The resulting suspension was stirred at room temperature for ca. 24 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with dichloromethane and filtrated. The filtrate was then concentrated in vacuo to afford crude oil (0.86 g). Purification by flash chromatography (eluting ethyl acetate/cyclohexane) furnished diethyl 3-chloro-1 -(2,2-dimethoxyethyl)-4-oxo-1 ,4-dihydropyridine-2,5-dicarboxylate, 10 as a yellow semi-solid (0.38 g). 1H NMR (CDCI3): δ 1.28 (t, J=7A Hz, 3H), 1 .37 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 3.35 (s, 6H), 3.89 (d, J=5.0 Hz, 2H), 4.27 (q, J=l A Hz, 2H), 4.43 (q, J=l A Hz, 2H), 4.48 (t, J=4.9 Hz, 1 H), 8.15 (s, 1 H). 13C NMR (CDCI3): δ 13.83, 14.13, 55.82, 57.09, 61.41 , 63.72, 102.52, 1 17.35, 126.90, 140.22, 146.92, 160.67, 164.13, 168.95.

Example 13:

Diethyl 1 -(2,2-dimethoxyethyl)-4-oxo-1 ,4-dihydropyridine-2,5-dicarboxylate (9, 0.64 g) was dissolved in anhydrous acetonitrile (6 mL) and treated sequentially with acetic acid (560 μί) and methanesulfonic acid (40 μί). The resulting mixture was heated to 62 °C and stirred for 4 h and more methanesulfonic acid (40 μΙ_) was added. After additional 2 h, more methanesulfonic acid (80 μΙ_) was added. This was repeated after additional 2 h, when more methanesulfonic acid (80 μΙ_) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred additional 17 h at 62 °C then was treated with a mixture of (R)-3-aminobutanol (0.22 g), triethylamine (0.5 mL) and acetonitrile (0.7 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred additional 22 h at 62 °C and then concentrated in vacuo. The crude material was partitioned between dichloromethane and 1 M HCI solution (15 mL). The combined organic phases were dried (Na2S04), filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford the crude (4R, 12aS)-ethyl 4-methyl-6,8-dioxo-3,4,6,8, 12,12a-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[1 ‘,2’:4,5]pyrazino[2, 1 -b][1 ,3]oxazine-9-carboxylate (11 ) as a brownish oil (0.61 g).

1H NMR (CD3OD): δ 8.44 (s, 1 H), 7.16 (m, 1 H), 5.48 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 1 H), 4.86 (m, 1 H), 4.49 (dd, J=13.6, 4.0 Hz, 1 H), 4.30-4.25 (m, 3H), 4.09 (dt, J=12.1 , 2.3 Hz, 1 H), 3.96 (ddd, J=1 1.7, 5.0, 2.1 Hz, 1 H), 2.18-2.10 (m, 1 H), 1.60-1 .56 (m, 1 H) 1 .39 (d, J=7A Hz, 3H), 1.33 (t, J=7A Hz, 3H). 13C NMR (CDCI3): δ 8.45, 14.08, 15.39, 29.17, 45.04, 45.72, 51 .56, 60.86, 62.61 , 76.33, 1 19.54, 123.72, 136.96, 145.67, 156.26, 163.68, 175.43

Example 14:

10

Diethyl 3-chloro-1 -(2,2-dimethoxyethyl)-4-oxo-1 ,4-dihydropyridine-2,5-dicarboxylate (10, 1.23 g) was dissolved in 85% formic acid (25 mL) at room temperature. The mixture was warmed to 40 °C and stirred for 23 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo, and then partitioned between dichloromethane and aqueous NaHC03 solution. The combined organic phases were dried (Na2S04), filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford brownish oil (0.49 g). The crude oil was dissolved in anhydrous toluene (5 mL) and treated sequentially with (R)-3-aminobutanol (0.19 g), methanol (0.2 mL) and acetic acid (96 μί). The resulting mixture was heated to 90 °C and stirred for 20 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and then partitioned between dichloromethane and aqueous NaHC03 solution. The combined organic phases were dried (Na2S04), filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford the crude (4R,12aS)-Ethyl 7-chloro-4-methyl-6,8-dioxo-3,4,6,8,12, 12a-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[1 ‘,2’:4,5] pyrazino [2, 1-b][1 ,3]oxazine-9-carboxylate (12) as a brownish oil (0.24 g).

Example 15:

To a solution of 4 (5.68 g, 20 mmol) in dichloromethane (50 mL) stirring in an ice bath was added triethylamine (5.6 mL, 40 mmol), followed by ethyl chloroformate (2.61 mL, 26 mmol). After 20 min, ethanol (50 mL) was added. The mixture was then left stirring 24 h at room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was triturated in acetone (80 mL). The insoluble salt (triethylamine hydrochloride) was removed by filtration. The filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure to give 11 as an amorphous solid in a quantitative yield (6.1 g).

Example 16:

To a stirring solution of 11 (0.94 g, 3.0 mmol) in acetonitrile (8 mL) heated at 40 °C was added TCCA in portions during 1 h (0.44 g, 1 .8 mmol). After an additional 1 h, the reaction mixture was diluted with a solution of NaHS03 (0.60 g) in water (60 mL), extracted with dichloromethane (50 mL) and the extract evaporated under reduced pressure to give a crude product which was purified by flash chromatography (CH2CI2 : MeOH, from 98 : 2 to 80 : 20) to give 12 (0.45 g, 44%).

1H NMR (CDCI3): δ 1.37 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.38 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H), 1 .56 (dq, J = 13.9, 2.2 Hz, 1 H), 2.21 (m, 1 H), 3.99 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1 H), 4.00 (t, J = 1.8 Hz, 1 H), 4.10 (dd, J = 13.2, 6.6 Hz, 1 H), 4.37-4.27 (m, 3H), 4.98 (m, 1 H), 5.35 (dd, J = 6.6, 3.8 Hz, 1 H), 8.07 (s, 1 H).

13C NMR (CDCI3): δ 14.20, 16.09, 29.34, 44.87, 53.73, 61.49, 62.29, 76.01 , 1 16.22, 133.1 1 , 134.18, 144.52, 155.48, 163.88, 169.98.

Example 17:

To a mixture of 7 (3.89 g, 12.2 mmol) in methanol (12 mL) was added sodium methylate (22.3 mL, 97.6 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred for 24 h at 30 °C and then quenched with a slow addition of 3M hydrochloric acid (35 mL) while stirring in an ice bath. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to remove most of the methanol, then extracted with dichloromethane (2 30 mL), the combined extracts washed with water (30 mL) and evaporated under reduced pressure. Methanol (20 mL) was added to the obtained amorphous residue and removed under reduced pressure to yield the solid 8 (3.69 g, 98%).

1H NMR (CDCI3): δ 15.04 (s, 1 H), 8.42 (s, 1 H), 5.29 (dd, J=5.6, 3.9 Hz, 1 H), 5.01 -4.96 (m, 1 H), 4.42 (dd, J=13.6, 3.6 Hz, 1 H), 4.25 (dd, J=13.6, 6.0 Hz, 1 H), 4.05 (s, 3H), 4.00-3.97 (m, 2H), 2.21 -2-14 (m, 1 H), 1.53 (dd, J=14.1 , 1.9 Hz, 1 H), 1.36 (d, J=7 Hz, 3H). 13C NMR (CDCI3): δ 176.35, 165.94, 155.03, 153.70, 143.08, 130.90, 1 15.94, 76.05, 62.65, 61.45, 53.86, 44.96, 29.43, 16.06.

Example 18:

To a suspension of 7 (2.55 g, 8.0 mmol) in a mixture of triethylamine (1 .46 mL, 10.4 mmol) and acetone (32 mL) stirring on an ice bath was added ethyl chloroformate (0.88 mL, 8.8 mmol). After stirring for 10 min, 2,4-difluorobenzylamine (1.07 mL, 8.8 mmol) was added and the mixture left stirring at room temperature for 1 h. The product was isolated by slowly diluting the reaction mixture with water (40 mL), filtration, washing with water (2 30 mL) and drying. There was obtained 2.91 g of 6 as a white powder (83%).

1H NMR (CDCI3): δ 1.30 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H), 1 .49 (dd, J = 14.0, 2.2 Hz, 1 H), 2.14 (ddd, J = 14.6, 1 1.1 , 6.4 Hz, 1 H), 3.89-3.95 (m, 2H), 4.09-4.15 (m, 1 H), 4.26 (dd, J = 13.4, 3.8 Hz, 1 H), 4.55 (d, J = 5.8 Hz, 2H), 4.89-4.98 (m, 1 H), 5.18 (dd, J = 6.2, 3.8 Hz, 1 H), 6.68-6.79 (m, 2H), 7.23-7.31 (m, 1 H), 8.41 (s, 1 H), 10.24 (t, J = 5.8 Hz, 1 H). 13C NMR (CDCI3): δ 16.09, 26.95, 29.30, 36.79, 45.1 1 , 45.28, 53.86, 62.47, 75.93, 103.87 (t, J = 25.4 Hz), 1 1 1 .21 (dd, J = 21 .0, 3.4 Hz), 1 17.32, 130.58 (dd, J = 9.3, 5.8 Hz), 133.40, 143.54, 155.34, 163.16, 163.25, 163.35, 172.88.

Example 19:

To a suspension of 5 (1 .67 g, 4 mmol) in acetonitrile (20 mL) was added DABCO (23 mg, 5 mol%) and TCCA (0.62 g, 2.52 mmol). The mixture was stirred 18 h at 40 °C protected from light and then quenched with a mixture of DMSO (0.48 mL) and water (0.12 mL). The insoluble cyanuric acid was removed by filtration and washed with acetonitrile (5 mL). The filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure to give viscous oil that was crystallized from a mixture of methanol (6 mL) and water (3 mL), by slowly cooling the solution from 60 °C to room

temperature. The product 6 was filtered, washed with cold methanol (5 mL) and dried to give an off-white powder (1.07 g, 61 %).

1H NMR (CDCI3): δ 1.30 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H), 1 .49 (dd, J = 14.0, 2.2 Hz, 1 H), 2.14 (ddd, J = 14.6, 1 1.1 , 6.4 Hz, 1 H), 3.89-3.95 (m, 2H), 4.09-4.15 (m, 1 H), 4.26 (dd, J = 13.4, 3.8 Hz, 1 H), 4.55 (d, J = 5.8 Hz, 2H), 4.89-4.98 (m, 1 H), 5.18 (dd, J = 6.2, 3.8 Hz, 1 H), 6.68-6.79 (m, 2H), 7.23-7.31 (m, 1 H), 8.41 (s, 1 H), 10.24 (t, J = 5.8 Hz, 1 H). 13C NMR (CDCI3): δ 16.09, 26.95, 29.30, 36.79, 45.1 1 , 45.28, 53.86, 62.47, 75.93, 103.87 (t, J = 25.4 Hz), 1 1 1 .21 (dd, J = 21.0, 3.4 Hz), 1 17.32, 130.58 (dd, J = 9.3, 5.8 Hz), 133.40, 143.54, 155.34, 163.16, 163.25, 163.35, 172.88.

Example 20:

To a suspension of 6 (0.44 g) in anhydrous methanol (1 mL) was added a 25% methanolic solution of sodium methylate (1 .14 mL) and the mixture stirred for 4 h at 40 °C. The reaction was quenched with acetic acid (0.4 mL), diluted with water (8 mL), extracted with 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (12 mL), the extract washed with 1 M NaOH(aq) (8 mL), water (8 mL) and evaporated under reduced pressure. To the oily residue was added methanol (8 mL) and evaporated under reduced pressure to give 27 as a white solid (0.38 g, 88%).

Example 21 :

The suspension of (4R, 12aS)-7-chloro-N-(2,4-difluorobenzyl)-4-methyl-6,8-dioxo-3,4,6,8,12, 12a-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[1 ‘,2’:4,5]pyrazino[2, 1 -b][1 ,3]oxazine-9-carboxamide (6, 0.44 g) and solid sodium hydroxide (0.20 g) in absolute ethanol (2 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 24 h. The reaction was quenched with 2M H2S04 (1 .18 mL) and left stirring for 2 h at room temperature. The reaction mixture was filtered through fitted funnel rinsing with water (2 x 2 mL). The obtained white precipitate (0.38 g) was suspended in THF-water (1 :1 , 4.5 mL) and stirred at room temperature for ca. 2 h. The reaction mixture was filtered through fitted funnel rinsing with water (2 χ 1 mL) and dried in vacuo at 40°C to afford pure dolutegravir as a white solid (0.33 g, HPLC purity: 99.38%).

1H NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 12.51 (s, 1 H), 10.36 (t, J=5.9 Hz, 1 H), 8.50 (s, 1 H), 7.41-7.36 (m, 1 H), 7.26-7.21 (m, 1 H), 7.07-7.03 (m, 1 H), 5.45 (dd, J=5.4, 4.3 Hz, 1 H), 4.81 -4.76 (m, 1 H), 4.59-4.53 (m, 3H), 4.36 (dd, J=13.8, 5.8 Hz, 1 H), 4.05-4.00 (m, 1 H), 3.91-3.88 (m, 1 H), 2.05-1 .97 (m, 1 H), 1.55-1.52 (m, 1 H), 1 .33 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 3H). 13C NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 170.27, 163.68, 162.29, 161 .78 (dd), 159.82 (dd), 154.61 , 140.64, 130.74 (d), 130.67 (d), 122.37 (d), 1 16.73, 1 15.38, 1 1 1 .33 (d), 103.80 (t), 62.01 , 51 .16, 44.69, 35.74, 29.13, 15.21.

Example 22:

A suspension of dolutegravir (0.31 g) in methanol (4 mL) was cooled to 0 °C.25% Solution of sodium methoxide in methanol was added to the mixture and the resulting suspension was stirred at 0 °C for 2 h, then at room temperature for 23 h. The reaction mixture was then filtered through fitted funnel rinsing with methanol (3 x 10 mL). The white precipitate was dried overnight at room temperature to afford pure dolutegravir sodium as a white solid (0.26 g, HPLC purity: 99.84%).

1H NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 10.70 (t, J=5.8, 1H), 7.89 (s, 1H), 7.37-7.30 (m, 1H), 7.23-7.19 (m, 1H), 7.04-7.01 (m, 1H), 5.17 (m, 1H), 4.81 (t, J=6.4Hz, 1H), 4.51 (d, J=5.5Hz, 2H), 4.32-4.29 (m, 1H), 4.16 (dd, J=14.1, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.99-3.94 (m, 1H), 3.82-3.80 (m, 1H), 1.89-1.84 (m, 1H), 1.38 (d, J=12.9 Hz, 1H), 1.24 (d, J=7.0Hz, 3H).13C NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 177.93, 167.12, 166.08, 161.59 (dd), 161.13, 159.63 (dd), 134.26, 130.44 (d), 130.38 (d), 122.90 (d), 114.95, 111.23 (d), 108.78, 103.64 (t), 75.59, 61.95, 53.11, 43.01, 35.32, 29.22, 15.30.

Example 23:

The suspension of 6 (0.44 g) and solid sodium hydroxide (0.20 g) in absolute ethanol (2 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 24 h. The reaction was diluted with absolute ethanol (10 mL) and left stirring for ca. 30 min at room temperature. The reaction mixture was filtered through fitted funnel rinsing with absolute ethanol (3 x 10 mL) and dried in vacuo at room temperature to afford dolutegravir sodium as a pale yellow solid (0.43 g, HPLC purity: 98.80%). 1H NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 10.70 (t, J = 5.8 Hz, 1H), 7.89 (s, 1H), 7.37-7.30 (m, 1H), 7.23-7.19 (m, 1H), 7.04-7.01 (m, 1H), 5.17 (m, 1H), 4.81 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 1H), 4.51 (d, J = 5.5 Hz, 2H), 4.32-4.29 (m, 1H), 4.16 (dd, J= 14.1, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.99-3.94 (m, 1H), 3.82-3.80 (m, 1H), 1.89-1.84 (m, 1H), 1.38 (d, J = 12.9 Hz, 1H), 1.24 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H).13C NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 177.93, 167.12, 166.08, 161.59 (dd), 161.13, 159.63 (dd), 134.26, 130.44 (d), 130.38 (d), 122.90 (d), 114.95, 111.23 (d), 108.78, 103.64 (t), 75.59, 61.95, 53.11, 43.01, 35.32, 29.22, 15.30.

Example 24:

The suspension of (4R,12aS)-N-(2,4-difluorobenzyl)-7-methoxy-4-methyl-6,8-dioxo-3,4,6,8,12, 12a-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[1′,2′:4,5]pyrazino[2,1-6][1,3]oxazine-9-carboxamide (27, 0.43 g) and solid sodium hydroxide (0.20 g) in absolute ethanol (2.5 mL) was stirred at room temperature for ca.24 h. The reaction was diluted with mixture of water/ethanol (5 mL, 1:1) and left stirring for ca. 1.5 h at room temperature. The reaction mixture was filtered through fitted funnel rinsing with mixture of water/ethanol (3 x 5 mL, 1:1) and dried in vacuo at room temperature to afford 15 as a pale yellow solid (0.41 g, HPLC purity: 98.87%).

1H NMR (DMSO-de): δ 10.70 (t, J = 5.8 Hz, 1H), 7.89 (s, 1H), 7.37-7.30 (m, 1H), 7.23-7.19 (m, 1H), 7.04-7.01 (m, 1H), 5.17 (m, 1H), 4.81 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 1H), 4.51 (d, J = 5.5 Hz, 2H), 4.32-4.29 (m, 1H), 4.16 (dd, J = 14.1, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.99-3.94 (m, 1H), 3.82-3.80 (m, 1H), 1.89-1.84 (m, 1H), 1.38 (d, J = 12.9 Hz, 1H), 1.24 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H).13C NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 177.93, 167.12, 166.08, 161.59 (dd), 161.13, 159.63 (dd), 134.26, 130.44 (d), 130.38 (d), 122.90 (d), 114.95, 111.23 (d), 108.78, 103.64 (t), 75.59, 61.95, 53.11, 43.01, 35.32, 29.22, 15.30.

Example 25:

The suspension of {4R, 12aS)-7-chloro-4-methyl-6,8-dioxo-3,4, 6,8, 12,12a-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[1′,2′:4,5]pyrazino[2,1-6][1,3]oxazine-9-carboxylic acid (7, 0.31 g) and solid sodium hydroxide (0.20 g) in absolute ethanol (2.5 mL) was stirred at 50 °C for 3 days. The reaction was quenched with 2M H2S04 (1.2 mL) and left stirring for 7 h at room temperature. The reaction mixture was filtered through fitted funnel rinsing with water (3×5 mL) and ethanol (5 mL) dried in vacuo at 40°C to afford 28 as a pale yellow solid (0.17 g).

1H NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 15.37 (s, 1H), 12.76 (s, 1H), 8.66 (s, 1H), 5.51-5.49 (m, 1H), 4.80-4.78 (m, 1H), 4.65 (dd, J=13.8, 3.7 Hz, 1H), 4.43 (dd, J=13.8, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 4.05 (t, J^^.b Hz, 1H), 3.91 (dd, J=11.4, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 2.07-2.00 (m, 1H), 1.56 (d, J=13.8 Hz, 1H), 1.34 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H).13C NMR (DMSO-de): δ 172.21, 165.39, 161.73, 153.61, 141.11, 118.66, 112.99, 75.95, 62.03, 51.50, 44.90, 29.08, 15.18.

Example 26:

The suspension of (4R,12aS)-N-(2,4-difluorobenzyl)-7-methoxy-4-methyl-6,8-dioxo-3,4,6,8, 12, 12a-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[1 ‘,2’:4,5]pyrazino[2, 1 ,3]oxazine-9-carboxamide (27, 0.88 g) and solid sodium hydroxide (0.24 g) in absolute ethanol (20 mL) was stirred at 30 °C for 1.5 h. The reaction was quenched with 2M H2S04 (1 .5 mL) and left stirring for 3 hours at room temperature. The reaction mixture was filtered through fritted funnel and rinsed with water (3 x 2 mL) and ethanol (4 mL), and dried in vacuo at 40 °C to afford O-ethyl dolutegravir (29) as a pale yellow solid (0.25 g). The filtrate was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 5 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over MgS04, filtered and concentrated, then dried in vacuo at 40 °C to afford more 29 as a pale yellow solid (0.27 g).

1H NMR (CDCI3): δ 10.37 (t, J = 5.8 Hz, 1 H), 8.36 (s, 1 H), 7.37-7.32 (m, 1 H), 6.83-6.77 (m, 2H), 5.19 (dd, J = 5.9, 3.8 Hz, 1 H), 5.04-4.98 (m, 1 H), 4.61 (d, J = 6Hz, 2H), 4.26-4.22 (m, 3H), 4.1 1 (dd, J = 13.4, 5.9 Hz, 1 H), 3.97 (t, J = 2.4 Hz, 1 H), 3.96 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1 H), 2.21-2.14 (m, 1 H), 1.51 (dq, J = 14.0, 2.3 Hz, 1 H), 1 .47 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H), 1 .35 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H).

13C NMR (CDCI3): δ 174.78, 164.17, 162.49 (dd), 160.51 (dd), 155.72, 154.08, 142.32, 130.60 (dd), 129.33, 121 .51 (dd), 1 18.67, 1 1 1 .23 (dd), 103.78 (t), 76.15, 69.74, 62.58, 53.42, 44.58, 36.50 (d), 29.44, 16.04, 15.64.

Example 27:

The suspension of (4R, 12aS)-7-(benzyloxy)-4-methyl-3,4, 12,12a-tetrahydro-2H-pyrido[1 ‘,2’:4,5]pyrazino[2, 1-b][1 ,3]oxazine-6,8-dione (30, 0.68 g, prepared according to prior art) and solid sodium hydroxide (0.40 g) in absolute ethanol (5 mL) was stirred at 50 °C for 14 h. The reaction was quenched with formic acid (0.35 mL), water (2 mL) was added and mixture was left stirring for additional 1 h at room temperature. The reaction mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 5 mL) and the combined organic layers concentrated to afford a crude oil. Purification by flash chromatography (eluting with CH2CI2/methanol) afforded 32 as an orange solid (0.26 g, 52 %).

The above procedure if done at room temperature in same time period, affords 31 as orange oil (0.24 g, 43 %).

Compound 32: 1H NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 7.64 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.20 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 1 H), 5.40 (dd, J = 5.1 , 4.2 Hz, 1 H), 4.83-4.78 (m, 1 H), 4.35 (dd, J = 13.6, 3.9 Hz, 1 H), 4.13 (dd, J = 13.6, 5.4 Hz, 1 H), 4.05-4.00 (m, 1 H), 3.90-3.85 (m, 1 H), 2.03-1.95 (m, 1 H), 1.52 (dd, J = 13.9, 1 .9 Hz, 1 H), 1.33 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H). 13C NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 170.96, 163.01 , 153.48, 137.96, 1 16.83, 1 13.52, 76.18, 62.05, 50.39, 44.53, 29.21 , 15.28.

Compound 31 : 1H NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 7.67 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.28 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1 H), 5.29 (dd, J = 5.4, 3.8 Hz, 1 H), 4.82-4.75 (m, 1 H), 4.32 (dd, J = 13.6, 3.6 Hz, 1 H), 4.10 (dd, J = 13.5, 5.6 Hz, 1 H), 4.03-3.93 (m, 3H), 3.85 (ddd, J = 1 1 .6, 5.0, 2.2 Hz, 1 H), 1.97-1 .89 (m, 1 H), 1 .48 (dd, J = 13.8, 2.1 Hz, 1 H), 1.27 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.26 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H). 13C NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 174.38, 156.1 1 , 150.82, 139.48, 1 16.39, 1 13.52, 75.92, 67.31 , 61 .80, 51 .36, 44.22, 29.29, 15.76, 15.36.

Exa

The transformation of 6 to dolutegravir with sodium hydroxide in ethanol was monitored for the interconversion of intermediates. The suspension of 6 (0.44 g) and solid sodium hydroxide (0.20 g) in ethanol (3.33 ml.) was stirred at 22 °C. Samples of the reaction mixture were taken after 3, 8 and 24 h for UPLC analysis. After 24 h, the reaction mixture was quenched with 2 M H2S04 (5 ml_), and left stirring at room temperature. The reaction mixture was filtered through fritted funnel, the product rinsed with water (30 ml.) and dried in vacuo at 50 °C overnight to afford dolutegravir as a white solid (0.27 g, 64 %).

The results of reaction monitoring:

Time UPLC analysis (area%)

Entry

(h) compound 6 compound 29 dolutegravir

1 3 h 37.50 20.63 39.99

2 8 h 0.78 15.46 80.32

3 24h 0.31 8.56 88.21

Example 29:

The effect of added water and reaction temperature was evaluated by monitoring 4 reactions in parallel. To the suspensions of 27 (0.86 g) in MeOH were added solid sodium hydroxide (0.40 g) or aqueous solution of NaOH (5 M, 2 ml.) (see Table below). The reactions were stirred in parallel at 50 °C or 22 °C. Samples were taken in timely intervals for UPLC analysis.

The results of reaction monitoring demethylation of 27 in MeOH:

Example 30:

The effect of added water and reaction temperature was evaluated by monitoring 4 reactions in parallel. To the suspensions of 6 (0.88 g) in EtOH were added solid sodium hydroxide (0.40 g) or aqueous solution of NaOH (5 M, 2 mL) (see Table below). The reactions were stirred in parallel at 50 °C or 22 °C. Samples were taken in timely intervals for UPLC analysis.

The results of reaction monitoring of the transformations of 6 in ethanol with NaOH:

dol. = dolutegravir

Exa

The effect of added water and reaction temperature was evaluated by monitoring 4 reactions in parallel. To the suspensions of 27 (0.88 g) in EtOH were added solid sodium hydroxide (0.40 g) or aqueous solution of NaOH (5 M, 2ml_) (see Table below). The reactions were stirred in parallel at 50 °C or 22 °C. Samples were taken in timely intervals for UPLC analysis.

The results of reaction monitoring of the transformations of 27 in ethanol with NaOH:

dol. = dolutegravir

Example 32:

Compound 3 (30 g, 1 10 mmol; assay 99%) was suspended in acetonitrile (450 mL), acetic acid (73 mL) and methanesulfonic acid (25 mL) were added. The reaction mixture was stirred 4 h at 70 °C. The clear red solution was cooled to 25 °C. Triethylamine (77 mL) and (S)-2-aminopropanol (17 mL) were added and the mixture was stirred at reflux temperature for 20 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to 25 °C and the insoluble product filtered, washed with 1 M HCI(aq) (60 mL), water (3 * 60 mL) and dried to give 4c (19.49 g, 67%): mp = 313-315 °C; 1H NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 1.31 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 3.65 (dd, J = 8.6, 6.8 Hz, 1 H), 4.13 (dd, J = 1 1.7, 10.3 Hz, 1 H), 4.28 (m, 1 H), 4.39 (dd, J = 8.6, 6.8 Hz, 1 H), 4.92 (dd, J = 12.3, 4.2 Hz, 1 H), 5.45 (dd, J = 10.2, 4.1 Hz, 1 H), 7.16 (s, 1 H), 8.84 (s, 1 H), 15.74 (s, 1 H); 13C NMR (DMSO-d6) 16.5, 51.6, 52.9, 72.4, 81.6, 1 15.8, 1 18.1 , 141.5, 147.6, 153.4, 165.3, 179.0.

Example 33

Compound 4c (2.78 g) was suspended in dimethylformamide (40 mL), cooled to 0 °C, then triethylamine (3.52 mL) was added, followed by ethyl chloroformate (1 .31 mL). After 10 min there was added 2,4-difluorobenzylamine (1 .57 mL). The mixture was then stirred at 25 °C for 1 h. Water (150 mL) was added and the mixture extracted with dichloromethane (50 mL). The organic phase was separated, washed with water (2 χ 50 mL), dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue (4.31 g) was treated with boiling 2-propanol (40 mL), the suspension cooled, the product filtered and dried to give the product 5c as a white powder (2.70 g, 69%): 99.80 area% by HPLC at 258 nm; mp = 222-223 °C; MS (ESI) m/z = 390 [MH]+; 1H NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 1 .30 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 3.63 (dd, J = 8.6, 6.8 Hz, 1 H), 4.02 (m, 1 H), 4.26 (m, 1 H), 4.37 (dd, J = 8.6, 6.8 Hz, 1 H), 4.53 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 2H), 4.84 (dd, J = 12.2, 4.2 Hz, 1 H), 5.40 (dd, J = 12.2, 4.2 Hz, 1 H), 6.91 (s, 1 H), 7.05 (m, 1 H), 7.24 (m, 1 H), 7.38 (m, 1 H), 8.62 (s, 1 H), 10.43 (t, J = 6.0 Hz, 1 H).

To a suspension of 5c (2.70 g, 6.9 mmol) in acetonitrile (32 mL) was added DABCO (39 mg, 5 mol%) and TCCA (1.01 g, 4.3 mmol). The mixture was stirred 20 h at 40 °C protected from light and then quenched with a mixture of DMSO (0.81 mL) and water (0.20 mL). The insoluble cyanuric acid was removed by filtration and washed with acetonitrile (10 mL). The filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure to give viscous oil that was crystallized from a mixture of methanol (10 mL) and water (5 mL), by slowly cooling the solution from 60 °C to room temperature. The product 6c was filtered, washed with cold methanol (8 mL) and dried to give an off-white powder (1 .20 g, 41 %): mp = 225-227 °C; MS (ESI) m/z = 424 [MH]+; 1H NMR

(DMSO-d6): δ 1.28 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 3.65 (dd, J = 8.6, 6.9 Hz, 1 H), 4.09 (m, 1 H), 4.26 (m, 1 H), 4.35 (dd, J = 8.6, 6.6 Hz, 1 H), 4.54 (d, J = 5.9 Hz, 2H), 4.85 (dd, J = 12.3, 3.8 Hz, 1 H), 5.42 (dd, J = 10.1 , 3.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.06 (m, 1 H), 7.24 (m, 1 H), 7.40 (m, 1 H), 8.67 (s, 1 H), 10.24 (t, J = 6.0 Hz, 1 H).

Example 35

cabotegravir

The suspension of 6c (1.00 g, 2.4 mmol) and sodium hydroxide (0.57 g, 14.2 mmol) in absolute ethanol (7 mL) was stirred at 40 °C for 16 h. The reaction was quenched with 0.5M H2S04 (15 mL), extracted with dichloromethane (20 mL), the extract washed with water (20 mL) and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was triturated in MTBE (10 mL), the product filtered, washed with MTBE (10 mL) and dried to give cabotegravir as an off-white solid (0.74 g, 77%): MS (ESI) m/z = 405 [MH]+.

Lek, a Sandoz company, opens the first production facility in Slovenia for drug substances for innovative medicines at its Mengeš site

Vojmir Urlep, president of Lek Board of Management

 

Dr Miro Cerar, the Prime Minister of the Republic of SloveniaPhoto for print

Dr Miro Cerar, the Prime Minister of the Republic of Slovenia

Lek, a Sandoz company, awarded for cooperation in practical training of students of the Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology

30. 1. 2015

At a ceremony held on 22 January 2015 at the Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, the Maks Samec awards and recognitions for 2014 were presented for the best doctoral thesis in the field of chemistry, the best doctoral thesis in the field of chemical engineering and chemical technology and for services and merits to the Faculty in the year 2014. On this occasion, the Faculty also wanted to thank all the companies and individuals who shared their knowledge and resources to help the Faculty on its education and research path.

Lek, a Sandoz company, received a plaque for taking part in the implementation of practical training, which was collected, on behalf of the company, by Samo Roš, Head of Human Resources and a Member of the Lek Board of Management. By doing so, the Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology thanked all the mentors who directly transfer their expertise and valuable experience onto students, teaching them specific skills, encouraging their development, guiding them through the work process and ensuring that students become socialized in the workplace.

* * *

Lek, a Sandoz company, is one of key pillars of the second-largest generic pharmaceutical company globally. Its role within Sandoz is to act as: a leading global development center for technologically demanding products and technologies; a global manufacturing center for active pharmaceutical ingredients and medicines; a competence center for the development of vertically integrated products; a Sandoz competence center in the field of development and manufacturing of biosimilar products; and, a supply center for the markets of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), South East Europe (SEE) and Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), and it is responsible for sales on the Slovenian market. For further information please visit http://www.lek.si/en.

Sandoz, the generic pharmaceuticals division of Novartis, is a global leader in the generic pharmaceutical sector. Sandoz employs over 26,400 employees and its products are available in more than 160 countries, offering a broad range of high-quality, affordable products that are no longer protected by patents. With USD 9.6 billion in sales in 2014, Sandoz has a portfolio of approximately 1,100 molecules, and holds the #1 position globally in biosimilars as well as in generic injectables, ophthalmics, dermatology and antibiotics, complemented by leading positions in the cardiovascular, metabolism, central nervous system, pain, gastrointestinal, respiratory, and hormonal therapeutic areas. Sandoz develops, produces, and markets these medicines, as well as active pharmaceutical and biotechnological substances. Nearly half of Sandoz’s portfolio is in differentiated products, which are defined as products that are more difficult to scientifically develop and manufacture than standard generics. In addition to strong organic growth since consolidating its generics businesses under the Sandoz brand name in 2003, Sandoz has benefitted from strong growth of its acquisitions, which include Lek (Slovenia), Sabex (Canada), Hexal (Germany), Eon Labs (US), EBEWE Pharma (Austria), Oriel Therapeutics (US), and Fougera Pharmaceuticals (US).
Sandoz is on Twitter. Sign up to follow @Sandoz_global at http://twitter.com/Sandoz_Global.

Novartis provides innovative healthcare solutions that address the evolving needs of patients and societies. Headquartered in Basel, Switzerland, Novartis offers a diversified portfolio to best meet these needs: innovative medicines, eye care, cost-saving generic pharmaceuticals, preventive vaccines and over-the-counter products. Novartis is the only global company with leading positions in these areas. In 2014, the Group achieved net sales of USD 58.0 billion, while R&D throughout the Group amounted to approximately USD 9.9 billion (USD 9.6 billion excluding impairment and amortization charges). Novartis Group companies employ approximately 130,000 full-time-equivalent associates. Novartis products are available in more than 180 countries around the world. For more information, please visit www.novartis.com

 

////////////Carbotegravir, Dolutegravir, New Patent, WO 2016113372, Lek Pharmaceutical and Chemical Co DD

Share

Belinostat (PXD101), a novel HDAC inhibitor

 FDA 2014, Uncategorized  Comments Off on Belinostat (PXD101), a novel HDAC inhibitor
Jul 232016
 

File:Belinostat.svg

Belinostat (PXD101)

 FAST TRACK FDA , ORPHAN STATUS

PXD101;PX105684;PXD-101;PXD 101;PX-105684
UNII:F4H96P17NZ
N-Hydroxy-3-(3-phenylsulphamoylphenyl)acrylamide
N-HYDROXY-3-[3-[(PHENYLAMINO)SULFONYL]PHENYL]-2-PROPENAMIDE
NSC726630
(E)-N-hydroxy-3-[3-(phenylsulfamoyl)phenyl]prop-2-enamide
414864-00-9 [RN]
866323-14-0 [RN]
Beleodaq®

Approved by FDA……http://www.drugs.com/newdrugs/fda-approves-beleodaq-belinostat-peripheral-t-cell-lymphoma-4052.html?utm_source=ddc&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Today%27s+news+summary+-+July+3%2C+2014

July 3, 2014 — The U.S. Food and Drug Administration today approved Beleodaq (belinostat) for the treatment of patients with peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL), a rare and fast-growing type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). The action was taken under the agency’s accelerated approval program.

Belinostat (PXD101) is a novel HDAC inhibitor with IC50 of 27 nM, with activity demonstrated in cisplatin-resistant tumors.

CLINICAL TRIALS…http://clinicaltrials.gov/search/intervention=Belinostat+OR+PXD101

MP 172–174 °C, (lit.(@) 172 °C). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 10.75–10.42 (m, 2H), 9.15 (s, 1H), 7.92 (s, 1H), 7.78 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.71 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H),7.47 (d, J = 15.8 Hz, 1H), 7.24 (m, 2H), 7.10–7.01 (m, 3H), 6.51 (d, J = 15.8 Hz, 1H). MS (ESI): m/z = 318.6 [M+H] +.

@ Finn, P. W.; Bandara, M.; Butcher, C.; Finn, A.; Hollinshead, R.; Khan, N.; Law, N.; Murthy, S.; Romero,R.; Watkins, C.; Andrianov, V.; Bokaldere, R. M.; Dikovska, K.; Gailite, V.; Loza, E.; Piskunova, I.;Starchenkov, I.; Vorona, M.; Kalvinsh, I. Helv. Chim. Acta 2005, 88, 1630, DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200590129

Beleodaq and Folotyn are marketed by Spectrum Pharmaceuticals, Inc., based in Henderson, Nevada. Istodax is marketed by Celgene Corporation based in Summit, New Jersey.

Belinostat was granted orphan drug status for the treatment of Peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) in the US in September 2009 and the EU in October 2012. In July 2015, an orphan drug designation has also been granted for malignant thymoma in the EU.

Belinostat received its first global approval in the US-FDA on 3 July 2014 for the intravenous (IV) treatment of relapsed or refractory PTCL in adults.

Belinostat was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on July 3, 2014. It was originally developed by CuraGen Pharma，then developed by Spectrum Pharmaceuticals cooperating with Onxeo, then marketed as Beleodaq® by Spectrum.

Beleodaq is a pan-histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor selectively causing the accumulation of acetylated histones and other proteinsin tumor cells. It is indicated for the treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL).

Beleodaq® is available as lyophilized powder for intravenous infusion, containing 500 mg of free Belinostat. The recommended dose is 1,000 mg/m2 once daily on days 1-5 of a 21-day cycle.

Index：

MW 318.07
MF C15H14N2O4S

414864-00-9  cas no

866323-14-0

(2E)-N-hydroxy-3-[3-(phenylsulfamoyl)phenyl]acrylamide

A novel HDAC inhibitor

Chemical structure for belinostat
PTCL comprises a diverse group of rare diseases in which lymph nodes become cancerous. In 2014, the National Cancer Institute estimates that 70,800 Americans will be diagnosed with NHL and 18,990 will die. PTCL represents about 10 to 15 percent of NHLs in North America.Belinostat inhibits the growth of tumor cells (A2780, HCT116, HT29, WIL, CALU-3, MCF7, PC3 and HS852) with IC50 from 0.2-0.66 μM. PD101 shows low activity in A2780/cp70 and 2780AD cells. Belinostat inhibits bladder cancer cell growth, especially in 5637 cells, which shows accumulation of G0-G1 phase, decrease in S phase, and increase in G2-M phase. Belinostat also shows enhanced tubulin acetylation in ovarian cancer cell lines. A recent study shows that Belinostat activates protein kinase A in a TGF-β signaling-dependent mechanism and decreases survivin mRNA.

Beleodaq works by stopping enzymes that contribute to T-cells, a type of immune cell, becoming cancerous. It is intended for patients whose disease returned after treatment (relapsed) or did not respond to previous treatment (refractory).

“This is the third drug that has been approved since 2009 for the treatment of peripheral T-cell lymphoma,” said Richard Pazdur, M.D., director of the Office of Hematology and Oncology Products in the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. “Today’s approval expands the number of treatment options available to patients with serious and life-threatening diseases.”

The FDA granted accelerated approval to Folotyn (pralatrexate) in 2009 for use in patients with relapsed or refractory PTCL and Istodax (romidepsin) in 2011 for the treatment of PTCL in patients who received at least one prior therapy.

The safety and effectiveness of Beleodaq was evaluated in a clinical study involving 129 participants with relapsed or refractory PTCL. All participants were treated with Beleodaq until their disease progressed or side effects became unacceptable. Results showed 25.8 percent of participants had their cancer disappear (complete response) or shrink (partial response) after treatment.

The most common side effects seen in Beleodaq-treated participants were nausea, fatigue, fever (pyrexia), low red blood cells (anemia), and vomiting.

The FDA’s accelerated approval program allows for approval of a drug based on surrogate or intermediate endpoints reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit for patients with serious conditions with unmet medical needs. Drugs receiving accelerated approval are subject to confirmatory trials verifying clinical benefit. Beleodaq also received orphan product designation by the FDA because it is intended to treat a rare disease or condition.

 

BELINOSTAT

Belinostat (trade name Beleodaq, previously known as PXD101) is a histone deacetylase inhibitor drug developed by TopoTargetfor the treatment of hematological malignancies and solid tumors.[2]

It was approved in July 2014 by the US FDA to treat peripheral T-cell lymphoma.[3]

In 2007 preliminary results were released from the Phase II clinical trial of intravenous belinostat in combination with carboplatin andpaclitaxel for relapsed ovarian cancer.[4] Final results in late 2009 of a phase II trial for T-cell lymphoma were encouraging.[5]Belinostat has been granted orphan drug and fast track designation by the FDA,[6] and was approved in the US for the use againstperipheral T-cell lymphoma on 3 July 2014.[3] It is not approved in Europe as of August 2014.[7]

The approved pharmaceutical formulation is given intravenously.[8]:180 Belinostat is primarily metabolized by UGT1A1; the initial dose should be reduced if the recipient is known to be homozygous for the UGT1A1*28 allele.[8]:179 and 181

NCI: A novel hydroxamic acid-type histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor with antineoplastic activity. Belinostat targets HDAC enzymes, thereby inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis, promoting cellular differentiation, and inhibiting angiogenesis. This agent may sensitize drug-resistant tumor cells to other antineoplastic agents, possibly through a mechanism involving the down-regulation of thymidylate synthase

 

The study of inhibitors of histone deacetylases indicates that these enzymes play an important role in cell proliferation and differentiation. The inhibitor Trichostatin A (TSA) (Yoshida et al., 1990a) causes cell cycle arrest at both G1 and G2 phases (Yoshida and Beppu, 1988), reverts the transformed phenotype of different cell lines, and induces differentiation of Friend leukaemia cells and others (Yoshida et al., 1990b). TSA (and SAHA) have been reported to inhibit cell growth, induce terminal differentiation, and prevent the formation of tumours in mice (Finnin et al., 1999).

Trichostatin A (TSA)

Figure imgf000005_0001

Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid (SAHA)

Figure imgf000005_0002

Cell cycle arrest by TSA correlates with an increased expression of gelsolin (Hoshikawa et al., 1994), an actin regulatory protein that is down regulated in malignant breast cancer (Mielnicki et al., 1999). Similar effects on cell cycle and differentiation have been observed with a number of deacetylase inhibitors (Kim et al., 1999). Trichostatin A has also been reported to be useful in the treatment of fibrosis, e.g., liver fibrosis and liver cirrhosis. See, e.g., Geerts et al., 1998.

Recently, certain compounds that induce differentiation have been reported to inhibit histone deacetylases. Several experimental antitumour compounds, such as trichostatin A (TSA), trapoxin, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), and phenylbutyrate have been reported to act, at least in part, by inhibiting histone deacetylase (see, e.g., Yoshida et al., 1990; Richon et al., 1998; Kijima et al., 1993). Additionally, diallyl sulfide and related molecules (see, e.g., Lea et al., 1999), oxamflatin (see, e.g., Kim et al., 1999), MS-27-275, a synthetic benzamide derivative (see, e.g., Saito et al., 1999; Suzuki et al., 1999; note that MS-27-275 was later re-named as MS-275), butyrate derivatives (see, e.g., Lea and Tulsyan, 1995), FR901228 (see, e.g., Nokajima et al., 1998), depudecin (see, e.g., Kwon et al., 1998), and m-carboxycinnamic acid bishydroxamide (see, e.g., Richon et al., 1998) have been reported to inhibit histone deacetylases. In vitro, some of these compounds are reported to inhibit the growth of fibroblast cells by causing cell cycle arrest in the G1 and G2 phases, and can lead to the terminal differentiation and loss of transforming potential of a variety of transformed cell lines (see, e.g., Richon et al, 1996; Kim et al., 1999; Yoshida et al., 1995; Yoshida & Beppu, 1988). In vivo, phenybutyrate is reported to be effective in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia in conjunction with retinoic acid (see, e.g., Warrell et al., 1998). SAHA is reported to be effective in preventing the formation of mammary tumours in rats, and lung tumours in mice (see, e.g., Desai et al., 1999).

The clear involvement of HDACs in the control of cell proliferation and differentiation suggest that aberrant HDAC activity may play a role in cancer. The most direct demonstration that deacetylases contribute to cancer development comes from the analysis of different acute promyelocytic leukaemias (APL). In most APL patients, a translocation of chromosomes 15 and 17 (t(15;17)) results in the expression of a fusion protein containing the N-terminal portion of PML gene product linked to most of RARσ (retinoic acid receptor). In some cases, a different translocation (t(11 ;17)) causes the fusion between the zinc finger protein PLZF and RARα. In the absence of ligand, the wild type RARα represses target genes by tethering HDAC repressor complexes to the promoter DNA. During normal hematopoiesis, retinoic acid (RA) binds RARα and displaces the repressor complex, allowing expression of genes implicated in myeloid differentiation. The RARα fusion proteins occurring in APL patients are no longer responsive to physiological levels of RA and they interfere with the expression of the RA- inducible genes that promote myeloid differentiation. This results in a clonal expansion of promyelocytic cells and development of leukaemia. In vitro experiments have shown that TSA is capable of restoring RA-responsiveness to the fusion RARα proteins and of allowing myeloid differentiation. These results establish a link between HDACs and oncogenesis and suggest that HDACs are potential targets for pharmaceutical intervention in APL patients. (See, for example, Kitamura et al., 2000; David et al., 1998; Lin et al., 1998).

BELINOSTAT

Furthermore, different lines of evidence suggest that HDACs may be important therapeutic targets in other types of cancer. Cell lines derived from many different cancers (prostate, coloreetal, breast, neuronal, hepatic) are induced to differentiate by HDAC inhibitors (Yoshida and Horinouchi, 1999). A number of HDAC inhibitors have been studied in animal models of cancer. They reduce tumour growth and prolong the lifespan of mice bearing different types of transplanted tumours, including melanoma, leukaemia, colon, lung and gastric carcinomas, etc. (Ueda et al., 1994; Kim et al., 1999).

Psoriasis is a common chronic disfiguring skin disease which is characterised by well-demarcated, red, hardened scaly plaques: these may be limited or widespread. The prevalence rate of psoriasis is approximately 2%, i.e., 12.5 million sufferers in the triad countries (US/Europe/Japan). While the disease is rarely fatal, it clearly has serious detrimental effects upon the quality of life of the patient: this is further compounded by the lack of effective therapies. Present treatments are either ineffective, cosmetically unacceptable, or possess undesired side effects. There is therefore a large unmet clinical need for effective and safe drugs for this condition. Psoriasis is a disease of complex etiology. Whilst there is clearly a genetic component, with a number of gene loci being involved, there are also undefined environmental triggers. Whatever the ultimate cause of psoriasis, at the cellular level, it is characterised by local T-cell mediated inflammation, by keratinocyte hyperproliferation, and by localised angiogenesis. These are all processes in which histone deacetylases have been implicated (see, e.g., Saunders et al., 1999; Bernhard et al, 1999; Takahashi et al, 1996; Kim et al , 2001 ). Therefore HDAC inhibitors may be of use in therapy for psoriasis. Candidate drugs may be screened, for example, using proliferation assays with T-cells and/or keratinocytes.

 CLIP

PXD101/Belinostat®

(E)-N-hydroxy-3-(3-phenylsulfamoyl-phenyl)-acrylamide, also known as PXD101 and Belinostat®, shown below, is a well known histone deacetylate (HDAC) inhibitor. It is being developed for treatment of a range of disorders mediated by HDAC, including proliferative conditions (such as cancer and psoriasis), malaria, etc.

Figure US20100286279A1-20101111-C00001

PXD101 was first described in WO 02/30879 A2. That document describes a multi-step method of synthesis which may conveniently be illustrated by the following scheme.

Figure US20100286279A1-20101111-C00002
Figure US20100286279A1-20101111-C00003

PATENT

GENERAL SYNTHESIS

str1

WO2002030879A2

IGNORE 10

Figure imgf000060_0002

ENTRY 45 IS BELINOSTAT

Scheme 1

Figure imgf000101_0001

By using amines instead of aniline, the corresponding products may be obtained. The use of aniline, 4-methoxyaniline, 4-methylaniline, 4-bromoaniline, 4-chloroaniline, 4-benzylamine, and 4-phenethyamine, among others, is described in the Examples below.

In another method, a suitable amino acid (e.g., ω-amino acid) having a protected carboxylic acid (e.g., as an ester) and an unprotected amino group is reacted with a sulfonyl chloride compound (e.g., RSO2CI) to give the corresponding sulfonamide having a protected carboxylic acid. The protected carboxylic acid is then deprotected using base to give the free carboxylic acid, which is then reacted with, for example, hydroxylamine 2-chlorotrityl resin followed by acid (e.g., trifluoroacetic acid), to give the desired carbamic acid.

One example of this approach is illustrated below, in Scheme 2, wherein the reaction conditions are as follows: (i) RSO2CI, pyridine, DCM, room temperature, 12 hours; (ii) 1 M LiOH or 1 M NaOH, dioxane, room temperature, 3-48 hours; (iii) hydroxylamine 2-chlorotrityl resin, HOAt, HATU, DIPEA, DCM, room temperature, 16 hours; and (iv) TFA/DCM (5:95, v/v), room temperature, 1.5 hours.

Scheme 2

Figure imgf000102_0001

Additional methods for the synthesis of compounds of the present invention are illustrated below and are exemplified in the examples below.

Scheme 3A

Figure imgf000102_0002

Scheme 3B

Figure imgf000103_0001

Scheme 4

Figure imgf000104_0001
Figure imgf000105_0001

Scheme 8

Figure imgf000108_0002

Scheme 9

Figure imgf000109_0001

PATENT

SYNTHESIS

WO2002030879A2

Example 1

3-Formylbenzenesulfonic acid, sodium salt (1)

Figure imgf000123_0001

Oleum (5 ml) was placed in a reaction vessel and benzaldehyde (2.00 g, 18.84 mmol) was slowly added not exceeding the temperature of the reaction mixture more than 30°C. The obtained solution was stirred at 40°C for ten hours and at ambient temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was poured into ice and extracted with ethyl acetate. The aqueous phase was treated with CaC03 until the evolution of C02 ceased (pH~6-7), then the precipitated CaSO4was filtered off and washed with water. The filtrate was treated with Na2CO3 until the pH of the reaction medium increased to pH 8, obtained CaCO3 was filtered off and water solution was evaporated in vacuum. The residue was washed with methanol, the washings were evaporated and the residue was dried in desiccator over P2Oβ affording the title compound (2.00 g, 51%). 1H NMR (D20), δ: 7.56-8.40 (4H, m); 10.04 ppm (1 H, s).

Example 2 3-(3-Sulfophenyl)acrylic acid methyl ester, sodium salt (2)

Figure imgf000124_0001

Sodium salt of 3-formylbenzenesulfonic acid (1) (1.00 g, 4.80 mmol), potassium carbonate (1.32 g, 9.56 mmol), trimethyl phosphonoacetate (1.05 g, 5.77 mmol) and water (2 ml) were stirred at ambient temperature for 30 min., precipitated solid was filtered and washed with methanol. The filtrate was evaporated and the title compound (2) was obtained as a white solid (0.70 g, 55%). 1H NMR (DMSO- dβl HMDSO), δ: 3.68 (3H, s); 6.51 (1 H, d, J=16.0 Hz); 7.30-7.88 (5H, m).

Example 3 3-(3-Chlorosulfonylphenyl)acrylic acid methyl ester (3)

Figure imgf000124_0002

To the sodium salt of 3-(3-sulfophenyl)acrylic acid methyl ester (2) (0.670 g, 2.53 mmol) benzene (2 ml), thionyl chloride (1.508 g, 0.9 ml, 12.67 mmol) and 3 drops of dimethylformamide were added and the resultant suspension was stirred at reflux for one hour. The reaction mixture was evaporated, the residue was dissolved in benzene (3 ml), filtered and the filtrate was evaporated to give the title compound (0.6’40 g, 97%).

Example 4 3-(3-Phenylsulfamoylphenyl)acrylic acid methyl ester (4a)

Figure imgf000125_0001

A solution of 3-(3-chlorosulfonylphenyl)acrylic acid methyl ester (3) (0.640 g, 2.45 mmol) in dichloromethane (2 ml) was added to a mixture of aniline (0.465 g, 4.99 mmol) and pyridine (1 ml), and the resultant solution was stirred at 50°C for one hour. The reaction mixture was evaporated and the residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate and 10% HCI. The organic layer was washed successively with water, saturated NaCl, and dried (Na2S0 ). The solvent was removed and the residue was chromatographed on silica gel with chloroform-ethyl acetate (7:1 , v/v) as eluent. The obtained product was washed with diethyl ether to give the title compound (0.226 g, 29%). 1H NMR (CDCI3, HMDSO), δ: 3.72 (3H, s); 6.34 (1H, d, J=16.0 Hz); 6.68 (1 H, br s); 6.92-7.89 (10H, m).

Example 5 3-(3-Phenylsulfamoylphenyl)acrylic acid (5a)

Figure imgf000125_0002

3-(3-Phenylsulfamoylphenyl)acrylic acid methyl ester (4a) (0.220 g, 0.69 mmol) was dissolved in methanol (3 ml), 1N NaOH (2.08 ml, 2.08 mmol) was added and the resultant solution was stirred at ambient temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was partitioned between ethyl acetate and water. The aqueous layer was acidified with 10% HCI and stirred for 30 min. The precipitated solid was filtered, washed with water and dried in desiccator over P2Os to give the title compound as a white solid (0.173 g, 82%). Example 6 3-(3-Phenylsulfamoylphenyl)acryloyl chloride (6a)

Figure imgf000126_0001

To a suspension of 3-(3-phenylsulfamoylphenyl)acrylic acid (5a) (0.173 g, 0.57 mmol) in dichloromethane (2.3 ml) oxalyl chloride (0.17 ml, 1.95 mmol) and one drop of dimethylformamide were added. The reaction mixture was stirred at 40°C for one hour and concentrated under reduced pressure to give crude title compound (0.185 g).

Example 7

N-Hydroxy-3-(3-phenylsulfamoylphenyl)acrylamide (7a) (PX105684) BELINOSTAT

Figure imgf000126_0002

To a suspension of hydroxylamine hydrochloride (0.200 g, 2.87 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (3.5 ml) a saturated NaHCOβ solution (2.5 ml) was added and the resultant mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 10 min. To the reaction mixture a 3-(3-phenylsulfamoylphenyl)acryloyl chloride (6a) (0.185 g) solution in tetrahydrofuran (2.3 ml) was added and stirred at ambient temperature for one hour. The reaction mixture was partitioned between ethyl acetate and 2N HCI. The organic layer was washed successively with water and saturated NaCl, the solvent was removed and the residue was washed with acetonitrile and diethyl ether.

The title compound was obtained as a white solid (0.066 g, 36%), m.p. 172°C. BELINOSTAT

1H NMR (DMSO-d6, HMDSO), δ: 6.49 (1 H, d, J=16.0 Hz); 7.18-8.05 (10H, m); 9.16 (1 H, br s); 10.34 (1 H, s); 10.85 ppm (1 H, br s).

HPLC analysis on Symmetry C18column: impurities 4% (column size 3.9×150 mm; mobile phase acetonitrile – 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 2.5), 40:60; sample concentration 1 mg/ml; flow rate 0.8 ml/ min; detector UV 220 nm).

Anal. Calcd for C15Hι4N204S, %: C 56.59, H 4.43, N 8.80. Found, %: C 56.28, H 4.44, N 8.56.

PATENT

https://www.google.com/patents/CN102786448A?cl=en

Example: belinostat (compound of formula I) Preparation of

 

Figure CN102786448AD00092

Methods of operation:

The compound of formula II (4. Og) added to the reactor, was added methanol 30ml, and stirred to dissolve, was added IM aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (38mL), stirred at room temperature overnight, the reaction was completed, ethyl acetate was added (IOmL) ^ K (20mL), stirred for 5 minutes, phase separation, the ethyl acetate phase was discarded, the aqueous phase was acidified with 10% hydrochloric acid to pH2, stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes, filtered, washed with water, and dried to give hydrolyzate 3. lg, yield rate of 81.6%.

 The hydrolyzate (3. Og) added to the reactor, was added methylene chloride (53. 2g), dissolved with stirring, was added oxalyl chloride (2.8mL, 0.0032mol) at room temperature was added I drop DMF, reflux I hours, concentrated and the residue was dissolved in THF (30mL) alternate, the other to take a reaction flask was added hydroxylamine hydrochloride (3. 5g, 0.05mol), THF (50mL), saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (40mL), the mixture at room temperature under stirring for 10 minutes, then was added to spare, stirred at room temperature for I hour, the reaction was complete, at – at room temperature was added ethyl acetate (50mL), 2M hydrochloric acid (50mL), stirred for 5 minutes the phases were separated, the aqueous phase was discarded, the organic layer was washed with water, saturated brine, dried, filtered and concentrated to give crude product belinostat, recrystallized from ethyl acetate, 50 ° C and dried for 8 hours to give white crystals 2. 6g, yield 83.8%. .  1H-NMR (DMS0-d6, 400MHz) δ: 6 50 (1H, d, J = 16. OHz); 7 07 (d, J = 7. 8Hz, 2H); 7 16 (t.. , J = 7. 3Hz, 1H);. 7 25 (m, 2H);. 7 45 (t, J = 7. 8Hz, 1H);. 7 60 (d, J = 15. 9Hz, 1H); 7 . 62 (d, J = 7. 7Hz, 1H);. 7 75 (d, J = 7. 8Hz, 1H);. 7 88 (br s. ‘1H);. 9 17 (br s’ 1H); 10. 35 (s, 1H);. 10 82ppm (br s, 1H). ·

str1

 

Step a): Preparation of Compound III

 

Figure CN102786448AD00071

 The carboxy benzene sulfonate (224g, Imol), anhydrous methanol (2300g), concentrated hydrochloric acid (188. 6g) refluxing

3-5 hours, filtered and the filtrate was added anhydrous sodium bicarbonate powder (200g), stirred for I hour, filtered, the filter residue was discarded, the filtrate was concentrated. The concentrate was added methanol (2000g), stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes, filtered and the filtrate was concentrated to dryness, 80 ° C and dried for 4 hours to give a white solid compound III147g, yield 61.8%.

Step b): Preparation of Compound IV

 

Figure CN102786448AD00072

 Compound III (50g, 0. 21mol), phosphorus oxychloride (250mL) was refluxed for 2_6 hours, completion of the reaction, cooled to

0-5 ° C, was slowly added to ice water, stirred for 2 hours and filtered to give a brown solid compound IV40 g, due to the instability of Compound IV, directly into the next reaction without drying.

Preparation of Compound V: [0040] Step c)

 

Figure CN102786448AD00073

The aniline (5. 58g, 0. 06mol) and 30mL of toluene added to the reactor, stirred to dissolve, in step b) the resulting compound IV (7. 05g, O. 03mol) was dissolved in 60 ml of toluene, at room temperature dropwise added to the reactor, the addition was completed, stirring at room temperature for 1-2 hours, the reaction was completed, the filtered solid washed with water, and then recrystallized from toluene, 50 ° C and dried for 4 hours to obtain a white crystalline compound V6. Og, yield 73%. mp:.. 144 4-145 2. . .

 1H- bandit R (CDCl3, 400MHz) δ:…. 3 92 (s, 3H); 6 80 (. Br s, 1H); 7 06-7 09 (m, 2H); 7 11. . -7 15 (m, 1H);.. 7 22-7 26 (m, 2H);. 7 51 (t, J = 7. 8Hz, 1H);.. 7 90-7 93 (dt, J = . 1.2,7 8Hz, 1H); 8 18-8 21 (dt, J = I. 4, 7. 8Hz, 1H);… 8 48 (t, J = L 6Hz, 1H).

 IR v ™ r: 3243,3198,3081,2953,1705,1438,1345,766,702,681cm-1.

 Step d): Preparation of Compound VI

 

Figure CN102786448AD00081

 The anhydrous lithium chloride 2. 32g, potassium borohydride 2. 96g, THF50mL added to the reactor, stirring evenly, Compound V (8g, 0. 027mol) was dissolved in 7mL of tetrahydrofuran, was slowly dropped into the reactor was heated under reflux for 5 hours, the reaction was completed, the force mouth 40mL water and ethyl acetate 40mL, stirred for half an hour, allowed to stand for separation, the organic layer was washed with 40mL water, concentrated under reduced pressure to give the crude product, the crude product was recrystallized from toluene, solid 50 V dried for 4 hours to give a white crystalline compound VI6. 82g, yield 90. O%. mp:.. 98 2-98 6. . .

1H-NMR (DMS0-d6, 400ΜΗζ) δ:….. 4 53 (s, 2H); 5 39 (s, 1H); 6 99-7 03 (m, 1H); 7 08- 7. ll (m, 2H);.. 7 19-7 24 (m, 2H);.. 7 45-7 52 (m, 2H);.. 7 61-7 63 (dt, J = I. 8 , 7 4Hz, 1H);.. 7 79 (br s, 1H);. 10. 26 (s, 1H).

IRv =: 3453,3130,2964,1488,1151,1031, 757,688cm_10

Step e): Preparation of Compound VII

Figure CN102786448AD00082

After Compound VI (7.5g, 0.028mol) dissolved in acetone was added 7ml, dichloromethane was added 60mL, supported on silica gel was added PCC at room temperature 20g, stirred at room temperature for 12-24 hours, the reaction was complete, filtered and the filtrate was purified The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was discarded after the organic phase is washed 30mL5% aqueous sodium bicarbonate, evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure to give the crude product, the crude product was recrystallized from toluene, 50 ° C and dried for 8 hours to give white crystalline compound VII4. 7g, yield 62.7%. mp:.. 128 1-128 5 ° C.

 1H- bandit R (CDCl3,400MHz) δ:…. 7 08-7 15 (m, 4Η); 7 · 23-7 27 (m, 2H); 7 · 60-7 64 (t, J = 7 7Hz, 1Η);.. 8 00 (d, J = 7. 6Hz, 1Η);. 8 04 (d, J = 7. 6Hz, 1Η);. 8 30 (br s’ 1Η).; 10. 00 (S, 1Η).

 IR ν ™ Γ: 3213,3059,2964,2829,1687,1480,1348,1159,1082,758,679cm_10

Preparation of compounds of formula II: [0055] Step f)

 

Figure CN102786448AD00091

 phosphoryl trimethylorthoacetate (2. 93g, 0. 0161mol) added to the reaction vessel, THF30mL, stirring to dissolve, cooled to -5-0 ° C, was added sodium hydride (O. 8g, content 80%) , the addition was completed, stirring for 10-20 minutes, was added dropwise the compound VII (4g, O. 0156mol) and THF (20mL) solution, stirred for 1_4 hours at room temperature, the reaction was complete, 10% aqueous ammonium chloride solution was added dropwise 50mL, and then After addition of 50mL of ethyl acetate, stirred 30min rested stratification, the aqueous layer was discarded, the organic phase was concentrated under reduced pressure to give the crude product, the crude product was recrystallized from methanol 60mL, 50 ° C and dried for 8 hours to give white crystalline compound 113. 6g, yield 75%. mp:.. 152 0-152 5 ° C.

 1H-Nmr (Cdci3JOOmHz) δ:…. 3 81 (s, 3H); 6 40 (d, J = 16. 0Hz, 1H); 6 79 (. Br s, 1H); 7 08 ( d, J = 7. 8Hz, 2H);. 7 14 (t, J = 7. 3Hz, 1H);. 7 24 (m, 2H);. 7 46 (t, J = 7. 8Hz, 1H); 7. 61 (d, J = 16. ΟΗζ, ΙΗ);. 7 64 (d, J = 7. 6Hz, 1H);. 7 75 (d, J = 7. 8Hz, 1H);. 7 89 (br . s, 1H).

IR v ^ :: 3172,3081,2954,2849,1698,1475,1345,1157,773,714,677cm-1.

 

PATENT

SYNTHESIS

US20100286279

Figure US20100286279A1-20101111-C00034

CLIP

SYNTHESIS AND SPECTRAL DATA

Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 2011 ,  vol. 54,  13  pg. 4694 – 4720

(E)-N-Hydroxy-3-(3-phenylsulfamoyl-phenyl)-acrylamide (28, belinostat, PXD101).

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/jm2003552

 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/jm2003552/suppl_file/jm2003552_si_001.pdf

The methyl ester (27) (8.0 g) was prepared according to reported synthetic route,

(Watkins, C. J.; Romero-Martin, M.-R.; Moore, K. G.; Ritchie, J.; Finn, P. W.; Kalvinsh, I.;
Loza, E.; Dikvoska, K.; Gailite, V.; Vorona, M.; Piskunova, I.; Starchenkov, I.; Harris, C. J.;
Duffy, J. E. S. Carbamic acid compounds comprising a sulfonamide linkage as HDAC
inhibitors. PCT Int. Appl. WO200230879A2, April 18, 2002.)
but using procedure D (Experimental Section) or method described for 26 to convert the methyl ester to crude
hydroxamic acid which was further purified by chromatography (silica, MeOH/DCM = 1:10) to
afford 28 (PXD101) as off-white or pale yellow powder (2.5 g, 31%).

LC–MS m/z 319.0 ([M +H]+).

1H NMR (DMSO-d6)  12–9 (very broad, 2H), 7.90 (s, 1H), 7.76 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.70 (d, J

= 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (d, J = 15.8 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.08 (d,J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.01 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.50 (d, J = 15.8 Hz, 1H);

13C NMR (DMSO-d6)  162.1, 140.6, 138.0, 136.5, 135.9, 131.8, 130.0, 129.2, 127.1, 124.8, 124.1, 121.3, 120.4.

Anal.
(C15H14N2O4S) C, H, N

str1

 

 

PATENT

SYNTHESIS

str1

WO2009040517A2

PXDIOI / Belinostat®

(E)-N-hydroxy-3-(3-phenylsulfamoyl-phenyl)-acrylamide, also known as PXD101 and Belinostat®, shown below, is a well known histone deacetylate (HDAC) inhibitor. It is being developed for treatment of a range of disorders mediated by HDAC, including proliferative conditions (such as cancer and psoriasis), malaria, etc.

Figure imgf000003_0001

PXD101 was first described in WO 02/30879 A2. That document describes a multi-step method of synthesis which may conveniently be illustrated by the following scheme.

Scheme 1

Not isolated

Figure imgf000003_0002

ed on (A)

on (D)

Figure imgf000003_0003

d on (H)

Figure imgf000004_0001

There is a need for alternative methods for the synthesis of PXD101 and related compounds for example, methods which are simpler and/or employ fewer steps and/or permit higher yields and/or higher purity product.

Scheme 5

Figure imgf000052_0001

DMAP, toluene

Figure imgf000052_0003
Figure imgf000052_0002
Figure imgf000052_0004

Synthesis 1 3-Bromo-N-phenyl-benzenesulfonamide (3)

Figure imgf000052_0005

To a 30 gallon (-136 L) reactor was charged aniline (2) (4.01 kg; 93.13 g/mol; 43 mol), toluene (25 L), and 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP) (12 g), and the mixture was heated to 50-600C. 3-Bromobenzenesulfonyl chloride (1) (5 kg; 255.52 g/mol; 19.6 mol) was charged into the reactor over 30 minutes at 50-600C and progress of the reaction was monitored by HPLC. After 19 hours, toluene (5 L) was added due to losses overnight through the vent line and the reaction was deemed to be complete with no compound (1) being detected by HPLC. The reaction mixture was diluted with toluene (10 L) and then quenched with 2 M aqueous hydrochloric acid (20 L). The organic and aqueous layers were separated, the aqueous layer was discarded, and the organic layer was washed with water (20 L), and then 5% (w/w) sodium bicarbonate solution (20 L), while maintaining the batch temperature at 45-55°C. The batch was then used in the next synthesis.

Synthesis 2 (E)-3-(3-Phenylsulfamoyl-phenyl)-acrylic acid ethyl ester (5)

Figure imgf000053_0001

To the batch containing 3-bromo-N-phenyl-benzenesulfonamide (3) (the treated organic layer obtained in the previous synthesis) was added triethylamine (2.97 kg; 101.19 g/mol; 29.4 mol), tri(o-tolyl)phosphine (119 g; 304.37 g/mol; 0.4 mol), and palladium (II) acetate (44 g; 224.51 g/mol; 0.2 mol), and the resulting mixture was degassed four times with a vacuum/nitrogen purge at 45-55°C. Catalytic palladium (0) was formed in situ. The batch was then heated to 80-900C and ethyl acrylate (4) (2.16 kg; 100.12 g/mol; 21.6 mol) was slowly added over 2.75 hours. The batch was sampled after a further 2 hours and was deemed to be complete with no compound (3) being detected by HPLC. The batch was cooled to 45-55°C and for convenience was left at this temperature overnight.

The batch was then reduced in volume under vacuum to 20-25 L, at a batch temperature of 45-55°C, and ethyl acetate (20 L) was added. The batch was filtered and the residue washed with ethyl acetate (3.5 L). The residue was discarded and the filtrates were sent to a 100 gallon (-454 L) reactor, which had been pre-heated to 600C. The 30 gallon (-136 L) reactor was then cleaned to remove any residual Pd, while the batch in the 100 gallon (-454 L) reactor was washed with 2 M aqueous hydrochloric acid and water at 45-55°C. Once the washes were complete and the 30 gallon (-136 L) reactor was clean, the batch was transferred from the 100 gallon (-454 L) reactor back to the 30 gallon (-136 L) reactor and the solvent was swapped under vacuum from ethyl acetate/toluene to toluene while maintaining a batch temperature of 45-55°C (the volume was reduced to 20-25 L). At this point, the batch had precipitated and heptanes (10 L) were added to re-dissolve it. The batch was then cooled to 0-100C and held at this temperature over the weekend in order to precipitate the product. The batch was filtered and the residue was washed with heptanes (5 L). A sample of the wet-cake was taken for Pd analysis. The Pd content of the crude product (5) was determined to be 12.9 ppm.

The wet-cake was then charged back into the 30 gallon (-136 L) reactor along with ethyl acetate (50 L) and heated to 40-500C in order to obtain a solution. A sparkler filter loaded with 12 impregnated Darco G60® carbon pads was then connected to the reactor and the solution was pumped around in a loop through the sparkler filter. After 1 hour, a sample was taken and evaporated to dryness and analysed for Pd content. The amount of Pd was found to be 1.4 ppm. A second sample was taken after 2 hours and evaporated to dryness and analysed for Pd content. The amount of Pd had been reduced to 0.6 ppm. The batch was blown back into the reactor and held at 40-500C overnight before the solvent was swapped under vacuum from ethyl acetate to toluene while maintaining a batch temperature of 45-55°C (the volume was reduced to 20-25 L). At this point, the batch had precipitated and heptanes (10 L) were added to re-dissolve it and the batch was cooled to 0-100C and held at this temperature overnight in order to precipitate the product. The batch was filtered and the residue was washed with heptanes (5 L). The filtrate was discarded and the residue was dried at 45-55°C under vacuum for 25 hours. A first lot of the title compound (5) was obtained as an off-white solid (4.48 kg, 69% overall yield from 3-bromobenzenesulfonyl chloride (1)) with a Pd content of 0.4 ppm and a purity of 99.22% (AUC) by HPLC.

Synthesis 3 (E)-3-(3-Phenylsulfamoyl-phenyl)-acrvlic acid (6)

Figure imgf000054_0001

To the 30 gallon (-136 L) reactor was charged the (E)-3-(3-phenylsulfamoyl-phenyl)- acrylic acid ethyl ester (5) (4.48 kg; 331.39 g/mol; 13.5 mol) along with 2 M aqueous sodium hydroxide (17.76 L; -35 mol). The mixture was heated to 40-50°C and held at this temperature for 2 hours before sampling, at which point the reaction was deemed to be complete with no compound (5) being detected by HPLC. The batch was adjusted to pH 2.2 using 1 M aqueous hydrochloric acid while maintaining the batch temperature between 40-500C. The product had precipitated and the batch was cooled to 20-300C and held at this temperature for 1 hour before filtering and washing the cake with water (8.9 L). The filtrate was discarded. The batch was allowed to condition on the filter overnight before being charged back into the reactor and slurried in water (44.4 L) at 40-500C for 2 hours. The batch was cooled to 15-20°C, held for 1 hour, and then filtered and the residue washed with water (8.9 L). The filtrate was discarded. The crude title compound (6) was transferred to an oven for drying at 45-55°C under vacuum with a slight nitrogen bleed for 5 days (this was done for convenience) to give a white solid (3.93 kg, 97% yield). The moisture content of the crude material was measured using Karl Fischer (KF) titration and found to be <0.1% (w/w). To the 30 gallon (-136 L) reactor was charged the crude compound (6) along with acetonitrile (47.2 L). The batch was heated to reflux (about 80°C) and held at reflux for 2 hours before cooling to 0-10°C and holding at this temperature overnight in order to precipitate the product. The batch was filtered and the residue was washed with cold acetonitrile (7.9 L). The filtrate was discarded and the residue was dried under vacuum at 45-55°C for 21.5 hours. The title compound (6) was obtained as a fluffy white solid (3.37 kg, 84% yield with respect to compound (5)) with a purity of 99.89% (AUC) by HPLC.

Synthesis 4 (E)-N-Hvdroxy-3-(3-phenylsulfamoyl-phenyl)-acrylamide (PXD101) BELINOSTAT

Figure imgf000055_0001

To the 30 gallon (-136 L) reactor was charged (E)-3-(3-phenylsulfamoyl-phenyl)-acrylic acid (6) (3.37 kg; 303.34 g/mol; 11.1 mol) and a pre-mixed solution of 1 ,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) in isopropyl acetate (IPAc) (27 g in 30 L; 152.24 g/mol; 0.18 mol). The slurry was stirred and thionyl chloride (SOCI2) (960 mL; density ~1.631 g/mL; 118.97 g/mol; -13 mol) was added to the reaction mixture and the batch was stirred at 20-300C overnight. After 18.5 hours, the batch was sampled and deemed to be complete with no compound (6) being detected by HPLC. The resulting solution was transferred to a 100 L Schott reactor for temporary storage while the

30 gallon (-136 L) reactor was rinsed with isopropyl acetate (IPAc) and water. Deionized water (28.9 L) was then added to the 30 gallon (-136 L) reactor followed by 50% (w/w) hydroxylamine (6.57 L; -1.078 g/mL; 33.03 g/mol; -214 mol) and another charge of deionized water (1.66 L) to rinse the lines free of hydroxylamine to make a 10% (w/w) hydroxylamine solution. Tetrahydrofuran (THF) (6.64 L) was then charged to the

30 gallon (-136 L) reactor and the mixture was stirred and cooled to 0-100C. The acid chloride solution (from the 100 L Schott reactor) was then slowly charged into the hydroxylamine solution over 1 hour maintaining a batch temperature of 0-10°C during the addition. The batch was then allowed to warm to 20-300C. The aqueous layer was separated and discarded. The organic layer was then reduced in volume under vacuum while maintaining a batch temperature of less than 300C. The intention was to distill out 10-13 L of solvent, but this level was overshot. A larger volume of isopropyl acetate (IPAc) (16.6 L) was added and about 6 L of solvent was distilled out. The batch had precipitated and heptanes (24.9 L) were added and the batch was held at 20-30°C overnight. The batch was filtered and the residue was washed with heptanes (6.64 L). The filtrate was discarded and the residue was dried at 45-55°C under vacuum with a slight nitrogen bleed over the weekend. The title compound (PXD101) was obtained as a light orange solid (3.11 kg, 89% yield with respect to compound (6)) with a purity of 99.25% (AUC) by HPLC.

The title compound (PXD101) (1.2 kg, 3.77 mol) was dissolved in 8 volumes of 1:1 (EtOH/water) at 600C. Sodium bicarbonate (15.8 g, 5 mol%) was added to the solution. Water (HPLC grade) was then added at a rate of 65 mL/min while keeping the internal temperature >57°C. After water (6.6 L) had been added, crystals started to form and the water addition was stopped. The reaction mixture was then cooled at a rate of 10°C/90 min to a temperature of 0-10cC and then stirred at ambient temperature overnight. The crystals were then filtered and collected. The filter cake was washed by slurrying in water (2 x 1.2 L) and then dried in an oven at 45°C for 60 hours with a slight nitrogen bleed. 1.048 kg (87% recovery) of a light orange solid was recovered. Microscopy and XRPD data showed a conglomerate of irregularly shaped birefringant crystalline particles. The compound was found to contain 0.02% water.

As discussed above: the yield of compound (5) with respect to compound (1) was 69%. the yield of compound (6) with respect to compound (5) was 84%. the yield of PXD101 with respect to compound (6) was 89%.

 

PAPER

Synthetic Commun. 2010, 40, 2520-2524.

str1

 

PATENT

FORMULATION

WO2006120456A1

Formulation Studies

These studies demonstrate a substantial enhancement of HDACi solubility (on the order of a 500-fold increase for PXD-101) using one or more of: cyclodextrin, arginine, and meglumine. The resulting compositions are stable and can be diluted to the desired target concentration without the risk of precipitation. Furthermore, the compositions have a pH that, while higher than ideal, is acceptable for use.

Figure imgf000047_0001

UV Absorbance

The ultraviolet (UV absorbance E\ value for PXD-101 was determined by plotting a calibration curve of PXD-101 concentration in 50:50 methanol/water at the λmax for the material, 269 nm. Using this method, the E1i value was determined as 715.7.

Methanol/water was selected as the subsequent diluting medium for solubility studies rather than neat methanol (or other organic solvent) to reduce the risk of precipitation of the cyclodextrin.

Solubility in Demineralised Water

The solubility of PXD-101 was determined to be 0.14 mg/mL for demineralised water. Solubility Enhancement with Cvclodextrins

Saturated samples of PXD-101 were prepared in aqueous solutions of two natural cyclodextrins (α-CD and γ-CD) and hydroxypropyl derivatives of the α, β and Y cyclodextrins (HP-α-CD, HP-β-CD and HP-γ-CD). All experiments were completed with cyclodextrin concentrations of 250 mg/mL, except for α-CD, where the solubility of the cyclodextrin was not sufficient to achieve this concentration. The data are summarised in the following table. HP-β-CD offers the best solubility enhancement for PXD-101.

Figure imgf000048_0001

Phase Solubility Determination of HP-β-CD

The phase solubility diagram for HP-β-CD was prepared for concentrations of cyclodextrin between 50 and 500 mg/mL (5-50% w/v). The calculated saturated solubilities of the complexed HDACi were plotted against the concentration of cyclodextrin. See Figure 1.

 

Links

 

CLIP

SPECTRUM

Tiny Biotech With Three Cancer Drugs Is More Alluring Takeover Bet Now
Forbes
The drug is one of Spectrum’s two drugs undergoing phase 3 clinical trials. Allergan paid Spectrum $41.5 million and will make additional payments of up to $304 million based on achieving certain milestones. So far, Raj Shrotriya, Spectrum’s chairman, …

http://www.forbes.com/sites/genemarcial/2013/07/14/tiny-biotech-with-three-cancer-drugs-is-more-alluring-takeover-bet-now/

CLIP

Copenhagen, December 10, 2013
Topotarget announces the submission of a New Drug Application (NDA) for belinostat for the treatment of relapsed or refractory (R/R) peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The NDA has been filed for Accelerated Approval with a request for Priority Review. Response from the FDA regarding acceptance to file is expected within 60 days from the FDA receipt date.
read all this here

PAPER

The Development of an Effective Synthetic Route of Belinostat

Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
Org. Process Res. Dev., Article ASAP
DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00170
Publication Date (Web): July 12, 2016
Copyright © 2016 American Chemical Society
Abstract Image

A practical synthetic route of belinostat is reported. Belinostat was obtained via a five-step process starting from benzaldehyde and including addition reaction with sodium bisulfite, sulfochlorination with chlorosulfonic acid, sulfonamidation with aniline, Knoevenagel condensation, and the final amidation with hydroxylamine. Key to the strategy is the preparation of 3-formylbenzenesulfonyl chloride using an economical and practical protocol. The main advantages of the route include inexpensive starting materials and acceptable overall yield. The scale-up experiment was carried out to provide 169 g of belinostat with 99.6% purity in 33% total yield.

(E)-N-Hydroxy-3-((phenylamino)sulfonyl)phenyl)acrylamide (Belinostat, 1)

1

mp 172–174 °C, (lit.(@) 172 °C). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 10.75–10.42 (m, 2H), 9.15 (s, 1H), 7.92 (s, 1H), 7.78 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.71 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H),7.47 (d, J = 15.8 Hz, 1H), 7.24 (m, 2H), 7.10–7.01 (m, 3H), 6.51 (d, J = 15.8 Hz, 1H). MS (ESI): m/z = 318.6 [M+H] +.

@ Finn, P. W.; Bandara, M.; Butcher, C.; Finn, A.; Hollinshead, R.; Khan, N.; Law, N.; Murthy, S.; Romero,R.; Watkins, C.; Andrianov, V.; Bokaldere, R. M.; Dikovska, K.; Gailite, V.; Loza, E.; Piskunova, I.;Starchenkov, I.; Vorona, M.; Kalvinsh, I. Helv. Chim. Acta 2005, 88, 1630, DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200590129

Clip

Belinostat (Beleodaq),

Belinostat is a drug which was developed by Spectrum Pharmaceuticals and is currently marketed by Onxeo as Beleodaq. The
drug, which received fast track designation by the United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) and was approved for
the treatment of hematological malignancies and solid tumors associated with peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) in 2014,58 is a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor and is the third such treatment to receive accelerated approval for PTCL, the others being
vorinostat (Zolinza) and pralatrexate (Folotyn).58 Although belinostat was not yet approved in Europe as of August 2014,58 the
compound exhibits a safety profile considered to be acceptable for HDAC inhibitors–less than 25% of patients reported adverse
effects and these most frequently were nausea, fatigue, pyrexia,anemia, and emesis.58 While several different synthetic approaches
have been reported for the preparation of belinostat and related HDAC inhibitors,59–62 the most likely process-scale approach has
been described in a patent application filed by Reisch and co-workers at Topotarget UK, which exemplifies the synthesis described in
Scheme 8 on kilogram scale.63

Commercially available 3-bromobenzenesulfonyl chloride (41) was reacted with aniline in the presence of aqueous sodium carbonate
to deliver sulfonamide 42 in 94% yield. Next, this aryl bromide was subjected to a Heck reaction involving ethyl acrylate to
give rise to cinnamate ester 43, which was immediately saponified under basic conditions and acidic workup to furnish the corresponding acid 44. This acid was activated as the corresponding acid chloride prior to subjection to hydroxylamine under basic conditions to form the hydroxamic acid, which was then recrystallized from an 8:1 ethanol/water mixture in the presence of a catalytic
amount of sodium bicarbonate to furnish crystalline belinostat (VI) in 87% overall yield from acid 44.61

str1

Lee, H. Z.; Kwitkowski, V. E.; Del Valle, P. L.; Ricci, M. S.; Saber, H.;Habtemariam, B. A.; Bullock, J.; Bloomquist, E.; Li Shen, Y.; Chen, X. H.;Brown, J.; Mehrotra, N.; Dorff, S.; Charlab, R.; Kane, R. C.; Kaminskas, E.;Justice, R.; Farrell, A. T.; Pazdur, R. Clin. Cancer Res. 2015, 21, 2666.
59. Qian, J.; Zhang, G.; Qin, H.; Zhu, Y.; Xiao, Y. CN Patent 102786448A, 2012.
60. Wang, H.; Yu, N.; Chen, D.; Lee, K. C.; Lye, P. L.; Chang, J. W.; Deng, W.; Ng, M.C.; Lu, T.; Khoo, M. L.; Poulsen, A.; ngthongpitag, K.; Wu, X.; Hu, C.; Goh, K.C.; Wang, X.; Fang, L.; Goh, K. L.; Khng, H. H.; Goh, S. K.; Yeo, P.; Liu, X.; Bonday, Z.; Wood, J. M.; Dymock, B. W.; Kantharaj, E.; Sun, E. T. J. Med. Chem.2011, 54, 4694.
61. Yang, L.; Xue, X.; Zhang, Y. Synth. Comm. 2010, 40, 2520.

 CLIP

ayurajan

Let’s Research !!!!!

 
 Helv Chim Acta 2005, 88(7), 1630-1657: It is first reported synthesis for Belinostat and many other derivatives. The procedure uses oleum, thionyl chloride (SOCl2) as well as oxalyl chloride (COCl)2, no wonder better procedures were derived from it. ABOVE
Synth Comm 2010, 40(17), 2520–2524: The synthesis avoids the use of the extremely corrosive oleum and thionyl chloride (SOCl2) and therefore is possibly better for scaled-up production. Second, synthetic steps do not involve tedious separations and give a better overall yield.  BELOWIdentifications:
1H NMR (Estimated) for Belinostat

Experimental: 1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 6.52 (d, J=15.9 Hz, 1H), 6.81–7.12 (m, 6H), 7.33 (d, J=15.9 Hz, 1H), 7.47–7.67 (m, 3 H), 7.87 (s, 1H), 9.00–11.20 (br, 3H).

 SEE COMPILATION ON SIMILAR COMPOUNDS AT …………..http://drugsynthesisint.blogspot.in/p/nostat-series.html

 

HPLC

ANALYTICAL HPLC TEST METHOD

str1

str1

 

HPLC spectrum of Belinostat.

str1

 

PATENT

http://www.google.si/patents/CN102531972A?cl=en

Belinostat synthesis process related to the first report of the literature of W002 / 30879 A2, including preparation for Belinostat described as follows:

Figure CN102531972AD00031

Example 3:

3- (3-sulfonate-yl) phenyl – acrylate preparation:

First, 3-bromophenyl sulfonate 37. Ig (257. 90g / mol, 0. 1439mol) was dissolved with stirring in 260mL toluene IL reactor was then added triethylamine 36. 5g (101. 19g / mol, 0. 3604mol), tri (o-methylphenyl) phosphine 0. 875g (304. 37g / mol, 0. 002874mol), palladium acetate 0. 324g (224. 51g, 0. 001441mol), the reaction mixture was heated to 45- 55 ° C with nitrogen pumping ventilation four, this time in the reaction system to generate the catalytically active 1 ^ (0). The temperature of the reaction system was raised to 80-90 ° C, within 2. 75h dropwise methacrylate 13. 6g (86. 04g / mol, 0. 1586mol), the reaction was continued after the cell by HPLC 3- bromophenyl sulfonyl chloride was completion of the reaction. The temperature of the reaction system was reduced to 45-55 ° C.

[0021] In at 45-55 ° C, the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, ethyl acetate and n-heptane and recrystallized to give the product 29. 4g, 83% yield.

[0022] The spectral data:

1HNMR (DMS0-d6, HMDS0), δ (ppm): 3. 65 (3H, S, H-1); 6. 47 (1H, d, J = 16 0 Hz, H-2.); 7. 30 -8 00 (5H, m, H-3, H_4, H_5, H_6, H_7) m / e:. 264. 23

Figure CN102531972AD00061

Links

References

    1.  “Beleodaq (belinostat) For Injection, For Intravenous Administration. Full Prescribing Information” (PDF). Spectrum Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Irvine, CA 92618. Retrieved 21 November2015.
    2. Plumb JA; Finn PW; Williams RJ; et al. (2003). “Pharmacodynamic Response and Inhibition of Growth of Human Tumor Xenografts by the Novel Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor PXD101”. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics 2 (8): 721–728.PMID 12939461.
    3.  “FDA approves Beleodaq to treat rare, aggressive form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma”. FDA. 3 July 2014.
    4.  “CuraGen Corporation (CRGN) and TopoTarget A/S Announce Presentation of Belinostat Clinical Trial Results at AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference”. October 2007.
    5.  Final Results of a Phase II Trial of Belinostat (PXD101) in Patients with Recurrent or Refractory Peripheral or Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma, December 2009
    6.  “Spectrum adds to cancer pipeline with $350M deal.”. February 2010.
    7.  H. Spreitzer (4 August 2014). “Neue Wirkstoffe – Belinostat”.Österreichische Apothekerzeitung (in German) (16/2014): 27.
    8.  Lexicomp, (corporate author) (2016). Bragalone, DL, ed.Drug Information Handbook for Oncology (14th ed.). Wolters Kluwer. ISBN 9781591953517.
  2. Helvetica Chimica Acta, 2005 ,  vol. 88,  7  PG. 1630 – 1657, MP 172
  3. WO2009/40517 A2, ….
  4. WO2006/120456 A1, …..
  5. Synthetic Communications, 2010 ,  vol. 40,  17  PG. 2520 – 2524, MP 172
  6. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 2011 ,  vol. 54,   13  PG. 4694 – 4720, NMR IN SUP INFO

Drug@FDA, NDA206256 Pharmacology Review(s).

 Biochem. J. 2008, 409, 581-589.

J. Transl. Med. 2007, 5, 1-12.

Mol. Cancer Ther. 2006, 5, 2086-2095.

Int. J. Cancer 2008, 122, 1400-1410.

. PLoS One 2013, 8, e54522.

Synthetic Commun. 2010, 40, 2520-2524.

CN101868446A * Sep 23, 2008 Oct 20, 2010 托波塔吉特英国有限公司 Methods of synthesis of certain hydroxamic acid compounds
CN102531972A * Dec 31, 2010 Jul 4, 2012 北京万全阳光医药科技有限公司 Preparation method of intermediate of antitumor medicament Belinostat
EP2093292A2 * Mar 26, 2001 Aug 26, 2009 Methylgene, Inc. Inhibition of specific histone deacetylase isoforms
GB2378179A * Title not available
WO2002030879A2 * Sep 27, 2001 Apr 18, 2002 Prolifix Limited Carbamic acid compounds comprising a sulfonamide linkage as hdac inhibitors
WO2008068170A1 * Nov 27, 2007 Jun 12, 2008 William Paul Jackson Hdac inhibitors
WO2009146871A1 * Jun 1, 2009 Dec 10, 2009 William Paul Jackson 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors
Citing Patent Filing date Publication date Applicant Title
CN104478769A * Dec 22, 2014 Apr 1, 2015 深圳万乐药业有限公司 Belinostatsynthesis method suitable for industrial production
CN104478769B * Dec 22, 2014 Jan 6, 2016 深圳万乐药业有限公司 一种适合工业化生产的贝利司他合成方法
CN104610100A * Jan 9, 2015 May 13, 2015 华东理工大学 Nitrogen-chlorine type chlorination agent
US2008274120 11-7-2008 Histone Deacetylase (Hdac) Inhibitors (Pxd101) for the Treatment of Cancer Alone or in Combination With Chemotherapeutic Agent
US2008227845 9-19-2008 CYCLOOXYGENASE-2 INHIBITOR/HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR COMBINATION
US2008213399 9-5-2008 Combination Therapies Using Hdac Inhibitors
US2008194690 8-15-2008 Pharmaceutical Formulations Of Hdac Inhibitors
US7407988 8-6-2008 Carbamic acid compounds comprising a sulfonamide linkage as HDAC inhibitors
US7402603 7-23-2008 Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor/histone deacetylase inhibitor combination
US7183298 2-28-2007 Carbamic acid compounds comprising a sulfonamide linkage as HDAC inhibitors
US2005107445 5-20-2005 Carbamic acid compounds comprising a sulfonamide linkage as HDAC inhibitors
US6888027 5-4-2005 Carbamic acid compounds comprising a sulfonamide linkage as hdac inhibitors
WO2002030879A2 Sep 27, 2001 Apr 18, 2002 Prolifix Ltd Carbamic acid compounds comprising asulfonamide linkage as hdac inhibitors
US7973181 7-6-2011 HYDROXAMIC ACID DERIVATIVES AS INHIBITORS OF HDAC ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY
US7928081 4-20-2011 Combined Use of Prame Inhibitors and Hdac Inhibitors
US2011077305 3-32-2011 5-LIPOXYGENASE INHIBITORS
US2011003777 1-7-2011 Methods of Treatment Employing Prolonged Continuous Infusion of Belinostat
US2010286279 11-12-2010 Methods of Synthesis of Certain Hydroxamic Acid Compounds
US2010190694 7-30-2010 Methods for identifying patients who will respond well to cancer treatment
US2010010010 1-15-2010 HDAC INHIBITORS
US2009312311 12-18-2009 COMBINATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
US2009192211 7-31-2009 CYCLOOXYGENASE-2 INHIBITOR/HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR COMBINATION
US7557140 7-8-2009 CARBAMIC ACID COMPOUNDS COMPRISING A SULFONAMIDE LINKAGE AS HDAC INHIBITORS
WO1998038859A1 * Mar 4, 1998 Sep 11, 1998 Thomas E Barta Sulfonyl divalent aryl or heteroaryl hydroxamic acid compounds
WO1999024399A1 * Nov 12, 1998 May 20, 1999 Darwin Discovery Ltd Hydroxamic and carboxylic acid derivatives having mmp and tnf inhibitory activity
WO2000056704A1 * Mar 22, 2000 Sep 28, 2000 Duncan Batty Hydroxamic and carboxylic acid derivatives
WO2000069819A1 * May 12, 2000 Nov 23, 2000 Thomas E Barta Hydroxamic acid derivatives as matrix metalloprotease inhibitors
WO2001038322A1 * Nov 22, 2000 May 31, 2001 Methylgene Inc Inhibitors of histone deacetylase
EP0570594A1 * Dec 7, 1992 Nov 24, 1993 SHIONOGI &amp; CO., LTD. Hydroxamic acid derivative based on aromatic sulfonamide
EP0931788A2 * Dec 16, 1998 Jul 28, 1999 Pfizer Inc. Metalloprotease inhibitors
GB2312674A * Title not available
WO2002030879A2 Sep 27, 2001 Apr 18, 2002 Prolifix Ltd Carbamic acid compounds comprising a sulfonamide linkage as hdac inhibitors
WO2005063806A1 Dec 30, 2003 Jul 14, 2005 Council Scient Ind Res Arginine hydrochloride enhances chaperone-like activity of alpha crystallin
US4642316 May 20, 1985 Feb 10, 1987 Warner-Lambert Company Parenteral phenytoin preparations
WO2008090585A2 * Jan 25, 2008 Jul 31, 2008 Univ Roma Soluble forms of inclusion complexes of histone deacetylase inhibitors and cyclodextrins, their preparation processes and uses in the pharmaceutical field
WO2009109861A1 * Mar 6, 2009 Sep 11, 2009 Topotarget A/S Methods of treatment employing prolonged continuous infusion of belinostat
WO2010048332A2 * Oct 21, 2009 Apr 29, 2010 Acucela, Inc. Compounds for treating ophthalmic diseases and disorders
WO2011064663A1 Nov 24, 2010 Jun 3, 2011 Festuccia, Claudio Combination treatment employing belinostat and bicalutamide
US20110003777 * Mar 6, 2009 Jan 6, 2011 Topotarget A/S Methods of Treatment Employing Prolonged Continuous Infusion of Belinostat
CN102786448A * 9 avg 2012 21 nov 2012 深圳万乐药业有限公司 Method of synthesizing belinostat
CN102786448B 9 avg 2012 12 mar 2014 深圳万乐药业有限公司 Method of synthesizing belinostat

CLIP

Belinostat
Belinostat.svg
Systematic (IUPAC) name
(2E)-N-Hydroxy-3-[3-(phenylsulfamoyl)phenyl]prop-2-enamide
Clinical data
Trade names Beleodaq
AHFS/Drugs.com beleodaq
Pregnancy
category
  • US: D (Evidence of risk)
Routes of
administration		 Intravenous (IV)
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability 100% (IV)
Protein binding 92.9–95.8%[1]
Metabolism UGT1A1
Excretion Urine
Identifiers
CAS Number 866323-14-0 
ATC code L01XX49 (WHO)
PubChem CID 6918638
ChemSpider 5293831 Yes
UNII F4H96P17NZ Yes
ChEBI CHEBI:61076 Yes
ChEMBL CHEMBL408513 Yes
Synonyms PXD101
Chemical data
Formula C15H14N2O4S
Molar mass 318.348 g/mol
////////////Belinostat, PXD101, novel HDAC inhibitor, Beleodaq, Folotyn, Spectrum Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Henderson, Nevada, Istodax, Celgene Corporation,  Summit, New Jersey,  CuraGen Pharma, FDA 2014
O=S(=O)(Nc1ccccc1)c2cc(\C=C\C(=O)NO)ccc2
 SEE COMPILATION ON SIMILAR COMPOUNDS AT …………..http://drugsynthesisint.blogspot.in/p/nostat-series.html
Share
 Older Entries  Newer Entries
Follow

Get every new post on this blog delivered to your Inbox.

Join other followers: