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Sun Kim ……Quality-by-Design Evangelist

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Jun 252015
 

Sun Kim

Sun Kim

QbDWorks.com – Quality by Design for Pharma, Biotech, Medical Devices

Dr. Sun K. Kim is a Quality-by-Design Evangelist, transforming how Product Development is executed in the Biologics, Pharmaceutical and Medical Devices industry. In addition, he teaches at Keio University and Stanford University. His current focus of research is Quality-by-Design, Agile Development of Drugs and Therapeutics.

He received his MS and PHD in Mechanical Engineering at Stanford University. Sun was recently a Professor at Keio University in Japan. Prior to Silicon Valley days, he served in the Korean Army and worked at BMW in Munich, Germany

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Sun Kim

Experience

Quality by Design – Founder

QbDWorks

 – Present (2 years 6 months)http://QbdWorks.com

Founder of QbDWorks.com

Quality by Design for Biotech, Pharmaceutical and Medical Devices – Quality by Design Tools and Case Studies

Lecturer

Stanford University

 – Present (10 years)Stanford, CA

Teach Design for Manufacturing, Robust Design, Design of Experiments

Master Black Belt in Quality-by-Design, Lean Six Sigma, Sr. Manager

Bayer HealthCare

 –  (2 years 7 months)Berkeley, CA

Sr. Manager, Master Black Belt in Quality-by-Design, Design for Lean Six Sigma,
Leading Business Process Management

Design for Excellence Evangelist

Abbott

 –  (1 year 9 months)

Master Black Belt (Lean Six Sigma), Project Management Professional, Scrum Master

Assistant Professor of Graduate School of Systems Design and Management Assistant

Keio University

 –  (3 years 1 month)

http://www.sdm.keio.ac.jp/en/faculty/kim_s.html

Lecture and advise graduate-level, professional students on system and product design, design thinking, creative brainstorming methodologies, prototyping, project management and business development. Solicited 15 industry project partners. Generated $35,000/year after developing non-degree curriculum for professionals. Co-Investigator of research projects of $50,000: Indoor Location-based Services Technology for Mobile Devices. Consults manufacturing companies (Hitachi, Toshiba) on growth strategies for Service Business Innovation. Others include developing cost simulation tool of product design based on injection molding, design for manufacturing and healthcare delivery systems. Began as a lecturer in Feb. 2008 to co-develop a project-based design curriculum, Active Learning Program Sequence (ALPS), educating over 100 graduate students every year.

Invited as an Assistant Professor in June, 2009.

Research, Teaching Assistant

Stanford University

 –  (3 years 10 months)

Lectured, coached and managed over 40 multi-disciplinary teams on Design for Manufacturing projects from Biomedical device (Medtronic, Maquet, St. Jude Medical, etc.) and automotive companies (Toyota, Nissan, GM, etc.). Served as the main research associate of Toshiba Corporation Six-Sigma Consulting Inc., developing systems design and manufacturing programs for Toshiba employees. Innovative projects were mobile personal-assistant IT system and agile transportation infrastructure.

Industry-sponsored Projects

Stanford University

 –  (4 years 10 months)

Maquet Cardiovascular: Coached and led a 3 member team in redesigning the crimping process of Hemashield Grafts, resulting in cost reduction of $75,000 and operators’ medical costs from injuries.

Satiety (Bariatric Surgery Device for Obesity Treatment) Design for Manufacturing Project: Coached a 3 member team in redesigning the packaging and supply chain for the Toga System, resulting in supply chain efficiency of 50% improvement by applying Lean and Errorproofing (Poka Yoke) Techniques.

Medtronic Vascular: Coached a 4 member team in redesigning the manufacturing line of a stent-graft, resulting in 73% reduction of lead time and increase in reliabilty and performance. Observed over 5 vascular and general surgery cases. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RkA2TyCsV0A

St. Jude Medical: Led a 4 member team in developing a 7-year supply chain strategy for new service centers of ICD/pacemaker programmers in Europe, Asia, N. and S. America and Oceania. The recommendation consists of an optimized cost model from net present value analysis and AHP location decision modeling that will save $461 million over 7 years and increase customer service rate compared to the existing service centers.

Nissan Motors: Led a 4 member team to construct a 20 year technology / business roadmap of Nissan Fuel Cell powertrain / vehicles which projects $ 4.8 billion revenue. Created a fuel cell vehicle concept design by applying Design for manufacturing tools including market research, manufacturability, and profitability analysis.

Zimmer Orthopedics: Implemented, with five team members, a FEA (finite element analysis) simulation tool with ABAQUS which assists in the development of treating knee osteoarthritis, based on MRI and gait data. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=47QOdiauHwE

General Motors: Achieved potential cost reduction of $450 per vehicle and reduced 50kg of car weight by replacing wires with conductive coatings and RFID applications with a team of four members.

Design for Six Sigma Research Fellow

Toshiba

 –  (3 years 7 months)

Developed Design for Six Sigma Curriculum for Toshiba Corp.
Trained engineers, managers in systems design methodologies.
Coached Six Sigma projects.

Medical Device Design Innovation Program Developer

Johnson & Johnson

 –  (3 months)

Developed an innovation-incubation program to design/develop next generation product/technology with physicians and multidisciplinary design teams.

Design, Manufacturing Consultant

NeoGuide Systems

 –  (6 months)

Performed Robust Design, Design of Experiment, Developed manufacturing tooling, testing protocols and automated stations.

Reliability Research Assistant

Stanford Linear Accelerator Center

 –  (7 months)

Developed a reliability decision analysis tool for the LINAC System which will save $83 million per year on the $8 billion International Linear Collider Project. Enhanced reliability of the Accelerator system up to 20% and had increased throughput by linking Failure Mode and Effect Analysis of the Tuner to the evaluation tool.

Optimization/ Structural Analysis Intern

Samsung Electronics

 –  (1 month)

Improved impact-worthiness (20%) by optimizing design parameters of cell phone cases after performing structural analysis.

Design, Manufacturing Engineer

BMW

 –  (8 months)

Applied for 1 patent individually and created 3 design proposals as a team in 3 months. Saved $2,760 per month by implementing knowledge database management system. Resolved 3 process problems during 2 weeks of manufacturing
rotation program in Munich assembly plant with the manufacturing engineers.

US – ROK Army Radiology Tech, Company Leader, Manager

Republic of Korea Army

 –  (2 years 3 months)

Served 20,000 US Army patients as a Radiology Technician, tasks including diagnostic x-ray imaging, upper GI, etc. Managed 12 multi-national soldiers and a radiology department. Was awarded as “the accident-free company.” Increased the availability of the radiology department, which takes care of 20,000 patients, up to 130% by building a forecast schedule planning system.

Education

Stanford University

Stanford University

Ph.D, Mechanical Engineering

Focus in Systems (Product, Service, Business) Design, Design Thinking, Design for Manufacturing and Six Sigma

Activities and Societies: Design SocietyASMEIEEEINCOSEACM

Stanford University

Stanford University

MS, Mechanical Engineering

Focus in Biomedical Device Design, Reliability Engineering, Operations Research

Activities and Societies: KOSEF Academic Fellow

Publications

A New Project-Based Curriculum of Design Thinking with Systems Engineering Techniques

International Journal of System of Systems Engineering

2013

Agile Project Management for Root Cause Analysis Projects

International Conference on Engineering Design

2013

A New Project-Based Curriculum of Design Thinking with Systems Engineering Techniques

Council of Engineering Systems Universities

2012

Evaluation of Design for Service Innovation Curriculum: Validation Framework and Preliminary Results

nternational Journal of Services Technology and Management

2011

A Validation Regarding Effectiveness of Scenario Graph

ASME International Design Engineering Technical Conferences

2011

Wants Chain Analysis: Human-centered Method for Analyzing and Designing Social Systems

International Conference on Engineering Design

2011

Scenario-based Amorphous Design (SAD) Framework for a Location-based Services Technology

Mobile Human Computer Interaction

2010

Transforming Seamless Positioning Technology into a Business using a Systems Design Approach—Scenario-based Amorphous Design

IEEE- International Systems Conference

2010

Design for Service Innovation: A Methodology for Designing Service as a Business for Manufacturing Companies

International Journal of Services Technology and Management

2010

Preliminary Validation of Scenario-based Design for Amorphous Systems

International Conference on Systems Engineering

2010

Tools for Project-based Active Learning of Amorphous Systems Design: Scenario Prototyping and Cross Team Peer Evaluation

ASME International Design Engineering Technical Conferences

2009

Active Learning Project Sequence: Capstone Experience for Multi-disciplinary System Design and Management Education

International Conference on Engineering Design

2009

Demystifying Ambiguity in The Design of Amorphous Systems

International Conference on Systems Engineering

2009

Scenario-based Design for Amorphous Systems

ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition

2008

Analysis and Design Methodology for Recognizing Opportunities and Difficulties for Product-based Services

Information Processing Society of Japan (IPSJ) Journal

2007

Scenario Graph: Discovering new business opportunities and Failure Modes,”

ASME International Design Engineering Technical Conferences

2007

Analysis and Design Methodology for Product-based Services

Annual Conference of the Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence

2007

Analysis and Design Methodology for Recognizing Opportunities and Difficulties for Product-based Services

PICMET

2007

CUT PASTE FROM
KIM SUN SPEAKS
Sun Kim

About QbDWorks…http://qbdworks.com/about/

Are you a Scientist in the Pharmaceutical, Biopharmaceutical or Medical Devices industries?

Then you are probably asking:

  • Does Quality-by-Design actually work?
  • Or is it just another program like Lean or Six Sigma?
  • How do I implement QbD successfully?
  • How do I persuade my management?
  • What is the first step?

As a QbD practitioner, I had the same questions and am trying to answer them as I test different elements of QbD.

Through our members’ successes and failures in QbD, you can save time by not having to repeat them yourself. There are many lessons learned and knowledge that you can share with your QbD team.

Who are You?

Sun Kim

My name is Sun Kim. I currently practice Quality-by-Design, transforming how Product Development is executed in Biopharmaceutical, Pharmaceutical, Biologics, and Medical Device industries.

In addition, I teach at Stanford University. My focus of research is Lean Quality by Design.

I received my MS and PHD in Mechanical Engineering at Stanford University and was recently an Asst.  Professor at Keio University in Japan. Prior to Silicon Valley days, I served in the Korean Army and worked at BMW AG in Munich, Germany, where my lifelong pursuit of “Product Development Methodology” began.

Why is an Engineer working in the Bio/pharmaceutical Industry?

Thanks for asking! When working at BMW, as a member of the elite “KREATIV” (Creative) team, my goal was to develop the best technologies and products for the automotive industry. However our approach was somewhat adhoc and heuristics-based. I knew there was a better way.

So I set my heart to learn how best products are developed across all industries. This led me to my PhD research at Stanford University.

Little did I know this would turn out to be more than just a graduate program. On top of the typical coursework, research and publishing, my schedule was packed with hands-on consulting/research projects with GE Healthcare, GE Aviations, Toyota, Nissan, Toshiba, Medtronic, Johnson & Johnson, Startup’s etc.

After contributing to the product development approaches for the Academia, Fortune 500 and Startup’s, I knew my heart was always with Health Care. So I returned to the benches and trenches.

For the last 10 years, I have been working in the Biopharmaceutical, Pharmaceutical and Medical Devices Industry, to make Quality by Design a reality.

So please join me in this Quality by Design journey.

Sign up to connect to the community and receive updates.

Together, we can change how drugs and therapies are developed for our patients and families.

Let’s Connect!

If you’d like to connect, please invite me:

www.linkedin.com/in/kimsunkist/

Previously I worked (full time or consulting) with:

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The views expressed on this website are personal opinions and in no way reflect the position of any organization.

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Gatifloxacin

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Jun 182015
 
Gatifloxacin.svg
GATIFLOXACIN
BMS-206584, CG-5501, AM-1155, Zymar, Bonoq, Gatiflo, AM-1155
(±)-1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-8-methoxy-7-(3-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid
Gatifloxacin sold under the brand names GatifloTequin and Zymar, is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolonefamily,[1] that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial enzymes DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IVBristol-Myers Squibb introduced Gatifloxacin in 1999 under the proprietary name Tequin for the treatment of respiratory tract infections, having licensed the medication from Kyorin Pharmaceutical Company of Japan. Allergan produces it in eye-drop formulation under the names Zymar and Zymaxid. In many countries, gatifloxacin is also available as tablets and in various aqueous solutions forintravenous therapy.
Originally developed at Kyorin, gatifloxacin was first licensed to Gruenenthal in Europe, and that company still maintains rights to the oral and injectable formulations of the product. In October 1996, Kyorin licensed gatifloxacin to BMS, granting the company development and marketing rights in the U.S., Canada, Australia, Mexico, Brazil and certain other markets. In 2006, rights to the compound were returned by BMS. Subsequently, Senju and Kyorin signed a licensing agreement regarding the development of ethical eye drops containing the fluoroquinolone. In April 2000, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma agreed to comarket the oral formulation in Japan. In August of that year, Allergan in-licensed gatifloxacin from Kyorin, gaining development and commercialization rights to the drug in all territories except Japan, Korea, China and Taiwan. The India-based Lupin Pharmaceuticals signed an agreement in June 2004 with Allergan to promote the ophthalmic solution of gatifloxacin in the pediatric specialty area in the U.S. PediaMed Pharmaceuticals also holds rights to the drug. In 2009, Kyorin licensed the drug candidate to Senju in China.
Gatifloxacin is the common name for (±)-1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-8-methoxy-7-(3-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid (1), one of the most important broad-spectrum antibacterial agents and a member of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family.(1)Fluoroquinolones inhibit the enzyme DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II), which is responsible for the supercoiling of the DNA double helix, preventing the replication and repair of bacterial DNA and RNA.(2) Gatifloxacin (1) reached the market in 1999 under the brand name Tequin for the treatment of respiratory tract infections. The drug is available as tablets and aqueous solutions for intravenous therapy as well as eye drop formulation (Zymar).
To date, there are several processes described for the preparation of gatifloxacin, which can be grouped into two main categories: direct substitution of the 7-position fluorine atom of 1-cyclopropyl-6,7-difluoro-1,4-dihydro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid (2) by 2-methylpiperazine (Scheme 1),(3-5) and through boron chelate-type intermediates to overcome the diminished reactivity induced by the 8-methoxy group, which uses as starting material the ethyl ester derivative 3 (Scheme 2).(6-9)
SCHEME1
Figure
SCHEME2
Figure
  1. 1.
    Mather, R.; Karenchak, L. M.; Romanowski, E. G.; Kowalski, R. P. Am. J. Ophthalmol.2002, 133 ( 4) 463

  2. 2.
    Corey, E. J.; Czakó, B.; Kürti, L. Molecules and Medicine; Wiley: NJ, 2007; p 135.

  3. 3.
    Masuzawa, K.; Suzue, S.; Hirai, K.; Ishizaki, T. 8-Alkoxyquinolonecarboxylic acid and salts thereof excellent in the selective toxicity and process of preparing the same EP 0 230 295 A3, 1987.

  4. 4.
    Niddam-Hildesheim, V.; Dolitzky, B.-Z.; Pilarsky, G.; Steribaum, G. Synthesis of Gatifloxacin WO 2004/069825 A1, 2004.

  5. 5.
    Ruzic, M; Relic, M; Tomsic, Z; Mirtek, M. Process for the preparation of Gatifloxacin and regeneration of degradation products WO 2006/004561 A1, 2006.

  6. 6.
    Iwata, M.; Kimura, T.; Fujiwara, Y.; Katsube, T. Quinoline-3-carboxylic acid derivatives, their preparation and use EP 0 241 206 A2, 1987.

  7. 7.
    Sanchez, J. P.; Gogliotti, R. D.; Domagala, J. M.; Garcheck, S. J.; Huband, M. D.; Sesnie,J. A.; Cohen, M. A.; Shapiro, M. A. J. Med. Chem. 1995, 38, 4478

  8. 8.
    Satyanarayana, C.; Ramanjaneyulu, G. S.; Kumar, I. V. S. Novel crystalline forms of Gatifloxacin WO 2005/009970 A1 2005.

  9. 9.
    Takagi, N.; Fubasami, H.; Matsukobo, H.; (6,7-Substituted-8-alkoxy-1-cyclopropyl-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid-O3,O4)bis(acyloxy-O)borates and the salts thereof, and methods for their manufacture EP 0 464 823 A1, 1991.

………………………….

WO 2005009970

http://www.google.com/patents/WO2005009970A1?cl=en

preparation of Gatifloxacin hemihydrate from Ethyl-1- Cyclopropyl-6, 7-difluoro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-l, 4-dihydro-3-quinoline carboxylate through boron difluoride chelate. Ethyl-1-cyclopropyl- 6, 7-difluoro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-l, 4-dihydro-3-quinoline carboxylate is reacted with aqueous hydrofluoroboric acid followed by condensation with 2-methyl piperazine in polar organic solvent resulting in an intermediate l-Cyclopropyl-7- (3-methyl piperazin-1- yl). -6-fluoro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-l, 4-dihydro-3-quinoline carboxylic acid boron difluoride chelate. This intermediate may be further hydrolyzed to yield Gatifloxacin. Gatifloxacin so obtained may needs purification to yield high purity product. However to obtain directly high purity Gatifloxacin it is desirable to isolate the intermediate by cooling to low temperatures . Treating with an alcohol or mixture of alcohols purifies this intermediate. The purified condensed chelate in aqueous ethanol on hydrolysis with triethylamine followed by crystallization in ethanol gives Gatifloxacin hemihydrate with high purity.

STAGE – I:

 

Figure imgf000006_0001

Ethyl l-cyclopropyl-6,7-difluoro-8-met oxy l-Cycloproρyl-6, 7-difluoro-8-methoxy -4-oxo-l, -dihydro-3-quinoline -4-oxo-l, 4-dihydro-3-quinoline carboxylate carboxylic acid boron difluoride chelate

STAGE – II :

 

Figure imgf000007_0001

l-Cycloprop l-7- ( 3-methylpiperazin-l-yl.

Figure imgf000007_0002

6-fluoro~8-methoxy-4-oxo-l , 4-dihydro-3- carboxylicacid borondifluoride chelate quinoline carboxylicacid borondifluoride chelate

STAGE -III :

 

Figure imgf000007_0003

l-Cyclopropyl-7- (3- ethylpiperaz.in-l-yl . GATIFLOXACIN

-6-fluoro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-l , 4-dihydro-3- quinoline carboxylicacid borondifluoride chelate

Example-I: Preparation of Gatifloxacin • with isolation of intermediate (boron difluoride chelate derivative)

Stage-1: Preparation of l-cyclopropyl-6, 7-di luoro-8-methoxy-4-oxo- 1, 4-dihydro-3-quinoline carboxylic acid boron difluoride chelate. Ethyl-l-cyclopropyl-6, 7-difluoro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-l, -dihydro-3- quinόline carboxylate (100g)is suspended in ,40%aq..hydrofluoroboric acid -(1000 ml). Temperature of • the reaction mass is raised and maintained at 95°C to 100°C for 5hrs followed by cooling to 30°C – 35°C. Water (400 ml) is added and maintained at 25°C – 30°C for 2hrs . Product is filtered, washed with water (500 ml) and dried at 40°C – 45°C to constant weight. Dry weight of the product: 101.6 g (Yield: 95.8 %)

Stage-2: Preparation of 1- Cyclopropyl-7- (3-methylpiperazin-l-yl) – 6-fluoro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-l, -dihydro-3-quinoline carboxylic acid boron difluoride chelate

100 g of Boron difluoride chelate derivative prepared as above in stage-1 is suspended in acetonitrile (800 ml) , to that 2-methyl piperazine (44.0 g, 1.5 mole equiv.) is added and mixed for 15 min to obtain a clear solution. The reaction mass is maintained at 30°C – 35°C for 12 hrs followed by cooling to -10°C to -5°C. The reaction mass is maintained at -10°C to -5°C for 1 hr. The product is filtered and dried at 45°C – 50°C to constant weight. Dry weight of the product: 116.0 g (Yield: 93.9 %) .

The condensed chelate (100 g) prepared as above is suspended in methanol (1500 ml), maintained at 40°C – 45°C for 30 min. The reaction mass is gradually cooled, maintained for 1 hr at -5°C to 0°C. The product is filtered, washed with methanol (50 ml) and dried at 45°C – 50°C to constant weight. Dry weight of the product: 80.0 g (Yield: 80.0 %)

Stage -3: Preparation of Gatifloxacin (Crude)

The pure condensed chelate (100.0 g) prepared as above in stage-2 is suspended in 20% aq. ethanol (1000 ml) , the temperature is raised and maintained at 75°C to 80°C for 2 hrs. The reaction mass is cooled, filtered to remove insolubles, distilled under vacuum to remove solvent. Fresh ethanol (200 ml) is added and solvent is removed under vacuum at temperature below 50°C. Ethanol (200 ml) is added to the residue and gradually cooled to -10°C to -5°C. The reaction mass is mixed at -10°C to -5°C for 1 hr and then filtered. The wet cake is washed with ethanol (25 ml) and dried at 45°C – 50°C to constant weight.

The dry weight of the Gatifloxacin is 83.3 g (Yield: 91.7 %)

Stage- 4: Purification of crude Gatifloxacin

Crude Gatifloxacin (100.0 g) prepared as above in stage-3 is suspended in methanol (4000 ml), the temperature is raised and maintained at 60°C to 65°C for 20 min. to get a clear solution. Activated carbon (5 g) is added, maintained for 30 min and the solution is filtered. The filtrate is concentrated to one third of its original volume under vacuum at temperature below 40°C. The reaction mass is gradually cooled and maintained at -10°C to -5°C for 2 hrs. The product is filtered, washed with methanol (50 ml) and dried at 45°C – 50°C to constant weight. The dry weight of the pure Gatifloxacin is 76.0 g (Yield: 76.0 %)

Example-II: Preparation of Gatifloxacin without isolation of intermediate (boron difluoride chelate derivative)

Stage-1: Preparation of l-cyclopropyl-6, 7-difluoro-8-methoxy-4- oxo-1, 4-dihydro-3-quinoline carboxylic acid boron difluoride chelate.

Ethyll-cyclopropyl-6, 7-difluoro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-l, 4-dihydro-3- quinoline carboxylate (lOOg) is suspended in 40% aq. hydrofluoroboric acid (1000 ml) . Temperature of the reaction mass is raised and maintained at 95°C to 100°C for 5 hrs followed by cooling to 30°C – 35°C. 400 ml DM water is added, maintained at 25°C – 30°C for 2hrs . The product is filtered, washed with DM water (500 ml) and dried at 40°C – 45°C to constant weight. The dry wt is 102.5 g (Yield: 96.6 %)

Stage – 2: Preparation of Gatifloxacin (Crude)

The boron difluoride chelate derivative (100 g) prepared as above in stage-1 is suspended in acetonitrile (800 ml) , 2-methyl piperazine (44 g, 1.5 mole equiv.) is added and mixed for 15 min to obtain a clear solution. The reaction mass is maintained at 30°C – 35°C for 12 hrs. Removed the solvent by vacuum distillation. 20% Aq. ethanol (1000 ml) is added, raised the temperature and maintained at 75°C to 80°C for 2 hrs. The reaction mass is cooled, filtered to remove insolubles. The filtrate is distilled under vacuum to remove solvent completely. Fresh ethanol (250 ml) is added and distilled under vacuum at temperature below 50°C. Fresh Ethanol (250 ml) is added to the residue and gradually cooled to -10°C to -5°C. The reaction mass is maintained at -10°C to -5°C for 1 hr and filtered. The wet cake is washed with ethanol (30 ml) and dried at 45°C – 50°C to constant weight.

The dry weight of the Gatifloxacin is 73.5 g (Yield: 65.4 %)

Stage -3: Purification of crude Gatifloxacin

Crude Gatifloxacin (80.0 g) prepared as above in stage-2 is suspended in methanol (2000 ml) , the temperature is raised and maintained at 60°C to 65°C for 20 min. to get a clear solution. The reaction mixture is filtered. The filtrate is gradually cooled and maintained at -10°C to -5°C for 2 hrs. The product is filtered, washed with methanol (50 ml) and dried at 45°C – 50°C to constant weight.

The dry weight of the pure Gatifloxacin is 56.0 g (Yield: 70.0 %)

……………………….

WO 2005047260

http://www.google.co.in/patents/WO2005047260A1?cl=en

Gatifloxacin is the international common name of l-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-l, 4-dihydro-8-methoxy- 1- (3-methyl-l-piperazinyl) -4-oxo-3-guinolin-carboxylic acid of formula (I) , with application in medicine and known for its antibiotic activity:

 

Figure imgf000002_0001

European patent application EP-A-230295 discloses a process for obtaining gatifloxacin that consists on the reaction of compound (II) with 2-

 

Figure imgf000002_0002

In this process the gatifloxacin is isolated in the form of a hemihydrate after a laborious process of column chromatography and recrystallisation in methanol, which contributes towards making the final yield lower than 20% by weight. Moreover, in said process an undesired by-product is formed, resulting from demethylation at position 8 of the ring. European patent application EP-A-241206 discloses a process for preparing gatifloxacin, whose final steps are as follows:

 

Figure imgf000003_0001

(III) H ft N Me H DMSO

Gatifloxacin (I)

Figure imgf000003_0002

(IV) This process uses the intermediate compound (III) , which has been prepared and isolated in a separate operation, while the intermediate compound (IV) is also isolated before proceeding to its conversion into gatifloxacin by treatment with ethanol in the presence of triethylamine. The overall yield from these three steps is lower than 40%. These disadvantages — a synthesis involving several steps, low yields, and the need to isolate the intermediate products — hinder the production of gatifloxacin on an industrial scale. There is therefore a need to provide a process for preparing gatifloxacin with a good chemical yield, without the need to isolate the intermediate compounds and that substantially avoids demethylation in position 8 of the ring. The processes termed in English “one pot” are characterised in that the synthesis is carried out in the same reaction vessel, without isolating the intermediate compounds, and by means of successive addition of the reacting compounds. The authors of the present invention have discovered a simplified process for preparing gatifloxacin which does not require isolation of the intermediate compounds .

 

Example 1: Preparing gatifloxacin from compound (II) 10 g (0.0339 moles, 1 equivalent) of compound

(II) is placed in a flask, 30 ml of acetonitryl (3 volumes) is added and this is heated to a temperature of 76-80° C.

Figure imgf000004_0001

Once reflux has been attained, and being the temperature maintained, 3.28 g (0.0203 moles, 0.6 equivalents) of hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) is added with a compensated adding funnel. Once addition is completed, the reaction is maintained with stirring for 1 hour at a temperature of 76-80° C. Once this period has elapsed, the reaction mixture is cooled to a temperature ranging between 0 and 15° C, and 5.78 g (0.0407 moles, 1.2 equivalents) of boron trifluoride ethyletherate is added while keeping the temperature below 15° C. Once addition is completed, the temperature is allowed to rise to 15- 25° C and it is kept under these conditions for approximately 2 hours. The pH of the mixture is then adjusted to an approximate value of 9 with triethylamine (approximately 2 ml) . To the resulting suspension is added a solution of 10.19 g (0.1017 moles, 3 equivalents) of 2-methylpiperazine in 28 ml of acetonitryl, while maintaining the temperature between 15 and 25° C. The resulting amber solution is kept with stirring under these conditions for approximately 3 hours . Once the reaction has been completed, the solution is distilled at low pressure until a stirrable paste is obtained. At this point 50 ml of methanol is added, the resulting suspension is raised to a temperature of 63-67° C and is kept under these conditions for approximately 5 hours . Once the reaction has been completed, the mixture is cooled to a temperature of 25-35° C in a water bath, and then at a temperature of 0-5° C in a water/ice bath for a further 1 hour. The resulting precipitate is filtered, washed with cold methanol (2 x 10 ml) and dried at 40° C in a vacuum oven to constant weight. 10.70 g of crude gatifloxacin is obtained, having a water content of 2.95% by weight. The yield of the process is 81.8%.

The crude product is crystallised in methanol by dissolving 20 g of crude gatifloxacin in 1 1 of methanol (50 volumes) at a temperature of 63-67° C. Once all the product has been dissolved, the solution is left to cool to a temperature of 30-40° C, and then to a temperature of 0-5° C in a water/ice bath, maintaining it under these conditions for 1 hour. The resulting suspension is filtered and the solid retained is washed with 20 ml (1 volume) of cold methanol. The solid obtained is dried at 40° C in a vacuum oven to provide 18.65 g of gatifloxacin with a water content of 2.36% by weight.

The overall yield from the compound (II) is 77.7%, with a purity exceeding 99.8% as determined by HPLC chromatography. The content of by-product resulting from demethylation in position 8 of the ring is lower than 0.1% as determined by HPLC chromatography.

Gatifloxacin ball-and-stick.png
Systematic (IUPAC) name
1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro- 8-methoxy-7-(3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)- 4-oxo-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid
Clinical data
Trade names Zymar
AHFS/Drugs.com monograph
MedlinePlus a605012
  • ℞ (Prescription only)
Oral (discontinued),
Intravenous(discontinued)
ophthalmic
Pharmacokinetic data
Protein binding 20%
Half-life 7 to 14 hours
Identifiers
112811-59-3 Yes
J01MA16 S01AE06
PubChem CID: 5379
DrugBank DB01044 Yes
ChemSpider 5186 Yes
UNII 81485Y3A9A Yes
KEGG D08011 Yes
ChEBI CHEBI:5280 Yes
ChEMBL CHEMBL31 Yes
NIAID ChemDB 044913
Chemical data
Formula C19H22FN3O4
375.394 g/mol

PAPER

Abstract Image

An improved process to obtain gatifloxacin (1) through use of boron chelate intermediates has been developed. The methodology involves an initial activation step which accelerates the formation of the first chelate under low-temperature conditions and prevents demethylation of the starting material. To increase the overall yield and to avoid the isolation and manipulation of the resulting intermediates, the process has been designed to be carried out in one pot. As a result, we present here an easy, scaleable and substantially impurity-free process to obtain gatifloxacin (1) in high yield.

A High-Throughput Impurity-Free Process for Gatifloxacin

Department of Research & Development, Química Sintética S.A., c/ Dulcinea s/n, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, and Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Alcalá, 28871 Madrid, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
Org. Process Res. Dev., 2008, 12 (5), pp 900–903
DOI: 10.1021/op800042a
gatifloxacin (1) as white crystals. Yield 32.3 kg, (93%); purity by HPLC 99.87%; Assay by HPLC 100.8%; mp 167−168 °C(18) (Lit. (J. Med. Chem. 1995, 38, 4478)159−162 °C).
18

DSC analysis showed two endothermic peaks at 166.2 °C (T onset = 164.3 °C) and 190.0 °C (T onset = 188.2 °C) and an exothermic one at 168.1 °C. The shape of this DSC curve is characteristic of a monotropic transition between crystalline forms

Water content by Karl Fischer 3.0%(19) MS m/z 376 (M+ + H);
19

Although there are several hydrates described for gatifloxacin such as, among others, the hemimydrate, sesquihydrate, and pentahydrate(Raghavan, K. S.; Ranadive, S. A.;Gougoutas, J. Z.; Dimarco, J. D.; Parker, W. L.; Dovich, M.; Neuman, A.Gatifloxacin pentahydrate. WO 2002/22126 A1, 2002) , the Gatifloxacin obtained by the present procedure does not seem to form a stoichometric hydrate, but instead it retains moisture.

Thus, the product is usually obtained with a Karl-Fischer value below 1% after drying, but it can absorb moisture until a final content of about 3%. This water content can vary between 2.0% and 3.5%, depending on the relative humidity of the environment. DSC analysis revealed a broad endothermic signal with minimum at 76 °C, while TGA analysis showed that the product loses all the water below 80 °C.

No loss of weight is registered when the product melts, and the weight is constant until the decomposition of the material at about 200 °C. On the basis of these results, it can be said that the water content of the gatifloxacin obtained by the present process is retained moisture instead of water belonging to the lattice. The shape of the derivative of the weight curve at the beginning of the analysis shows that the sample has already lost part of the moisture when the register starts. This is probably due to the sample starting to lose weight when makes contact with the dry atmosphere of the TGA oven that could explain the different values obtained for water content of the analyzed sample by TGA (1.90%) and Karl-Fischer (2.64%) methods.

 1H NMR (DMSO-d6) δ 0.97 (d, J = 6.1 Hz, 3H), 1.04 (m, 2H), 1.15 (m, 2H), 2.75−2.94 (m, 4H) 3.14 (m, 1H), 3.30 (m, 2H), 3.74 (s, 3H), 4.15 (m, 1H), 7.70 (d, JH−F = 12.2 Hz, 1H), 8.67 (s, 1H). 
13C NMR (DMSO-d6) δ 8.40, 8.42, 18.66, 40.28, 45.46, 50.17, 50.29 (d, JC−F = 3.44 Hz), 57.36 (d, JC−F = 3.74 Hz), 62.15, 106.0 (d, JC−F = 22.7 Hz), 106.04, 120.05 (d, JC−F = 8.6 Hz), 133.6 (d, JC−F = 1.1 Hz), 138.9 (d, JC−F = 11.9 Hz), 145.2 (d, JC−F = 5.87 Hz), 149.88, 155.06 (d, JC−F = 249.2 Hz), 165.56, 175.56 (d, JC−F = 3.3 Hz).
 19F NMR (DMSO-d6) δ −120.4 (d, J = 12.2 Hz).
Anal. Calcd for C19H22N3O4F + 3.0% H2O; C, 58.95; H, 6.07; N, 10.85. Found: C, 58.90; H, 5.82; N, 10.90.

Side-effects and removal from the market

Canadian study published in the New England Journal of Medicine in March 2006 claims Tequin can have significant side effectsincluding dysglycemia.[2] An editorial by Dr. Jerry Gurwitz in the same issue called for the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to consider giving Tequin a black box warning.[3] This editorial followed distribution of a letter dated February 15 by Bristol-Myers Squibb to health care providers indicating action taken with the FDA to strengthen warnings for the medication.[4] Subsequently it was reported on May 1, 2006 that Bristol-Myers Squibb would stop manufacture of Tequin, end sales of the drug after existing stockpiles were exhausted, and return all rights to Kyorin.[5]

Union Health and Family Welfare Ministry of India on 18 March 2011 banned the manufacture, sale and distribution of Gatifloxacin as it caused certain adverse side effects[6]

Contraindications

Diabetes[7]

Availability

Gatifloxacin is currently available only in the US and Canada as an ophthalmic solution.

In China it is sold in tablet as well as in eye drop formulations.

Ophthalmic anti-infectives are generally well tolerated. The concentration of the drug observed following oral administration of 400 mg gatifloxacin systemically is approximately 800 times higher than that of the 0.5% Gatifloxacin eye drop. Given as an eye drop, Gatifloxacin Ophthalmic Solution 0.3% & 0.5% cause very low systemic exposures. Therefore, the systemic exposures resulting from the gatifloxacin ophthalmic solution are not likely to pose any risk for systemic toxicities.

  • The reaction of 1-bromo-2,4,5-trifluoro-3-methoxybenzene (I) with CuCN and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone at 150 C gives 2,4,5-trifluoro-3-methoxybenzonitrile (II), which by treatment with concentrated H2SO4 yields the benzamide (III) The hydrolysis of (III) with H2SO4 -. water at 110 C affords 2,4,5-trifluoro-2-methoxybenzoic acid (IV), which by reaction with SOCl2 is converted into the acyl chloride (V). The condensation of (V) with diethyl malonate by means of magnesium ethoxide in toluene affords diethyl 2- (2,4,5-trifluoro-3-methoxybenzoyl) malonate (VI), which by treatment with p-toluenesulfonic acid in refluxing water gives ethyl 2- (2,4,5-trifluoro-3-methoxybenzoyl) acetate (VII). The condensation of (VII) with triethyl orthoformate in refluxing acetic anhydride yields 3-ethoxy -2- (2,4,5-trifluoro-3-methoxybenzoyl) acrylic acid ethyl ester (VIII), which is treated with cyclopropylamine (IX) to afford the corresponding cyclopropylamino derivative (X). The cyclization of (X) by means of NaF in refluxing DMF gives 1-cyclopropyl-6,7-difluoro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (XI), which is hydrolyzed with H2SO4 in acetic acid to yield the corresponding free acid (XII). Finally, this compound is condensed with 2-methylpiperazine (XIII) in hot DMSO.

 

Gatifloxacin
Title: Gatifloxacin
CAS Registry Number: 112811-59-3
CAS Name: 1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-8-methoxy-7-(3-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid
Trademarks: Tequin (BMS); Zymar (Allergan)
Molecular Formula: C19H22FN3O4
Molecular Weight: 375.39
Percent Composition: C 60.79%, H 5.91%, F 5.06%, N 11.19%, O 17.05%
Literature References: Fluorinated quinolone antibacterial. Prepn: K. Masuzawa et al., EP 230295eidem, US 4980470 (1987, 1990 both to Kyorin); J. P. Sanchez et al., J. Med. Chem. 38, 4478 (1995); of the sesquihydrate: T. Matsumoto et al., US5880283 (1999 to Kyorin). In vitro antibacterial activity: A. Bauernfeind, J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 40, 639 (1997); H. Fukuda et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42, 1917 (1998). Clinical pharmacokinetics: M. Nakashima et al., ibid. 39, 2635 (1995). Clinical study in urinary tract infection: H. Nito, 10th Mediterranean Congr. Chemother. 1996, 327; in respiratory tract infection: S. Sethi, Expert Opin. Pharmacother. 4, 1847 (2003).
Properties: Pale yellow prisms from methanol as hemihydrate, mp 162°.
Melting point: mp 162°
 
Derivative Type: Sesquihydrate
CAS Registry Number: 180200-66-2
Manufacturers’ Codes: AM-1155
Molecular Formula: C19H22FN3O4.1½H2O
Molecular Weight: 384.40
Percent Composition: C 59.37%, H 6.03%, F 4.94%, N 10.93%, O 18.73%
Therap-Cat: Antibacterial.
Keywords: Antibacterial (Synthetic); Quinolones and Analogs

References

  1.  Burka JM, Bower KS, Vanroekel RC, Stutzman RD, Kuzmowych CP, Howard RS (July 2005). “The effect of fourth-generation fluoroquinolones gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin on epithelial healing following photorefractive keratectomy”Am. J. Ophthalmol. 140 (1): 83–7. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2005.02.037.PMID 15953577.
  2.  Park-Wyllie, Laura Y.; David N. Juurlink; Alexander Kopp; Baiju R. Shah; Therese A. Stukel; Carmine Stumpo; Linda Dresser; Donald E. Low; Muhammad M. Mamdani (March 2006).“Outpatient Gatifloxacin Therapy and Dysglycemia in Older Adults”The New England Journal of Medicine 354 (13): 1352–1361. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa055191PMID 16510739. Retrieved 2006-05-01. Note: publication date 30 March; available on-line 1 March
  3.  Gurwitz, Jerry H. (March 2006). “Serious Adverse Drug Effects — Seeing the Trees through the Forest”The New England Journal of Medicine 354 (13): 1413–1415.doi:10.1056/NEJMe068051PMID 16510740. Retrieved2006-05-01.
  4.  Lewis-Hall, Freda (February 15, 2006). “Dear Healthcare Provider:” (PDF). Bristol-Myers Squibb. Retrieved May 1, 2006.
  5.  Schmid, Randolph E. (May 1, 2006). “Drug Company Taking Tequin Off Market”Associated Press. Archived from the original on November 25, 2007. Retrieved 2006-05-01.[dead link]
  6.  “Two drugs banned”The Hindu (Chennai, India). 19 March 2011.
  7.  Peggy Peck (2 May 2006). “Bristol-Myers Squibb Hangs No Sale Sign on Tequin”. Med Page Today. Retrieved 24 February2009.

 

EP0610958A2 * 20 Jul 1989 17 Aug 1994 Ube Industries, Ltd. Intermediates in the preparation of 4-oxoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid derivatives
ES2077490A1 * Title not available
Citing Patent Filing date Publication date Applicant Title
WO2008126384A1 31 Mar 2008 23 Oct 2008 Daiichi Sankyo Co Ltd Method for producing quinolone carboxylic acid derivative
CN101659654B 28 Aug 2008 6 Nov 2013 四川科伦药物研究有限公司 2-Methylpiperazine fluoroquinolone compound and preparation method and application thereof
CN102351843A * 18 Aug 2011 15 Feb 2012 张家口市格瑞高新技术有限公司 Synthesis method of 2-methyl piperazine lomefloxacin
EP1832587A1 * 2 Mar 2007 12 Sep 2007 Quimica Sintetica, S.A. Method for preparing moxifloxacin and moxifloxacin hydrochloride
US7365201 2 Mar 2006 29 Apr 2008 Apotex Pharmachem Inc. Process for the preparation of the boron difluoride chelate of quinolone-3-carboxylic acid
US7875722 30 Sep 2009 25 Jan 2011 Daiichi Sankyo Company, Limited Method for producing quinolone carboxylic acid derivative
EP0464823A1 * Jul 4, 1991 Jan 8, 1992 Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (6,7-Substituted-8-alkoxy-1-cyclopropyl-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid-O3,O4)bis(acyloxy-O)borates and the salts thereof, and methods for their manufacture
US4997943 * Mar 31, 1987 Mar 5, 1991 Sankyo Company Limited Quinoline-3-carboxylic acid derivatives
Citing Patent Filing date Publication date Applicant Title
CN101659654B Aug 28, 2008 Nov 6, 2013 四川科伦药物研究有限公司 2-Methylpiperazine fluoroquinolone compound and preparation method and application thereof
CN102351843A * Aug 18, 2011 Feb 15, 2012 张家口市格瑞高新技术有限公司 Synthesis method of 2-methyl piperazine lomefloxacin
* Cited by examiner

 

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Amritsar, punjab, India

  1. Amritsar – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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    Amritsar is one of the largest cities of the Punjab state in India. The city origin lies in the village of Tung, and was named after the lake founded by the fourth Sikh  …

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    Tandoori chicken at Surjit Food Plaza. amritsar

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    The Jallianwalla Bagh in 1919, months after the massacre

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    Golden Temple – Harmandir Sahib: Free food for everyone

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    Amritsar – Wagah Border – Street food stall | Explore bernic… |

    Charles W. BartlettAmritsar (The Lake by the Golden Temple) 1920

    tandoori chicken

    • Golden Temple

    • Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s Ram Bagh Gardens

    • Golden Temple

    • Durgiana Temple

    • The holy water

    • Jallianwala Bagh

    • Jallianwala Bagh

    • The holy water

    • Golden Temple

    • Golden Temple

    • Sikh Gurdwara

    • The holy water

    Night view of the Harmandir Sahib

    Night view of the Harmandir Sahib
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NMR Structure Elucidation of Small Organic Molecules and Natural Products: Choosing ADEQUATE vs HMBC

 Uncategorized  Comments Off on NMR Structure Elucidation of Small Organic Molecules and Natural Products: Choosing ADEQUATE vs HMBC
Jun 092015
 
Abstract Image

Long-range heteronuclear shift correlation methods have served as the cornerstone of modern structure elucidation protocols for several decades. The 1H–13C HMBC experiment provides a versatile and relatively sensitive means of establishing predominantly 3JCHconnectivity with the occasional 2JCH or 4JCH correlation being observed. The two-bond and four-bond outliers must be identified specifically to avoid spectral and/or structural misassignment. Despite the versatility and extensive applications of the HMBC experiment, it can still fail to elucidate structures of molecules that are highly proton-deficient, e.g., those that fall under the so-called “Crews rule”. In such cases, recourse to the ADEQUATE experiments should be considered. Thus, a study was undertaken to facilitate better investigator understanding of situations where it might be beneficial to apply 1,1- or 1,n-ADEQUATE to proton-rich or proton-deficient molecules. Equipped with a better understanding of when a given experiment might be more likely to provide the necessary correlation data, investigators can make better decisions on when it might be advisible to employ one experiment over the other. Strychnine (1) and cervinomycin A2 (2) were employed as model compounds to represent proton-rich and proton-deficient classes of molecules, respectively. DFT methods were employed to calculate the relevant nJCHheteronuclear proton–carbon and nJCC homonuclear carbon–carbon coupling constants for this study.

NMR Structure Elucidation of Small Organic Molecules and Natural Products: Choosing ADEQUATE vs HMBC

† Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Process and Analytical Chemistry, NMR Structure Elucidation, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
‡ Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Process and Analytical Chemistry, NMR Structure Elucidation, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
J. Nat. Prod., 2014, 77 (8), pp 1942–1947
DOI: 10.1021/np500445s
*Tel: 908-740-3990. Fax: 908-740-4042. E-mail: alexei.buevich@merck.com.
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Using HMBC and ADEQUATE NMR Data To Define and Differentiate Long-Range Coupling Pathways: Is the Crews Rule Obsolete?
It is well known that as molecules become progressively more proton-deficient, structure elucidation becomes correspondingly more challenging. When the ratio of 1H to 13C and the sum of other heavy atoms falls below 2, an axiom that has been dubbed the “Crews rule” comes into play. The general premise of the Crews rule is that highly proton-deficient molecules may have structures that are difficult, and in some cases impossible, to elucidate using conventional suites of NMR experiments that include proton and carbon reference spectra, COSY, multiplicity-edited HSQC, and HMBC (both 1H–13C and 1H–15N). However, with access to modern cryogenic probes and microcyroprobes, experiments that have been less commonly utilized in the past and new experiments such as inverted 1JCC 1,n-ADEQUATE are feasible with modest sized samples. In this light, it may well be time to consider revising the Crews rule. The complex, highly proton-deficient alkaloid staurosporine (1) is used as a model proton-deficient compound for this investigation to highlight the combination of inverted 1JCC 1,n-ADEQUATE with 1.7 mm cryoprobe technology.

Using HMBC and ADEQUATE NMR Data To Define and Differentiate Long-Range Coupling Pathways: Is the Crews Rule Obsolete?

Gary E Martin
† Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Process and Analytical Chemistry, Structural Elucidation Group, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
‡ Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Process and Analytical Chemistry, Structural Elucidation Group, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
§ Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Process and Analytical Chemistry, Structural Elucidation Group, Merck Research Laboratories, Summit, New Jersey 07901, United States
J. Nat. Prod., 2013, 76 (11), pp 2088–2093
DOI: 10.1021/np400562u
Publication Date (Web): November 6, 2013
Copyright © 2013 The American Chemical Society and American Society of Pharmacognosy
*Phone: 908-473-5398. Fax: 908-473-6559. E-mail: gary.martin2@merck.com.
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Juliana Aristéia de Lima

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Jun 062015
 

.

Juliana ARISTÉIA DE LIMA,

PhD in Chemistry (31, Brazil)

Juliana Aristéia de Lima holds a Ph.D. in chemistry and is currently conducting research at the State University of Campinas, located in the state of São Paulo in Southeast Brazil. She works on the development of biodegradable polymers blends (biopolymers).

State University of Campinas, Brazil

 

LINKS

http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Juliana_De_Lima2

 

 

Research focus: Sustainable management in the chemical industry

Juliana Aristéia de Lima holds a Ph.D. in chemistry and is currently conducting research at the State University of Campinas, located in the state of São Paulo in Southeast Brazil. She works on the development of biodegradable polymers blends (biopolymers). Polymers are ubiquitous in modern everyday life, most notably in the form of plastics. Because of that, it is essential for the future that they don’t constitute a waste problem in the way they often have in the past, but instead degrade in the way natural materials like paper or food would.

With her research, Juliana Aristéia de Lima addresses an important topic in the area of sustainable resource management. In the future, the Brazilian researcher also hopes to work on conductive ionic liquids, which could serve as solvents for preparation of polymer membranes. She is aspiring to a postdoctoral research position in Germany and wants to make new contacts with German experts in industry and academia for that purpose.

Universidade Estadual de Campinas

 

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HONIARA

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Malaita, Solomon Islands …

 

 

 

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Gizo, on Ghizo Island, is the capital of the Solomon Islands’ far-flung Western Province, a paradise of coral cays, atolls, lagoons and volcanic islands east of Papua New Guinea where, on a rainy day in late July, crowds flocked to the local netball court for the opening of the inaugural Akuila Talasasa Arts Festival.

 

Motorised canoes lined up in Gizo Harbour near the daily marketplace. Picture: David May

Motorised canoes lined up in Gizo Harbour near the daily marketplace.

 

 

 

 

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Gizo Hotel, the best accommodation on Ghizo Island. Picture: David May

Vona Vona Lagoon and the beach at Zipolo Habu Resort on Lola Island. Picture: David May

Water views from Zipolo Habu Resort on Lola Island. Picture: David May

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The Water Purification Process

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Jun 042015
 

The Water Purification Process

Water purification is the process of removing undesirable chemicals, biological contaminants, suspended solids and gases from contaminated water. The goal is to produce water fit for a specific purpose. Most water is disinfected for human consumption (drinking water), but water purification may also be designed for a variety of other purposes, including fulfilling the requirements of medical, pharmacological, chemical and industrial applications. The methods used include physical processes such as filtrationsedimentation, anddistillation; biological processes such as slow sand filters or biologically active carbon; chemical processes such as flocculation andchlorination and the use of electromagnetic radiation such as ultraviolet light.

Purifying water may reduce the concentration of particulate matter including suspended particlesparasitesbacteriaalgaevirusesfungi, as well as reducing the amount of a range of dissolved and particulate material derived from the surfaces that come from runoff due torain.

The standards for drinking water quality are typically set by governments or by international standards. These standards usually include minimum and maximum concentrations of contaminants, depending on the intended purpose of water use.

Visual inspection cannot determine if water is of appropriate quality. Simple procedures such as boiling or the use of a household activated carbon filter are not sufficient for treating all the possible contaminants that may be present in water from an unknown source. Even natural spring water – considered safe for all practical purposes in the 19th century – must now be tested before determining the kind of treatment, if any, is needed. Chemical and microbiological analysis, while expensive, are the only way to obtain the information necessary for deciding on the appropriate method of purification.

According to a 2007 World Health Organization (WHO) report, 1.1 billion people lack access to an improved drinking water supply, 88 percent of the 4 billion annual cases ofdiarrheal disease are attributed to unsafe water and inadequate sanitation and hygiene, while 1.8 million people die from diarrheal diseases each year. The WHO estimates that 94 percent of these diarrheal cases are preventable through modifications to the environment, including access to safe water.[1] Simple techniques for treating water at home, such as chlorination, filters, and solar disinfection, and storing it in safe containers could save a huge number of lives each year.[2] Reducing deaths from waterborne diseases is a major public health goal in developing countries.

 

Water purity is extremely important to pharmaceutical and biochemical industries. Suspended or dissolved particles, organic compounds, impurities and other contaminants prohibit the usage of tap water in laboratory applications and scientific research. Parameters such as resistivity, conductivity, size of particulate matter and concentration of microorganisms are used to categorize water quality and, therefore, specify intended uses for water. Some applications can tolerate the presence of specific impurities in the water, but others, such as High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) require removal of the majority of contaminants.

 

Waterdia1
Contaminants

Water is an excellent solvent and can be sourced from almost anywhere on Earth. This property makes it prone to all kinds of contamination.

  • Particulates: Silt and debris which can be removed by passing water through a 10 to 20 micron filter (or less if necessary).
  • Microorganisms: Bacterial agents constitute a real challenge for water purification systems. Their growth rate, size and robustness require an efficient design (detection, removal from water inlet, inhibition of growth, etc.). Bacteria are measured in colony forming units per milliliter and can be killed with disinfectants. As a result, their secretions and cellular fragments must also be removed to avoid contamination.
  • Endotoxins, pyrogens, DNA and RNA: Cellular fragments and bacterial by-products. Harmful to tissue cultures. Can be detected with a Limus Amoebocyte Lysate (LAL) test.
  • Dissolved inorganic elements: Include phosphates, nitrates, calcium and magnesium, carbon dioxide, silicates, iron, chloride, fluoride, and any other natural or man-made chemicals resulting from exposure to the environment. Electrical conductivity (μSiemens/cm) is used to monitor high concentration of ions, while resistivity (MÙcm) is used to identify ions if present in small concentrations. These contaminants affect water hardness and alkalinity/acidity.
  • Dissolved organic elements: Pesticides, plant and animal remains or fragments. Total Organic Carbon (TOC) analyzers are used to measure CO2 emitted by organics subjected to oxidization. Organic-free water is mainly used in applications where analysis of organic substances is carried out (e.g. HPLC, chromatography and mass spectrometry).

Scientific applications require elimination of certain types of contaminants. On the other hand, pharmaceutical productions require, in most cases, near-total removal of impurities (criteria dictated by specific standards or local/international regulatory bodies).

 

water purification screen
Purification Process

There are a number of methods commonly used to purify water. Their effectiveness is linked to the type of contaminant being treated and the type of application the water will be used for.

  • Filtration: This process can take the form of any of the following:
    • Coarse filtration: Also called particle filtration, it can utilize anything from a 1 mm sand filter, to a 1 micron cartridge filter.
    • Micro filtration: Uses 1 to 0.1 micron devices to filter out bacteria. A typical implementation of this technique can be found in the brewing process.
    • Ultra filtration: Removes pyrogens, endotoxins, DNA and RNA fragments.
    • Reverse osmosis: Often referred to as RO, reverse osmosis is the most refined degree of liquid filtration. Instead of a filter, it uses a porous material acting as a unidirectional sieve that can separate molecular-sized particles.
  • Distillation: Oldest method of purification. Inexpensive but cannot be used for an on-demand process. Water must be distilled and then stored for later use, making it again prone to contamination if not stored properly.
  • Activated carbon adsorption: Operates like a magnet on chlorine and organic compounds.
  • Ultraviolet radiation: At a certain wavelength, this might cause bacteria to be sterilized and other micro organics to be broken down.
  • Deionization: Also known as ion exchange, it is used for producing purified water on-demand, by passing water through resin beds. Negatively charged (cationic) resin removes positive ions, while positively charged one (anionic) removes negative ions. Continuous monitoring and maintenance of the cartridges can produce the purest water.
Hot Water Sanitization

Sanitization of water purification equipment with hot water is achieved via an appropriate combination of exposure time and temperature. A primary use for this process is to deactivate viable microbes. It is worth mentioning that Endotoxin reduction is not achieved as a direct result of the hot water sanitization process.
Based on the feed water source, system operating conditions and the end-user’s operating and maintenance procedures, traditional chemical cleaning processes may still be required.
Sanitization using hot water involves incorporating heat exchangers into the traditional clean in place (CIP) system to gradually heat and cool water circulating through the reverse osmosis membrane system. Membrane manufacturers commonly stipulate a controlled heating and cooling rate to protect against irreversible damage to the membrane and ensure the system’s long-term performance.
A typical hot water sanitization sequence would consist of the following phases:

  • Initialization (conditions checking)
  • Heating
  • Holding
  • Cooling

A control system must therefore provide flexibility in the way in which accurate and repeatable control of the sterilization is achieved and will

include the following features:

  • Precise loop control with setpoint profile programming
  • Sequential control for sanitation/sterilization
  • Onscreen operator messaging
  • Duty standby pump control
  • Secure collection of on-line data from the purified water system for analysis and evidence
  • Local operator display with clear graphics and controlled access to parameters

 

Control room and schematics of the water purification plant to Lac de Bret, Switzerland

Bottle for distilled water in theFarmacia Real in Madrid

Large cation/anion ion exchangersused in demineralization of boiler feedwater

 

 

 

 

 

Pharmaceuticals can enter the water supply in a variety of ways. Debates continue over how dangerous this is. Source: GAO

Information sheet: Pharmaceuticals in drinking-water

(This information sheet is a summary of the key findings, recommendations and conclusions of the WHO technical report on Pharmaceuticals in drinking-water and the inputs of additional expert peer-reviewers)

Background and scope

Pharmaceuticals are synthetic or natural chemicals that can be found in prescription medicines, over-the-counter therapeutic drugs and veterinary drugs. Pharmaceuticals contain active ingredients that have been designed to have pharmacological effects and confer significant benefits to society. Pharmaceuticals can be introduced into water sources through sewage, which carries the excreta of individuals and patients who have used these chemicals, from uncontrolled drug disposal (e.g. discarding drugs into toilets) and from agricultural runoff comprising livestock manure. They have become chemicals of emerging concern to the public because of their potential to reach drinking-water.

Occurrence of pharmaceuticals in drinking-water

The ubiquitous use of pharmaceuticals (both prescribed and over the counter) has resulted in a relatively continuous discharge of pharmaceuticals and their metabolites into wastewater. In addition, pharmaceuticals may be released into water sources in the effluents from poorly controlled manufacturing or production facilities, primarily those associated with generic medicines.

Following advances in the sensitivity of analytical methods for the measurement of these chemicals at very low concentrations, a number of studies found trace concentrations of pharmaceuticals in wastewater, various water sources and some drinking-waters. Concentrations in surface waters, groundwater and partially treated water were typically less than 0.1 µg/l (or 100 ng/l), whereas concentrations in treated water were generally below 0.05 µg/l (or 50 ng/l). These investigations suggested that pharmaceuticals are present, albeit at trace concentrations, in many water sources receiving wastewater effluents.

The presence of specific pharmaceuticals in a water source will vary from place to place depending upon the type of pharmaceutical and the extent of discharge into water bodies. Key factors include the pharmaceuticals prescribed, used or manufactured in the area and the size of the population in the catchment. The occurrence and concentration of pharmaceuticals in receiving water sources, which are the primary pathway into drinking-water, are dependent on dilution, natural attenuation and the degree of wastewater treatment applied.

Risk assessment of pharmaceuticals in drinking-water

There are currently few systematic monitoring programmes or comprehensive studies available on human exposure to pharmaceuticals from drinking-water. Therefore, a key challenge in assessing the potential human health risk associated with exposure to very low concentrations of pharmaceuticals in drinking-water is the limited occurrence data available for the diverse group of pharmaceuticals in use today and their active metabolites.

However, several approaches for screening and prioritizing pharmaceuticals for human health risk assessment for exposure through drinking-water have been published in the peer-reviewed literature. These approaches usually apply the principle of the “minimum therapeutic dose” (also known as the “lowest clinically effective dose”) or the acceptable daily intake, in conjunction with safety factors or uncertainty factors for different groups of pharmaceuticals, to derive a margin of safety, or margin of exposure, between the worst-case exposure observed or predicted and the minimum therapeutic dose or acceptable daily intake.

Current observations suggest that it is very unlikely that exposure to very low levels of pharmaceuticals in drinking-water would result in appreciable adverse risks to human health, as concentrations of pharmaceuticals detected in drinking-water (typically in the nanogram per litre range) are several orders of magnitude (typically more, and often much more, than 1000-fold) lower than the minimum therapeutic dose.

Control measures and risk management

Concentrations of the vast majority of pharmaceuticals in the water environment can be reduced through natural processes (e.g. adsorption onto sediment, solar photodegradation and biological degradation) or during subsequent drinking-water and wastewater treatment processes.

Despite their unique pharmacological properties, pharmaceuticals respond to treatment no differently from other organic chemicals, with removal rates depending on their physicochemical properties and the treatment technology being used. Conventional water treatment processes, such as chlorination, can remove approximately 50% of these compounds, whereas more advanced treatment processes, such as ozonation, advanced oxidation, activated carbon, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis, can achieve higher removal rates; reverse osmosis, for example, can remove more than 99% of large pharmaceutical molecules.

Funding for any water safety improvements, like any public health intervention, draws on limited resources that need to be carefully allocated with due consideration of their beneficial impact. However, implementing additional specialized and costly drinking-water treatment, specifically with the intention of reducing trace concentrations of pharmaceuticals, is not considered necessary at this time, as the human health benefit would be limited.

The most appropriate approach to minimize the presence of pharmaceuticals in drinking-water and reduce human exposure is to prevent or reduce their entry into the water environment as far as reasonably practical. This can be achieved through a combination of preventive measures, including enhanced communication to the public on rational drug use and disposal of pharmaceuticals (e.g. avoid flushing unused drugs down the toilet), education for prescribers and systematic drug take-back programmes.

However, in line with the water safety plan principle of control of contaminants at the source, it would be appropriate to investigate improvements in wastewater treatment to remove pharmaceuticals and other potential contaminants of concern from their main route of entry into the water environment.

Monitoring of pharmaceuticals in water

In the absence of regulatory mandates, routine monitoring for pharmaceuticals in water sources and drinking-water on a national basis would not be desirable except in cases where local circumstances indicate a potential for elevated concentrations (e.g. manufacturing facilities with uncontrolled effluent discharge upstream of a drinking-water source). In these circumstances, investigative monitoring of, for example, surface water, groundwater and wastewater effluent can be undertaken to assess possible occurrence levels and exposure; if necessary, screening values can be developed in conjunction with an assessment of the potential risks to human health from exposure through drinking-water.

Based on the results of this risk assessment, an evaluation of possible control options could be considered as part of a water safety plan. Practical difficulties associated with implementing monitoring programmes for pharmaceuticals include the lack of standardized sampling and analysis protocols, high costs and the limited availability of the analytical instruments required to measure the diverse range of pharmaceuticals that may be present.

Investigative surveys should be tailored to local circumstances, taking into account existing wastewater and water treatment processes and pharmaceuticals (and their metabolites) that are commonly prescribed, used or manufactured within the catchment area of concern. Such studies should be carried out with appropriate rigorous quality assurance and verification and designed to confirm whether drinking-water is a significant risk.

Knowledge gaps

Although current risk assessments indicate that the very low concentrations of pharmaceuticals found in drinking-water are very unlikely to pose any appreciable risks to human health, knowledge gaps exist. These include the assessment of risks to human health associated with long-term exposure to low concentrations of pharmaceuticals and the possible combined effects of mixtures of pharmaceuticals.

Although the margins of exposure are substantial, it would be of value to ensure that these margins are adequate for possibly sensitive subpopulations and to better characterize health risks, if any, from long-term, low-level exposures. In addition, future research should focus on developing methods or protocols for prioritizing pharmaceuticals in the context of an overall risk assessment for all drinking-water hazards.

Summary

Currently, analysis of the available data indicates that there is a substantial margin of safety between the very low concentrations of pharmaceuticals that would be consumed in drinking-water and the minimum therapeutic doses, which suggests a very low risk to human health. Based on this finding, the development of formal health-based guideline values for pharmaceuticals in the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Guidelines for drinking-water quality is currently not considered to be necessary.

Concerns over pharmaceuticals in drinking-water should not divert water suppliers and regulators from other priorities for drinking-water and health, most notably microbial risks, such as bacterial, viral and protozoan pathogens, and other chemical risks, such as naturally occurring arsenic and excessive levels of fluoride.

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ANTHONY MELVIN CRASTO
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KETO ENOL TAUTOMERISM AND NMR

 spectroscopy, Uncategorized  Comments Off on KETO ENOL TAUTOMERISM AND NMR
Jun 032015
 

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H Nmr Spectrum | Apk Mod Game

www.apkmodgame.net

Shows a method for getting all the useful information out of a proton nmr spectrum and using it to piece together the identity of an unknown molecule.
A Partial NMR Spectrum of 2,4-Pentanedione

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Patent EP0922715B1 – Stimuli-responsive polymer utilizing keto …

Carbonyl compounds (aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic esters, carboxylic amides) react aselectrophiles at the sp2 hybridized carbon atoms and as nucleophiles if they contain an H-atom in the α-position relative to their C=O or C=N bonds. This is because this H is acidic and it can be removed by a base leaving behind an electron pair for nucleophilic attacks.

For most compounds in organic chemistry all the molecules have the same structure – even if this structure cannot satisfactory represented by a Lewis formula – but for many compounds there is a mixture of two or more structurally distinct compounds that are in rapid equilibrium. This phenomenon is called tautomerism.

Tautomerism is the phenomenon that occurs in any reaction that simply involves the intramolecular transfer of a proton. An equilibrium is established between the two tautomers (structurally distinct compounds) and there is a rapid shift back and forth between the distinct compounds.

A very common form of tautomerism is that between a carbonyl compound containing an αhydrogen and its enol form (Fig. I.1).

Fig. I.1: A keto-enol reaction
Fig. I.1: A keto-enol reaction

 

An enol is exactly what the name implies: an ene-ol. It has a C=C double bond (diene) and an OH group (alcohol) joined directly to it.

Notice that in the above reaction as in any keto-enol reaction there is no change in pH since a proton is lost from carbon and gained on oxygen. The reaction is known as enolization as it is the conversion of a carbonyl compound into its enol.

Notice also that in the above reaction the product is almost the same as the starting material since the only change is the transfer of one proton and the shift of the double bond.

In simple cases (R2 = H, alkyl, OR, etc.) the equilibrium of the keto-enol reaction lies well to the left (keto structure) (Table I.1). The reason can be seen by examining the bond energies in Table I.2.

 

Compound

Enol Content, %

Acetone

6 * 10-7

PhCOCH3

1.1 * 10-6

CH3CHO

6 * 10-5

Cyclohexanone

4 * 10-5

Ph2CHCHO

9.1

PhCOCH2COCH3

89.2

Table I.1: The enol content of some carbonyl compounds

 

If keto-enol reactions are common for aldehydes and ketones why don’t simple aldehydes and ketones exist as enols?

IR and NMR Spectra of carbonyl compounds show no signs of enols. The equilibrium lies well over towards the keto form (the equilibrium constant k for cyclohexanone is about 10-5).

 

Bond (Energy, kJ/mol)

Sum ( kJ/mol)

keto form

C-H (413)

C-C (350)

C=O (740)

1503

enol form

C=C (620)

C-O (367)

O-H (462)

1449

Table I.2: Bond energies in the keto and in the enol form. The keto form is thermodynamically more stable than the enol form by approximately 50 kJ/mol

The approximate sum of the bond energies in the keto form is 1503 kJ/mol while in the enol form 1449. Therefore, the keto form is thermodynamically more stable than the enol form by approximately 50 kJ/mol.

In most cases, enol forms cannot be isolated since they are less stable and are formed in minute quantities. However, there are some exceptions and in certain cases a larger amount of the enol form is present and it can be even the predominant species:

  • Molecules in which the enolic double bond is in conjugation with another double bond (cases are shown in Table I.1 like Ph2CHCHO and PhCOCH2COCH3)
  • Molecules that contain two or more bulky aryl groups (Fig. I.2). Compound I in Fig. I.2 (a substituted enol) is the major species in equilibrium (~95%) while the keto form is the minor species (~5%). In cases like this steric hindrance destabilizes the keto form (the two substituted aryl groups are 109° apart) while in the enol form 120° apart.

 

Fig. I.2: A keto-enol reaction. The enol form (I) is the major species since the keto form is destabilized by steric hindrance (the substituted aryl groups are closer in the keto form – the C-C angle is 109° and this is unfavorable due to steric hindrance)
Fig. I.2: A keto-enol reaction. The enol form (I) is the major species in this case since the keto form is destabilized by steric hindrance (the substituted aryl groups are closer in the keto form – the C-C angle is 109° and this is unfavorable due to steric hindrance)

 

Is there experimental evidence that keto-enol reactions are common for aldehydes and ketones?

If the NMR spectrum of a simple carbonyl compound in D2O is obtained – such as pinacolone’s (CH3)3CCOCH3 – the signal for protons next to the carbonyl group very slowly disappears. The isolated compound’s mass spectrum (after the above mentioned reaction with D2O is over) shows that those hydrogen atoms have been replaced by deuterium atoms. There is a peak at (M+1)+ or (M+2)+ or (M+3)+ instead of M+. The reaction is shown in Fig. I.3:

 Fig. I.3: Evidence for a keto-enol reaction when pinacolone (CH3)3CCOCH3 reacts with D2O. When the enol form of the pinacolone reverts to the keto form it picks up a deuteron instead of a proton because the solution consists almost entirely of D2O.
Fig. I.3: Evidence for a keto-enol reaction when pinacolone (CH3)3CCOCH3 reacts with D2O. When the enol form of the pinacolone reverts to the keto form it picks up a deuteron instead of a proton because the solution consists almost entirely of D2O.

 

What mechanism can be proposed for the above reaction?

Enolization is a slow process in neutral solution, even in D2O, and is catalyzed by acid or base in order to happen.

In the acid-catalyzed reaction the molecule is first protonated on oxygen and then loses the C-H proton in a second step (Fig. I.4). When the enol form reverts to the keto – since this is an equilibrium process – it picks up a deuteron instead of a proton since the solution is D2O.

 

Fig. I.4: The acid-catalyzed keto-enol reaction mechanism. If D2O is the solvent then the α-hydrogens to carbonyl group are replaced by deuterium.
Fig. I.4: The acid-catalyzed keto-enol reaction mechanism. If D2O is the solvent then the α-hydrogens to carbonyl group are replaced by deuterium.

In the base-catalyzed reaction the C-H proton is removed first by the base (for example hydroxide ion OH, OD in our case) and the proton (or D+ in our case) added to the oxygen atom in a second step (Fig. I.5).

Fig. I.5: The base-catalyzed keto-enol reaction mechanism. If D2O is the solvent then the α-hydrogens to carbonyl group are replaced by deuterium.
Fig. I.5: The base-catalyzed keto-enol reaction mechanism. If D2O is the solvent then the α-hydrogens to carbonyl group are replaced by deuterium.

Notice that the enolization reactions in Fig. I.4 and Fig. I.5 are catalytic. In the acid-catalyzed mechanism the D+ (or H+ if water is the solvent) is regenerated at the end (catalyst). In the base-catalyzed mechanism OD (or OH if water is the solvent) is regenerated at the end (catalyst).

The enolate ion generated from the enol (Fig. I.6) in the base-catalyzed mechanism is nucleophilic due to:

  • Oxygen’s small atomic radius
  • Formal negative charge

An enolate ion is an ion with a negative charge on oxygen with adjacent C-C double bond.

 

 Fig. I.6: Enolate ion resonance contributors. Although the major contributor is resonace structure I when it reacts as a nucleophile structure II is more reactive.
Fig. I.6: Enolate ion resonance contributors. Although the major contributor is resonace structure I when it reacts as a nucleophile structure II is more reactive.

Enolates are reactive nucleophiles. Although the major enolate Lewis contributor shows concentration of electron density on the electronegative oxygen when it reacts as a nucleophile, it behaves like the electron density is concentrated on the α-carbon next to carbonyl group.

Enolates react with alkyl halides, aldehydes/ketones and esters and these reactions are shown in the post entitled “The chemistry of enolate ions – Enolate ion reactions”.


 

References
  1. A.J. Kresge, Pure Appl. Chem., 63, 213 (1991)
  2. B. Capon, The Chemistry of Enols, Wiley, NY, 307–322 (1990)
  3. S.E. Biali et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 107, 1007 (1985).

 

 

 

 

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http://www.slideshare.net/chemsant/nmr-dynamic

 

 

http://article.sapub.org/10.5923.j.ajoc.20140401.01.html

2-fluoro-3-hydroxycyclopent-2-enone and 2-fluoro- 1,3-cyclopentanedione (1c): This compound was obtained as a 52:48 mixture of keto-enol and diketo tautomers in 50% yield as a yellow-brown solid, mp 70-72°C. NMR:1H: δ 2.36 (t, 3JH-H = 16.2 Hz, 2H), 2.85 (m, 2H), 5.91 (d, 2JH-F = 47.7 Hz, 1H). 13C: δ31.1, 90.8 (d, 1JC-F = 251.3 Hz), 122.3 (d, 1JC-F = 233.9 Hz), 210.1 (d, 2JC-F = 31.0 Hz). 19F: keto-enol: δ-161.4 (s, 1F); diketo: δ-195.5 (d, 2JF-H = 47.7 Hz, 1F). Analysis calcd for C5H5FO2: C, 51.73, H, 4.34. Found: C, 51.48, H, 4.31.

 

 

 

 

 

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A Simple Organocatalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of Pregabalin

 Uncategorized  Comments Off on A Simple Organocatalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of Pregabalin
Jun 022015
 

Bassas, O.; Huuskonen, J.; Rissanen, K.; Koskinen, A.M.P. ’A Simple Organocatalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of Pregabalin.’ Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2009, 1340-1351.

 

 

 

This paper describes a new procedure for the enantioselective synthesis of the important anticonvulsant drug Pregabalin, which shows biological properties as the (S) enantiomer only. The key step of the synthetic sequence is the Michael addition reaction of Meldrum’s acid to a nitroalkene mediated by a quinidine derived thiourea. A variety of novel catalysts bearing different groups at the thiourea moiety were synthesized and tested. The most successful catalyst that incorporates a trityl substituent provided up to 75 % ee of (S)-4. The conjugate addition reaction was carried out on a multigram scale with low loadings of catalyst (10 mol-%). Moreover, the catalyst can be recycled showing the same capability in chemical yield and asymmetric induction. Then, hydrogenation of nitroalkane 4 followed by decarboxylation of diacid 5 provides Pregabalin hydrochloride in 59 % overall yield. Enantioenrichment by crystallization of the free amino acid 1 improves the (S)/(R) enantiomeric ratio to 9:1.

Author Information

  1. 1Department of Chemistry, Helsinki University of Technology, P. O. Box 6100, 02015 TKK, Espoo, Finland, Fax: +358-94512538
  2. 2NanoScience Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P. O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
  1. X-ray crystallography.

Email: Ari M. P. Koskinen (ari.koskinen@hut.fi)

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ejoc.200801220/abstract

 

 

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Women in Organic Chemistry

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Kiran Mazumdar Shaw: (born 23 March 1953) She is the Chairman & Managing Director, Biocon Limited a biotechnology company based at Bangalore. She is on the Forbes list of the world’s 100 most powerful women and in business list on top 50 women released by the Financial Times’. In the year 1978, she started Biocon in the garage of her rented house in Bangalore with a seed capital of Rs. 10,000. Now the net worth of the company is more than $ 900 million. Now Biocon produces drugs for cancer, diabetes and auto-immune diseases. Product pipeline includes world’s first oral insulin, currently undergoing Phase III clinical trials.

Winners of the 2014 Elsevier Foundation Awards for Early Career Women Scientists in Developing Countries: (left to right) Dr. Eqbal Mohammed Abdu Dauqan (Biochemistry - Yemen), Dr. Simone Ann Marie Badal McCreath (Biochemistry - Jamaica), Dr. Taiwo Olayemi Elufioye (Pharmacology - Nigeria), Dr. Leni Ritmaleni (Medicinal Chemistry - Indonesia) and Dr. Nilufar Mamadalieva (Biochemistry - Uzbekistan). Photos by Alison BertWinners of the 2014 Elsevier Foundation Awards for Early Career Women Scientists in Developing Countries: (left to right) Dr. Eqbal Mohammed Abdu Dauqan (Biochemistry – Yemen), Dr. Simone Ann Marie Badal McCreath (Biochemistry – Jamaica), Dr. Taiwo Olayemi Elufioye (Pharmacology – Nigeria), Dr. Leni Ritmaleni (Medicinal Chemistry – Indonesia) and Dr. Nilufar Mamadalieva (Biochemistry – Uzbekistan). Photos by Alison Bert

Chicago — Five chemists were presented with the Elsevier Foundation Award for Early Career Women Scientists in the Developing World for research that looks to nature for ways to address cancer, malaria and other medical problems.The winning researchers, representing five regions of the developing world, are from Indonesia, Jamaica, Nigeria, Uzbekistan and Yemen. The prizes are awarded by The Elsevier Foundation, the Organization for Women in Science for the Developing World (OWSD) and The World Academy of Sciences for the advancement of science in developing countries (TWAS) with the aim of building scientific strength and advancing scientific knowledge in developing countries.

The 2014 winners

Central & South Asia

Nilufar Mamadalieva, PhD
Nilufar Mamadalieva, PhD

Dr. Nilufar Mamadalieva, Senior Scientific Researcher at the Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, was honored for her work on the phytochemical and biological investigation of active compounds derived from medicinal plants growing in Central Asia, in particular the development of efficient nutraceuticals and the discovery of new lead compounds for the pharmaceutical industry.The field of natural substances, a tradition at the Tashkent Institute, is gaining more interest in western countries for the development of efficient nutraceuticals and the discovery of new lead compounds for the pharmaceutical industry.

Dr. Mamadalieva is the recipient of a number of international fellowships, which have allowed her to travel extensively and develop a network of international collaborators.

“This award gives me confidence and confirms that I’m going for the right goal,” she said.

East and South-East Asia & the Pacific

Leni Ritmaleni, PhD
Leni Ritmaleni, PhD

Dr. Leni Ritmaleni of the Faculty of Pharmacy at Gadjah Mada University in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, was honored for her work in the field of organic synthesis, focusing on the development of tropical medicines, in particular improved methods for the synthesis of sulfoxides and their application in the preparation of biologically active targets.She hopes her work will “encourage young women in Indonesia to love science, especially synthetic organic chemistry.”

“Women need science, science needs women and they need to work together,” she said.

Dr. Ritmaleni received her PhD from the School of Chemistry at Bristol University, UK after receiving a scholarship from the Indonesian government. She has won several awards in Indonesia and has published over 40 papers.

Dr. RItmaleni said researchers face various challenges at her institution, including a lack of access to scientific equipment and supplies and a scarcity of grants for basic science.

As a mother, she also strives to balance work and family, making “time management” an important priority.

She values the recognition provided by this award along with “the opportunity to connect with other scientists around the globe.”

Latin America & the Caribbean

Simone Ann Marie Badal McCreath, PhD
Simone Ann Marie Badal McCreath, PhD

Dr. Simone Ann Marie Badal McCreath manages the biochemistry lab at the Natural Products Institute at the University of the West Indies in Jamaica, and is designing a new cell culture lab at the same Institute. She was recognized for her work in designing a new cell culture lab to investigate the cancer-fighting properties of Jamaican natural compounds.Her interest is in screening Jamaican plant isolates for their potential properties slow down block or prevent the carcinogenic process. “Our findings have so far identified several isolates that are more potent in reducing cancer cell viability as well as potentially safer than anti-cancer drugs now on the market,” she said. “This research will pave the way for future research necessary for drug development and also the propagation and culture of novel Jamaican cancer and normal cells lines.

“Since cancer is the leading cause of death in Jamaica, such findings will prove useful in cancer treatment and prevention as well as earlier diagnosis in addition to identifying molecular targets that can improve selectivity of the isolates to cancer cells only.”

Dr. Badal McCreath has received numerous awards and has published extensively.

She said the challenges she faces in her career are less gender-based and more about the long delays in getting equipment and supplies to their lab as well as a lack of funding.

“Such challenges can cost us months even years of research,” she said. “Nonetheless, women in science do face challenges, and these become more apparent the higher the ladder you climb, the top of which is male dominated.”

Winning this award, she said, means attracting funding for cancer research in Jamaica and “the motivation of young and older women in science and other areas … to never give up but to persevere through gender-based and other issues that we daily face.”

Arab region

Eqbal Mohammed Abdu Dauqan, PhD PhD
Eqbal Mohammed Abdu Dauqan, PhD PhD

Dr. Eqbal Mohammed Abdu Dauqan is Head of the Department of Medical Laboratories Sciences at Al-Saeed University in Taizz, Yemen. She was honored for her research on the antioxidant properties of vegetable oils and specialized research in sensory evaluation and organic chemistry.She received her PhD from the National University of Malaysia. Her interests are in biochemistry and biotechnology, and she has conducted specialist research in food science, natural antioxidents and organic chemistry. She is also a dedicated teacher.

“Not all the people around us understand what natural antioxidents are,” she said. She and her colleagues do workshops for the public, pointing out the antioxident properties in vitamins such as C and E and how to find them in the foods they eat.

Sub-Saharan Africa

Taiwo Olayemi Elufioye, PhD
Taiwo Olayemi Elufioye, PhD

Dr. Taiwo Olayemi Elufioye is acting head of the Department of Pharmacognosy at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She was honored for her research on the medicinal properties of native Nigerian plants, in particular the effectiveness of different species in treating malaria, wounds, memory loss, leprosy and cancer.She said she has been able to identify a compound with good activity against a chloroquine-resistant strain of malaria parasites. Also, she and her research colleagues are creating an herb tea that that may be useful for dementia.

“My main challenge has been funding, typical for most developing world,” she said. “Also been a woman can be challenging considering the fact that prevailing conditions and policies are not necessarily woman-friendly.

“It’s just so great to know that despite these challenges, my contribution to science is being recognized. I feel so proud and definitely energized to do more.”

“The winners of the 2014 Elsevier Foundation prizes are impressive not just for their research, but also for their potential,” said TWAS Executive Director Romain Murenzi. “Certainly these awards could bring them exciting new opportunities for research. We also believe that, over time, these researchers also will fulfill their potential as teachers and mentors, as partners in international projects and as advisers to governments. Such leadership can make a long-lasting contribution to global science.”

David Ruth and Samira Omar Asam present the award to Dr. Nilufar Mamadalieva, Senior Scientific Researcher at the Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances in Uzbekistan.
David Ruth and Samira Omar Asam present the award to Dr. Nilufar Mamadalieva, Senior Scientific Researcher at the Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances in Uzbekistan.

Fang Xin, president of OWSD, said: “These five women, like all women undertaking scientific research in developing countries, will certainly have faced challenges on the road to this award. But their determination, commitment and enthusiasm have paid off. The award is recognition that they are excellent scientists and that their research has made an impact both regionally and internationally. They are an inspiration to all young women considering careers in science.”At the ceremony, Samira Omar Asem, VP for the OWSD Arab Region, said OWSD and TWAS see this award as “vital for encouraging women in developing countries to be more involved in science and technology and to make a more significant contribution to social and economic developments.”

David Ruth, Executive Director of the Elsevier Foundation, said professional visibility is crucial to developing high-profile international scientific careers, especially for women. He explained that the Elsevier Foundation provides support to early-career women scholars through its New Scholars grant programs as well as mentoring, research retreats, professional visibility, childcare, work-life integration and recognition programs.

“The awards for these impressive women scientists represent a cooperative effort supported by Elsevier, OWSD, AAAS and TWAS to build research capacity and advance scientific knowledge throughout the developing world,” he said, “and what better place than the annual AAAS conference to raise awareness among scientists, policymakers, journalists and the public about the need to retain and celebrate women scientists.”

chemistry at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
MARGARET THATCHER AT OXFORD
alice

Dr. Alice Mohan Varghese

Assistant Professor

Specialization: Pharmaceutical Chemistry

M.Pharm., Ph. D.

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(1S)-(-)-beta-Pinene

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Jun 012015
 

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(1S)-(1)-beta-Pinene Structure

(1S)-(1)-beta-Pinene, (1S)-(-)-beta-Pinene

 

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image of (1s)-(-)-b-pinene.

 

image of (1s)-(-)-b-pinene

 

 

13C NMR

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image of (1s)-(-)-b-pinene.

 

APT

image of (1s)-(-)-b-pinene.

DEPT

image of (1s)-(-)-b-pinene.

COSY

image of (1s)-(-)-b-pinene.

HETCOR

image of (1s)-(-)-b-pinene

IR

 

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RAMAN

 

 

CAS No. 18172-67-3
Chemical Name: (1S)-(1)-beta-Pinene
Synonyms: β-Pinen;FEMA 2903;PINENE BETA;(1S)-(-)-B-PINENE;LAEVO-BETA-PINENE;(1s)-(-)-á-pinene;ALPHA,BETA-PINENE;(1S)-(-)-SS-PINENE;PINENE, (1S)-(-)-B-;(1s)-(1)-beta-pinene
CBNumber: CB8270232
Molecular Formula: C10H16
Formula Weight: 136.23
MOL File: 18172-67-3.mol
(1S)-(1)-beta-Pinene Property
mp : −61 °C(lit.)
bp : 165-167 °C(lit.)
alpha : -18.5 º (c=neat 25 ºC)
density : 0.866 g/mL at 25 °C
vapor density : 4.7 (vs air)
vapor pressure : ~2 mm Hg ( 20 °C)
FEMA : 2903
refractive index : n20/D 1.478
Fp : 91 °F
storage temp. : 2-8°C
Water Solubility : insoluble
Merck : 14,7446
BRN : 2038282
CAS DataBase Reference: 18172-67-3(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference: Bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane, 6,6-dimethyl-2-methylene-, (1S)-(18172-67-3)
EPA Substance Registry System: Bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane, 6,6-dimethyl-2-methylene-, (1S,5S)-(18172-67-3)
Safety
Hazard Codes : Xn,N,Xi
Risk Statements : 10-20/21/22-36/37/38-43-51-65-51/53
Safety Statements : 16-26-36/37-46-61-62
RIDADR : UN 2319 3/PG 3
WGK Germany : 3
RTECS : DT5077000
HazardClass : 3
PackingGroup : III
HS Code : 29021910

take a tour

Amalner,  Jalgaon, Maharashtra, India

Amalner – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalner

Amalner, India is a city and a municipal council in Jalgaon district in the state of Maharashtra, India, situated on the bank of the Bori River. Amalner is the …

History – ‎Geography – ‎Demographics – ‎Education

Map of amalner maharashtra

 

 

10000 devout Hindus were present for the Hindu Dharmajagruti Sabha at Amalner, Maharashtra

 

end of amalner…………

 

Daulatabad Fort Market

India / Maharashtra / Aurangabad /

Daulatabad, Maharashtra – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daulatabad,_Maharashtra

Daulatabad also known as Devagiri is a town which includes the Devagiri-Daulatabad fort It carries the distinction of remaining undefeated in battle.

Fort of Daulatabad – ‎The City – ‎Monuments – ‎Transport
 Marketplace
 Map of daulatabad

Market place and Hotel/Dhaba
Nearby cities: Aurangabad, New Aurangabad, CIDCO. , Gangapur
Coordinates:   19°56’36″N   75°13’17″E
 

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MASITINIB

 Uncategorized  Comments Off on MASITINIB
May 232015
 

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Masitinib

Masitinib; 790299-79-5; Masivet; AB1010; AB-1010;

CLASS:Immunomodulator
TARGET:KIT (a stem cell factor, also called c-KIT) receptor as well as select other tyrosine kinases
STATUS FOR MS:Phase III
COMMERCIAL:Under development by AB Science..Ab Science
4-((4-Methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-N-(4-methyl-3-((4-(pyridin-3-yl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)amino)phenyl)benzamide
AB 1010
UNII-M59NC4E26P

4-((4-Methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-N-(4-methyl-3-((4-(pyridin-3-yl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)amino)phenyl)benzamide

Regulatory and Commercial Status

STATUS FOR MS:Phase III
HIGHEST STATUS ACHIEVED (FOR ANY CONDITION):
Marketing Authorization Application for the treatment of pancreatic cancer has been filed with the European Medicines Agency (16 October 2012)
Marketing Authorization Application for the conditional approval in the treatment of pancreatic cancer has been accepted by the European Medicines Agency (30 October 2012)

Masitinib.png

Masitinib is a tyrosine-kinase inhibitor used in the treatment of mast cell tumors in animals, specifically dogs.[1][2] Since its introduction in November 2008 it has been distributed under the commercial name Masivet. It has been available in Europe since the second part of 2009. In the USA it is distributed under the name Kinavet and has been available for veterinaries since 2011.

Masitinib is being studied for several human conditions including cancers. It is used in Europe to fight orphan diseases.[3]

Mechanism of action

Masitinib inhibits the receptor tyrosine kinase c-Kit which is displayed by various types of tumour.[2] It also inhibits the platelet derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) and fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR).

……………………..

http://www.google.com/patents/US7423055

Compound Synthesis

General: All chemicals used were commercial reagent grade products. Dimethylformamide (DMF), methanol (MeOH) were of anhydrous commercial grade and were used without further purification. Dichloromethane and tetrahydrofuran (THF) were freshly distilled under a stream of argon before use. The progress of the reactions was monitored by thin layer chromatography using precoated silica gel 60F 254, Fluka TLC plates, which were visualized under UV light. Multiplicities in 1H NMR spectra are indicated as singlet (s), broad singlet (br s), doublet (d), triplet (t), quadruplet (q), and multiplet (m) and the NMR spectrum were realized on a 300 MHz Bruker spectrometer.

3-Bromoacetyl-pyridine, HBr Salt

Dibromine (17.2 g, 108 mmol) was added dropwise to a cold (0° C.) solution of 3-acetyl-pyridine (12 g, 99 mmol) in acetic acid containing 33% of HBr (165 mL) under vigourous stirring. The vigorously stirred mixture was warmed to 40° C. for 2 h and then to 75° C. After 2 h at 75° C., the mixture was cooled and diluted with ether (400 mL) to precipitate the product, which was recovered by filtration and washed with ether and acetone to give white crystals (100%). This material may be recrystallised from methanol and ether.

IR (neat): 3108, 2047, 2982, 2559, 1709, 1603, 1221, 1035, 798 cm−1−1H NMR (DMSO-d6) δ=5.09 (s, 2H, CH2Br); 7.88 (m, 1H, pyridyl-H); 8.63 (m, 1H, pyridyl-H); 8.96 (m, 1H, pyridyl-H); 9.29 (m, 1H, pyridyl-H).

Methyl-[4-(1-N-methyl-piperazino)-methyl]-benzoate

To methyl-4-formyl benzoate (4.92 g, 30 mmol) and N-methyl-piperazine (3.6 mL, 32 mmol) in acetonitrile (100 mL) was added dropwise 2.5 mL of trifluoroacetic acid. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. After slow addition of sodium cyanoborohydride (2 g, 32 mmol), the solution was left stirring overnight at room temperature. Water (10 mL) was then added to the mixture, which was further acidified with 1N HCl to pH=6-7. The acetonitrile was removed under reduced pressure and the residual aqueous solution was extracted with diethyl ether (4×30 mL). These extracts were discarded. The aqueous phase was then basified (pH>12) by addition of 2.5N aqueous sodium hydroxyde solution. The crude product was extracted with ethyl acetate (4×30 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a slightly yellow oil which became colorless after purification by Kugelrohr distillation (190° C.) in 68% yield.

IR(neat): 3322, 2944, 2802, 1721, 1612, 1457, 1281, 1122, 1012—1H NMR(CDCl3) δ=2.27 (s, 3H, NCH3); 2.44 (m, 8H, 2×NCH2CH2N); 3.53 (s, 2H, ArCH2N); 3.88 (s, 3H, OCH3); 7.40 (d, 2H, J=8.3 Hz, 2×ArH); 7.91 (d, 2H, J=8.3 Hz, 2×ArH)—3C NMR (CDCl3) δ=45.8 (NCH3); 51.8 (OCH3); 52.9 (2×CH2N); 54.9 (2×CH2N); 62.4 (ArCH2N); 128.7 (2×ArC); 129.3 (2×ArC); 143.7 (ArC); 166.7 (ArCO2CH3)-MS CI (m/z) (%) 249 (M+1, 100%).

2-Methyl-5-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-aniline

A solution of di-tert-butyldicarbonate (70 g, 320 mmol) in methanol (200 mL) was added over 2 h to a cold (−10° C.) solution of 2,4-diaminotoluene (30 g, 245 mmol) and triethylamine (30 mL) in methanol (15 mL). The reaction was followed by thin layer chromatography (hexane/ethyl acetate, 3:1) and stopped after 4 h by adding 50 mL of water. The mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the residue was dissolved in 500 mL of ethyl acetate. This organic phase was washed with water (1×150 mL) and brine (2×150 mL), dried over MgSO4, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting light brown solid was washed with small amounts of diethyl ether to give off-white crystals of 2-methyl-5-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-aniline in 67% yield.

IR (neat): 3359; 3246; 2970; 1719; 1609; 1557; 1173; 1050 cm−11H NMR (CDCl3): δ=1.50 (s, 9H, tBu); 2.10 (s, 3H, ArCH3); 3.61 (br s, 2H, NH2); 6.36 (br s, 1H, NH); 6.51 (dd, 1H, J=7.9 Hz, 2.3 Hz, ArH); 6.92 (d, 1H, J=7.9 Hz, ArH); 6.95 (s, 1H, ArH)—13C NMR (CDCl3) δ=16.6 (ArCH3); 28.3 (C(CH3)3); 80.0 (C(CH3)3); 105.2 (ArC); 108.6 (ArC); 116.9 (ArC); 130.4 (ArC—CH3); 137.2 (ArC—NH); 145.0 (ArC—NH2); 152.8 (COOtBu) MS ESI (m/z) (%): 223 (M+1), 167 (55, 100%).

N-(2-methyl-5-tert-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl-thiourea

Benzoyl chloride (5.64 g, 80 mmol) was added dropwise to a well-stirred solution of ammonium thiocyanate (3.54 g, 88 mmol) in acetone (50 mL). The mixture was refluxed for 15 min, then, the hydrobromide salt of 2-methyl-5-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-aniline (8.4 g, 80 mmol) was added slowly portionswise. After 1 h, the reaction mixture was poured into ice-water (350 mL) and the bright yellow precipitate was isolated by filtration. This crude solid was then refluxed for 45 min in 70 mL of 2.5 N sodium hydroxide solution. The mixture was cooled down and basified with ammonium hydroxide. The precipitate of crude thiourea was recovered by filtration and dissolved in 150 mL of ethyl acetate. The organic phase was washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography (hexane/ethyl acetate, 1:1) to afford 63% of N-(2-methyl-5-tert-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl-thiourea as a white solid.

IR (neat): 3437, 3292, 3175, 2983, 1724, 1616, 1522, 1161, 1053 cm−1— 1H NMR (DMSO-d6) δ=1.46 (s, 9H, tBu); 2.10 (s, 3H, ArCH3); 3.60 (br s, 2H, NH2); 7.10 (d, 1H, J=8.29 Hz, ArH); 7.25 (d, 1H, J=2.23 Hz, ArH); 7.28 (d, 1H, J=2.63 Hz, ArH); 9.20 (s, 1H, ArNH); 9.31 (s, 1H, ArNH)—13C NMR (DMSO-d6) δ=25.1 (ArCH3); 28.1 (C(CH3)3); 78.9 (C(CH3)3); 16.6 (ArC); 117.5 (ArC); 128.0 (ArC); 130.4 (ArC—CH3); 136.5 (ArC—NH); 137.9 (ArC—NH); 152.7 (COOtBu); 181.4 (C═S)—MS CI(m/z): 282 (M+1, 100%); 248 (33); 226 (55); 182 (99); 148 (133); 93 (188).

2-(2-methyl-5-tert-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl-4-(3-pyridyl)-thiazole

A mixture of 3-bromoacetyl-pyridine, HBr salt (0.81 g, 2.85 mmol), N-(2-methyl-5-tert-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl-thiourea (0.8 g, 2.85 mmol) and KHCO3 (˜0.4 g) in ethanol (40 mL) was heated at 75° C. for 20 h. The mixture was cooled, filtered (removal of KHCO3) and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in CHCl3 (40 mL) and washed with saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate solution and with water. The organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated. Colum chromatographic purification of the residue (hexane/ethyl acetate, 1:1) gave the desired thiazole in 70% yield as an orange solid

IR(neat): 3380, 2985, 2942, 1748, 1447, 1374, 1239, 1047, 938—1H NMR (CDCl3) δ=1.53 (s, 9H, tBu); 2.28 (s, 3H, ArCH3); 6.65 (s, 1H, thiazole-H); 6.89 (s, 1H); 6.99 (dd, 1H, J=8.3 Hz, 2.3 Hz); 7.12 (d, 2H, J=8.3 Hz); 7.35 (dd, 1H, J=2.6 Hz, 4.9 Hz); 8.03 (s, 1H); 8.19 (dt, 1H, J=1.9 Hz, 7.9 Hz); 8.54 (br s, 1H, NH); 9.09 (s, 1H, NH)—13C NMR (CDCl3) δ=18.02 (ArCH3); 29.2 (C(CH3)3); 81.3 (C(CH3)3); 104.2 (thiazole-C); 111.6; 115.2; 123.9; 124.3; 131.4; 132.1; 134.4; 139.5; 148.2; 149.1; 149.3; 153.6; 167.3 (C═O)—MS Cl (m/z) (%): 383 (M+1, 100%); 339 (43); 327 (55); 309 (73); 283 (99); 71 (311).

2-(2-methyl-5-amino)phenyl-4-(3-pyridyl)-thiazole

2-(2-methyl-5-tert-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl-4-(3-pyridyl)-thiazole (0.40 g, 1.2 mmol) was dissolved in 10 mL of 20% TFA/CH2Cl2. The solution was stirred at rool temperature for 2 h, then it was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with aqueous 1N sodium hydroxide solution, dried over MgSO4, and concentrated to afford 2-(2-methyl-5-amino)phenyl-4-(3-pyridyl)-thiazole as a yellow-orange solid in 95% yield. This crude product was used directly in the next step.

A 2M solution of trimethyl aluminium in toluene (2.75 mL) was added dropwise to a cold (0° C.) solution of 2-(2-methyl-5-amino)phenyl-4-(3-pyridyl)-thiazole (0.42 g, 1.5 mmol) in anhydrous dichloromethane (10 mL) under argon atmosphere. The mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred at room temperature for 30 min. A solution of methyl-4-(1-N-methyl-piperazino)-methyl benzoate (0.45 g, 1.8 mmol) in anhydrous dichloromethane (1 mL) and added slowly, and the resulting mixture was heated at reflux for 5 h. The mixture was cooled to 0° C. and quenched by dropwise addition of a 4N aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (3 mL). The mixture was extracted with dichloromethane (3×20 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (3×20 mL) and dried over anhydrous MgSO4. (2-(2-methyl-5-amino)phenyl-4-(3-pyridyl)-thiazole) is obtained in 72% after purification by column chromatography (dichloromethane/methanol, 3:1)

IR (neat): 3318, 2926, 1647, 1610, 1535, 1492, 1282, 1207, 1160, 1011, 843—

1H NMR (CDCl3) δ=2.31 (br s, 6H, ArCH3+NCH3); 2.50 (br s, 8H, 2×NCH2CH2N); 3.56 (s, 2H, ArCH2N); 6.89 (s, 1H, thiazoleH); 7.21-7.38 (m, 4H); 7.45 (m, 2H); 7.85 (d, 2H, J=8.3 Hz); 8.03 (s, 1H); 8.13 (s, 1H); 8.27 (s, 1H); 8.52 (br s, 1H); 9.09 (s, 1H, NH)—

13C NMR (CDCl3) δ 17.8 (ArCH3); 46.2 (NCH3); 53.3 (NCH2); 55.3 (NCH2); 62.8 (ArCH2N); 99.9 (thiazole-C); 112.5; 123.9; 125.2; 127.5; 129.6; 131.6; 133.7; 134.0; 137.6; 139.3; 142.9; 148.8; 149.1; 166.2 (C═O); 166.7 (thiazoleC-NH)—

MS CI (m/z) (%): 499 (M+H, 100%); 455 (43); 430 (68); 401 (97); 374 (124); 309 (189); 283 (215); 235 (263); 121 (377); 99 (399).

………………………

 

http://www.google.com/patents/WO2012136732A1?cl=en

In a preferred embodiment of the above-depicted treatment, the active ingredient masitinib is administered in the form of masitinib mesilate; which is the orally bioavailable mesylate salt of masitinib – CAS 1048007-93-7 (MsOH); C28H30N6OS.CH3SO3H; MW 594.76:

Figure imgf000031_0001

 

http://www.google.com/patents/WO2004014903A1?cl=en

Figure imgf000021_0001

003 : 4-(4-Methyl-piperazin-l-ylmethyl)-N-[3-(4-pyridin-3-yl-thiazol-2-ylamino)- phenyl] -benzamide

4-(4-Methyl-piperazin-l-yl)-N-[4-methyl-3-(4-pyridin-3-yl-thiazol-2-ylmethyl)- phenyl] -benzamide

Figure imgf000053_0001

beige brown powder mp : 128-130°C

1H RMN (DMSO-d6) δ = 2.15 (s, 3H) ; 2.18 (s, 3H) ; 2.35-2.41 (m, 4H) ; 3.18-3.3.24 (m, 4H) ; 6.94 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 2H) ; 7.09 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, IH) ; 7.28-7.38 (m, 3H) ; 7.81 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 2H) ; 8.20-8.25 (m, IH) ; 8.40 (dd, J = 1.6 Hz, J = 4.7 , IH) ; 8.48 (d, J = 1.9 Hz, IH) ; 9.07 (d, J = 1.5 Hz, IH) ; 9.35 (s, IH) ; 9.84 (s, IH)

……………

http://www.google.com/patents/WO2008098949A2?cl=en

EXAMPLE 4 N- [4-Methyl-3 -(4-pyridin-3 -yl-thiazol-2-ylamino)-phenyl] -benzamide derivatives

Method A In a reactor and under low nitrogen pressure, add 4-Methyl-N3-(4-pyridin-3-yl-thiazol- 2-yl)-benzene-l,3-diamine (95 g, 336.45 mmol), dichloromethane (2 L). To this suspension cooled to temperature of 5°C was added dropwise 2M/n-hexane solution of trimethylaluminium (588 mL). The reaction mixture was brought progressively to 15°C, and maintained for 2 h under stirring. 4-(4-Methyl-piperazin-l-ylmethyl)-benzoic acid methyl ester (100 g, 402.71 mmol) in dichloromethane (200 mL) was added for 10 minutes. After 1 h stirring at room temperature, the reaction mixture was heated to reflux for 20 h and cooled to room temperature. This solution was transferred dropwise via a cannula to a reactor containing 2N NaOH (2.1 L) cooled to 5°C. After stirring for 3 h at room temperature, the precipitate was filtered through Celite. The solution was extracted with dichloromethane and the organic layer was washed with water and saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over MgSO4 and concentrated under vacuum. The brown solid obtained was recrystallized from /-Pr2O to give 130.7 g (78%) of a beige powder.

Method B Preparation of the acid chloride

To a mixture of 4-(4-Methyl-piperazin-l-ylmethyl)-benzoic acid dihydrochloride (1.0 eq), dichloromethane (7 vol) and triethylamine (2.15 eq), thionyl chloride (1.2 eq) was added at 18-28°C . The reaction mixture was stirred at 28-32°C for 1 hour. Coupling of acid chloride with amino thiazole To a chilled (0-50C) suspension of 4-Methyl-N3-(4-pyridin-3-yl-thiazol-2-yl)-benzene- 1,3-diamine (0.8 eq) and thiethylamine (2.2 eq) in dichloromethane (3 vol), the acid chloride solution (prepared above) was maintaining the temperature below 5°C. The reaction mixture was warmed to 25-300C and stirred at the same temperature for 1O h. Methanol (2 vol) and water (5 vol) were added to the reaction mixture and stirred. After separating the layers, methanol (2 vol), dihloromethane (5 vol) and sodium hydroxide solution (aqueous, 10%, till pH was 9.5-10.0) were added to the aqueous layer and stirred for 10 minutes. The layers were separated. The organic layer was a washed with water and saturated sodium chloride solution. The organic layer was concentrated and ethanol (2 vol) was added and stirred. The mixture was concentrated. Ethanol was added to the residue and stirred. The product was filtered and dried at 50-550C in a vaccum tray drier. Yield = 65-75%.

Method C

To a solution of 4-methyl-N3-(4-pyridin-3-yl-thiazol-2-yl)-benzene-l,3-diamine (1.0 eq) in DMF (20 vol) were added successively triethylamine (5 eq), 2-chloro-l- methylpyridinium iodide (2 eq) and 4-(4-methyl-piperazin-l-ylmethyl)-benzoic acid (2 eq). The reaction mixture was stirred for 7 h at room temperature. Then, the mixture was diluted in diethyl ether and washed with water and saturated aqueous NaHCO3, dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated. The crude product was purified by column chromatography using an elution of 100% EtOAc to give a yellow solid.

Yield = 51%.

1H NMR (CDCl3) : δ = 9.09 (IH, s, NH); 8.52 (IH, br s); 8.27 (IH, s); 8.13 (IH, s);

8.03 (IH, s); 7.85 (2H, d, J= 8.3Hz); 7.45 (2H, m); 7.21-7.38 (4H, m); 6.89 (IH, s);

3.56 (2H, s); 2.50 (8H, br s); 2.31 (6H, br s).

MS (CI) m/z = 499 (M+H)+.

An additional aspect of the present invention relates to a particular polymorph of the methanesulfonic acid salt of N-[4-Methyl-3-(4-pyridin-3-yl-thiazol-2-ylamino)-phenyl]- benzamide of formula (IX).

Figure imgf000023_0001

(VI)

Hereinafter is described the polymorph form of (IX) which has the most advantageous properties concerning processability, storage and formulation. For example, this form remains, dry at 80% relative humidity and thermodynamically stable at temperatures below 2000C.

The polymorph of this form is characterized by an X-ray diffraction pattern illustrated in FIG.I, comprising characteristic peaks approximately 7.269, 9.120, 11.038, 13.704, 14.481, 15.483, 15.870, 16.718, 17.087, 17.473, 18.224, 19.248, 19.441, 19.940, 20.441, 21.469, 21.750, 22.111, 23.319, 23.763, 24.120, 24.681, 25.754, 26.777, 28.975, 29.609, 30.073 degrees θ, and is also characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) illustrated in FIG.II, which exhibit a single maximum value at approximately 237.49 ± 0.3 0C. X-ray diffraction pattern is measured using a Bruker AXS (D8 advance). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is measured using a Perking Elmer Precisely (Diamond DSC).

This polymorph form can be obtained by treatement of 4-(4-Methyl-piperazin-l- ylmethyl)-N-[4-methyl-3-(4-pyridin-3-yl-thiazol-2-ylamino)-phenyl]-benzamide with 1.0 to 1.2 equivalent of methanesulfonic acid, at a suitable temperature, preferably between 20-800C.

The reaction is performed in a suitable solvent especially polar solvent such as methanol or ethanol, or ketone such as acetone, or ether such as diethylether or dioxane, or a mixture therof. This invention is explained in example given below which is provided by way of illustration only and therefore should not be construed to limit the scope of the invention. Preparation of the above-mentioned polymorph form of 4-(4-Methyl-piperazin-l- ylmethyl)-N- [4-methyl-3 -(4-pyridin-3 -yl-thiazol-2-ylamino)-phenyl] -benzamide methanesulfonate .

4-(4-Methyl-piperazin- 1 -ylmethyl)-N- [4-methyl-3 -(4-pyridin-3 -yl-thiazol-2-ylamino) phenyl] -benzamide (1.0 eq) was dissolved in ethanol (4.5 vol) at 65-700C. Methanesulfonic acid (1.0 eq) was added slowly at the same temperature. The mixture was cooled to 25-300C and maintained for 6 h. The product was filtered and dried in a vacuum tray drier at 55-600C. Yield = 85-90%. Starting melting point Smp = 236°C.

 

NMR PREDICT

CAS NO. 1048007-93-7, methanesulfonic acid,4-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl]-N-[4-methyl-3-[(4-pyridin-3-yl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)amino]phenyl]benzamide H-NMR spectral analysis

methanesulfonic acid,4-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl]-N-[4-methyl-3-[(4-pyridin-3-yl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)amino]phenyl]benzamide NMR spectra analysis, Chemical CAS NO. 1048007-93-7 NMR spectral analysis, methanesulfonic acid,4-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl]-N-[4-methyl-3-[(4-pyridin-3-yl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)amino]phenyl]benzamide H-NMR spectrum

methanesulfonic acid,4-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl]-N-[4-methyl-3-[(4-pyridin-3-yl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)amino]phenyl]benzamide NMR spectra analysis, Chemical CAS NO. 1048007-93-7 NMR spectral analysis, methanesulfonic acid,4-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl]-N-[4-methyl-3-[(4-pyridin-3-yl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)amino]phenyl]benzamide C-NMR spectrum

CAS NO. 1048007-93-7, methanesulfonic acid,

4-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl]-N-[4-methyl-3-[(4-pyridin-3-yl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)amino]phenyl]benzamide C-NMR spectral analysisPREDICT

References

  1. Hahn, K.A.; Oglivie, G.; Rusk, T.; Devauchelle, P.; Leblanc, A.; Legendre, A.; Powers, B.; Leventhal, P.S.; Kinet, J.-P.; Palmerini, F.; Dubreuil, P.; Moussy, A.; Hermine, O. (2008). “Masitinib is Safe and Effective for the Treatment of Canine Mast Cell Tumors”. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 22 (6): 1301–1309. doi:10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0190.x. ISSN 0891-6640.
  2. Information about Masivet at the European pharmacy agency website
  3. Orphan designation for Masitinib at the European pharmacy agency website
WO2004014903A1 Jul 31, 2003 Feb 19, 2004 Ab Science 2-(3-aminoaryl)amino-4-aryl-thiazoles and their use as c-kit inhibitors
WO2008098949A2 Feb 13, 2008 Aug 21, 2008 Ab Science Process for the synthesis of 2-aminothiazole compounds as kinase inhibitors
EP1525200B1 Jul 31, 2003 Oct 10, 2007 AB Science 2-(3-aminoaryl)amino-4-aryl-thiazoles and their use as c-kit inhibitors
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Masitinib.svg
Systematic (IUPAC) name
4-[(4-Methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl]-N-(4-methyl-3-{[4-(pyridin-3-yl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]amino}phenyl)benzamide
Clinical data
Trade names Masivet, Kinavet
AHFS/Drugs.com International Drug Names
Identifiers
790299-79-5
L01XE22
PubChem CID 10074640
ChemSpider 8250179
ChEMBL CHEMBL1908391
Chemical data
Formula C28H30N6OS
498.64 g/mol
Patent Submitted Granted
2-(3-Aminoaryl)amino-4-aryl-thiazoles for the treatment of diseases [US7423055] 2004-06-10 2008-09-09
2-(3-aminoaryl)amino-4-aryl-thiazoles and their use as c-kit inhibitors [US2005239852] 2005-10-27
Use of C-Kit Inhibitors for Treating Fibrosis [US2007225293] 2007-09-27
Use of Mast Cells Inhibitors for Treating Patients Exposed to Chemical or Biological Weapons [US2007249628] 2007-10-25
Use of c-kit inhibitors for treating type II diabetes [US2007032521] 2007-02-08
Use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors for treating cerebral ischemia [US2007191267] 2007-08-16
Use of C-Kit Inhibitors for Treating Plasmodium Related Diseases [US2008004279] 2008-01-03
Tailored Treatment Suitable for Different Forms of Mastocytosis [US2008025916] 2008-01-31
2-(3-AMINOARYL) AMINO-4-ARYL-THIAZOLES AND THEIR USE AS C-KIT INHIBITORS [US2008255141] 2008-10-16
Use Of C-Kit Inhibitors For Treating Inflammatory Muscle Disorders Including Myositis And Muscular Dystrophy [US2008146585] 2008-06-19
Patent Submitted Granted
Aminothiazole compounds as kinase inhibitors and methods of using the same [US8940894] 2013-05-10 2015-01-27
Aminothiazole compounds as kinase inhibitors and methods of using the same [US8492545] 2012-03-08 2013-07-23
Patent Submitted Granted
Use of Dual C-Kit/Fgfr3 Inhibitors for Treating Multiple Myeloma [US2008207572] 2008-08-28
PROCESS FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF 2-AMINOTHIAZOLE COMPOUNDS AS KINASE INHIBITORS [US8153792] 2010-05-13 2012-04-10
COMBINATION TREATMENT OF SOLID CANCERS WITH ANTIMETABOLITES AND TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS [US8227470] 2010-04-15 2012-07-24
Anti-IGF antibodies [US8580254] 2008-06-19 2013-11-12
COMBINATIONS FOR THE TREATMENT OF B-CELL PROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS [US2009047243] 2008-07-17 2009-02-19
TREATMENTS OF B-CELL PROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS [US2009053168] 2008-07-17 2009-02-26
Anti-IGF antibodies [US8318159] 2009-12-11 2012-11-27
SURFACE TOPOGRAPHIES FOR NON-TOXIC BIOADHESION CONTROL [US2010226943] 2009-08-31 2010-09-09
EGFR/NEDD9/TGF-BETA INTERACTOME AND METHODS OF USE THEREOF FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF AGENTS HAVING EFFICACY IN THE TREATMENT OF HYPERPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS [US2010239656] 2010-05-10 2010-09-23
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United States National Library of Medicine

Note: Compound name must be entered under “Substance Identification” and then “Names and Synonyms” selected to view synonyms.

Kocic I, Kowianski P, Rusiecka I, Lietzau G, Mansfield C, Moussy A, Hermine O, Dubreuil P
Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2014 Oct 26. Epub 2014 Oct 26. PMID: 25344204.Abstract
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P.S. : The views expressed are my personal and in no-way suggest the views of the professional body or the company that I represent.

P.S. : The views expressed are my personal and in no-way suggest the views of the professional body or the company that I represent.

P.S. : The views expressed are my personal and in no-way suggest the views of the professional body or the company that I represent.

TAJIKISTAN

Tajikistan – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan

The territory that now constitutes Tajikistan was previously home to several ancient cultures, including the city of Sarazm of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age, …

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