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Synthesis of a Precursor to Sacubitril Using Enabling Technologies

flow synthesis, SYNTHESIS Comments Off

Aug 112016

An efficient preparation of a precursor to the neprilysin inhibitor sacubitril is described. The convergent synthesis features a diastereoselective Reformatsky-type carbethoxyallylation and a rhodium-catalyzed stereoselective hydrogenation for installation of the two key stereocenters. Moreover, by integrating machine-assisted methods with batch processes, this procedure allows a safe and rapid production of the key intermediates which are promptly transformed to the target molecule (3·HCl) over 7 steps in 54% overall yield.

Synthesis of a Precursor to Sacubitril Using Enabling Technologies

Continuous flow methodologyhas been used to enhance several steps in the synthesis of a precursor to Sacubitril.

In particular, a key carboethoxyallylation benefited from a reducedprocessing time and improved reproducibility, the latter attributable toavoiding the use of a slurry as in the batch procedure. Moreover, in batchexothermic formation of the organozinc species resulted in the formation ofside products, whereas this could be avoided in flow because heat dissipationfrom a narrow packed column of zinc was more efficient

Synthesis of a Precursor to Sacubitril Using Enabling Technologies

Shing-Hing Lau^†, Samuel L. Bourne^†, Benjamin Martin^‡, Berthold Schenkel^‡, Gerhard Penn^‡, and Steven V. Ley^*^†

^† Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K.

^‡ Novartis Pharma AG, Postfach, 4002 Basel, Switzerland

Org. Lett., 2015, 17 (21), pp 5436–5439

DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b02806, http://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.orglett.5b02806

*E-mail: svl1000@cam.ac.uk.

S.-H. Lau, S. L. Bourne, B. Martin, B. Schenkel, G. Penn, S. V. Ley, Org. Lett., 2015, 17 (21), pp 5436–5439

LCZ696 (sacubitril/valsartan) is a first-in-class combination of the angiotensin II receptor-blocker valsartan and the neprilysin inhibitor sacubitril. A recent head-to-head comparison of LCZ696 with enalapril in a double-blind trial was stopped early because the boundary for an overwhelming benefit with LCZ696 was crossed.As a result of this, LCZ696 was reviewed under the FDA’s priority review program and was granted approval on the July 7, 2015 to reduce the risk of cardiovascular death and hospitalization for HF in patients with chronic HF (NYHA Class II–IV) and reduced ejection fraction.

LCZ696 is a complex aggregate comprised of the anionic forms of sacubitril and valsartan, sodium cations, and water molecules in the molar ratio of 1:1:3:2.5, respectively

(2R, 4S)-5-(4-biphenylyl)-4-amino-2-methylpentanoic acid ethyl ester hydrochloride 3

To a stirred solution of (2R, 4S)-5-(4-Biphenylyl)-2-methyl-4-(tert-butylsulfinylamino)valeric acid 14 (50.0 mg, 134 μmol) in absolute ethanol (0.4 mL) at 0 °C was added thionyl chloride (20 μL, 268 μmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h. The solvent was removed to yield 46.0 mg (99%) of titled compound 3 as a white solid.

1 H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.17 (br. s, 3H), 7.66 (dd, J = 8.0, 7.4 Hz, 4H), 7.47 (t, J = 7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.36 (2 H, t, J = 7.4 Hz, H15, 2H), 7.36 (1 H, d, J = 8.0 Hz, H15), 3.99 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, H18), 3.42 – 3.36 (m, H4, 1H), 3.04 (dd, J = 13.8, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 2.81 (dd, J = 13.8, 8.1 Hz, 1H), 2.77 – 2.70 (m, 1H), 1.86 (ddd, J = 14.3, 9.1, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 1.59 (ddd, J = 13.8, 8.1, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 1.10 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.07 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H).

13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) δ 174.7, 139.7, 138.7, 135.5, 130.0, 129.0, 127.4, 126.8, 126.5, 60.1, 50.4, 38.1, 35.5, 35.0, 17.5, 13.9.

HRMS (ESI+ , m/z [M+H]+ ) Calcd for C20H26NO2 312.1964; found 312.1967;

HPLC. 97:3 d.r. (Daicel Chiralpak AD-H column; isocratic n-hexane/ethanol/methanol/trimethylamine 80/10/10/0.2; 40 o C; flow rate = 0.8 mL min-1 ; λ = 254 nm; run time = 23 mins; tR (2R, 4S) 97.07%; tR (2S,4R) 0.21%; tR (2S, 4S) 2.32%; tR (2R,4R) 0.40%)

13C NMR Ethyl (2R,4S)-5-(4-biphenylyl)-4-amino-2-methylpentanoate hydrochloride 3

////////////Synthesis, Precursor, Sacubitril, Enabling Technologies, flow synthesis, valsartan, LCZ69

Supporting Info

Olopatadine

Uncategorized Comments Off

Aug 102016

Olopatadine hydrochloride

Cis form, Z Isomer

( Z ) – 1 1 – [ 3 – ( D i m e t h y l a m i n o ) p r opy l i d e n e ] – 6 , 1 1 -dihydrodibenz[b,e]oxepin-2-acetic Acid Hydrochloride

ALO 4943A; Allelock; KW 4679; Opatanol; Patanol;

(11Z)-11-[3-(Dimethylamino)propylidene]-6,11-dihydrodibenz[b,e]oxepin-2-acetic AcidHydrochloride;
CAS Number:	140462-76-6
unii 2XG66W44KF
Molecular form.:	C₂₁H₂₄ClNO₃
Appearance:	White Solid
Melting Point:	>240˚C (dec.)
Mol. Weight:	373.87

Olopatadine Hydrochloride is the hydrochloride salt form of olopatadine, a dual action selective histamine H1 receptor antagonist and mast cell stabilizer with anti-allergic activity.Olopatadine stabilizes mast cells and prevents histamine release from mast cells. In addition, this agent also blocks histamine H1 receptors, thereby preventing histamine from binding to these receptors. Both actions prevent the effects of histamine on capillaries, bronchial smooth muscle, and gastrointestinal (GI) smooth muscle, including histamine-induced vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, bronchoconstriction, and spasmodic contraction of GI smooth muscle. This drug also prevents histamine-induced pain and itching of mucous membranes.

Olopatadine hydrochloride is an antihistamine (as well as anticholinergic and mast cell stabilizer), sold as a prescription eye dropmanufactured by Alcon in one of three strengths: 0.7% solution or Pazeo in the US, 0.2% solution or Pataday (also called Patanol Sin some countries), and 0.1% or Patanol (also called Opatanol in some countries). It is used to treat itching associated with allergicconjunctivitis (eye allergies). A decongestant nasal spray formulation is sold as Patanase, which was approved by the FDA on April 15, 2008.^[1] It is also available as an oral tablet in Japan under the tradename Allelock, manufactured by Kyowa Hakko Kogyo.^[2]

It should not be used to treat irritation caused by contact lenses. The usual dose for Patanol is 1 drop in each affected eye 2 times per day, with 6 to 8 hours between doses. Both Pazeo and Pataday are dosed 1 drop in each eye daily.

There is potential for Olopatadine as a treatment modality for steroid rebound (red skin syndrome).^[3]

Olopatadine was developed by Kyowa Hakko Kogyo.^[4]

Side Effects

Some known side effects include headache (7% of occurrence), eye burning and/or stinging (5%), blurred vision, dry eyes, foreign body sensation, hyperemia, keratitis, eyelid edema, pruritus, asthenia, sore throat (pharyngitis), rhinitis, sinusitis, and taste perversion.

Synthesis

Olopatadine synthesis:^[5]

Patent

http://www.google.com/patents/EP1971590A2?cl=en

Olopatadine free base is specifically described in U.S. Patent No. 5,116,863. This U.S. patent does not provide any example describing the preparation of olopatadine hydrochloride.

It is believed that the preparation of olopatadine hydrochloride was first disclosed in J. Med. Chem. 1992, 35, 2074-2084.

Olopatadine free base can be prepared according to the processes described in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,871,865 and 5,116,863, and olopatadine hydrochloride can be prepared according to the process described in J. Med. Chem. 1992, 35, 2074-2084, as shown in Scheme 1 below:

Scheme 2 below:

Grignard r**ctlon

OlopDtadins hydrochloride

PATENT

http://www.google.com/patents/EP2004621A2?cl=en

Olopatadine and its pharmaceutically acceptable salts are disclosed in EP 0214779, U.S. Patent No. 4,871,865, EP 0235796 and U.S. Patent No. 5,116,863. There are two general routes for the preparation of olopatadine which are described in EP 0214779: One involves a Wittig reaction and the other involves a Grignard reaction followed by a dehydration step. A detailed description of the syntheses of olopatadine and its salts is also disclosed in Ohshima, E., et al., J. Med Chem. 1992, 35, 2074-2084. EP 0235796 describes a preparation of olopatadine derivatives starting from 1 l-oxo-6,11- dihydroxydibenz[b,e]oxepin-2-acetic acid, as well as the following three different synthetic routes for the preparation of corresponding dimethylaminopropyliden-dibenz[b,e]oxepin derivatives, as shown in schemes 1-3 below:

Scheme 1:

HaIMgCH₂CH₂CH₂NMe₂

Scheme 2:

R₁OH or

R₂CI

R₁ = R₂ = alkyl group R₁ = H, R₂ = trityl group

HaIMgCH₂CH₂CH₂NMe₂

Scheme 3:Ph₃P Hal’ ^sHal

R₃ = COOH, etc.

The syntheses of several corresponding tricyclic derivatives are disclosed in the same manner in EP 0214779, in which the Grignard addition (analogous to Scheme 1) and the Wittig reaction (analogous to Scheme 3) are described as key reactions.

The synthetic routes shown above in Schemes 2 and 3 for the preparation of olopatadine are also described in Ohshima, E., et al., J Med. Chem. 1992, 35, 2074-2084 (schemes 4 and 5 below). In contrast to the above-identified patents, this publication describes the separation of the Z/E diastereomers (scheme 5). Scheme 4:

65% Ph₃CCI

81% CIMgCH₂CH₂CH₂NMe₂

A significant disadvantage of the synthetic route depicted in Scheme 4 is the diastereoselectivity of the dehydration step, which gives up to 90% of the undesired E-isomer. The last step (oxidation) is not described in this publication.Scheme 5 below depicts a prior art method disclosed in Ohshima, E., et al., supra.

Scheme 5:

Each of the prior art methods for synthesis of olopatadine have significant cost and feasibility disadvantages. Specifically with the respect to the method set forth in Scheme 5, the disadvantages include: (1) the need for excess reagents, e.g. 4.9 equivalents Wittig reagent and 7.6 equivalents of BuLi as the base for the Wittig reaction, which can be expensive;

(2) the need to use Wittig reagent in its hydrobromide salt form, so that additional amounts of the expensive and dangerous butyllithium reagent are necessary for the “neutralization” of the salt (i.e., excess butyllithium is required because of the neutralization);

(3) because 7.6 equivalents of the butlylithium are used (compared to 9.8 equivalents of the (Olo-IM4) Wittig reagent), the Wittig reagent is not converted completely to the reactive ylide form, and thus more than 2 equivalents of the Wittig reagent are wasted;

(4) the need for an additional esterifϊcation reaction after the Wittig reaction (presumably to facilitate isolation of the product from the reaction mixture) and the purification of the resulting oil by chromatography;

(5) the need to saponify the ester and to desalinate the reaction product (a diastereomeric mixture) with ion exchange resin, prior to separating the diastereomers;

(6) the need, after the separation of the diastereomers, and liberation of the desired diastereomer from its corresponding pTsOH salt, to desalinate the product (olopatadine) again with ion exchange resin;

(7) the formation of olopatadine hydrochloride from olopatadine is carried out using 8 N HCl in 2-propanol, which may esterify olopatadine and give rise to additional impurities and/or loss of olopatadine; and

(8) the overall yield of the olopatadine, including the separation of the diastereomers, is only approximately 24%, and the volume yield is less than 1%.

As noted above, the known methods for preparing olopatadine in a Wittig reaction use the intermediate compounds 6,11-dihydro-l l-oxo-dibenz[b,e]oxepin-2-acetic acid and 3- dimethylaminopropyltriphenylphosphonium bromide hydrobromide. Preparation of these chemical intermediates by prior art syntheses present a number of drawbacks that add to the cost and complexity of synthesizing olopatadine.

One known method for preparation of the compound 6,11-dihydro-l 1-oxo- dibenz[b,e]oxepin-2-acetic acid is depicted in Scheme 6, below. See also, U.S. Patent No. 4,585,788; German patent publications DE 2716230, DE 2435613, DE 2442060, DE 2600768; Aultz, D.E., et al., J Med. Chem. (1977), 20(1), 66-70; and Aultz, D.E., et al., J Med. Chem. (1977), 20(11), 1499-1501. Scheme 6:

COOE

In addition, U.S. Patent No. 4,417,063 describes another method for the preparation of 6,11-dihydro-l l-oxo-dibenz[b,e]oxepin-2-acetic acid, which is shown in Scheme 7. Scheme 7:

Ueno, K., et al., J Med. Chem. (1976), 19(7), 941, describes yet another prior art method for preparing 6,11-dihydro-l l-oxo-dibenz[b,e]oxepin-2-acetic acid, which is shown below in Scheme 8. Scheme 8:

acidFurther, as depicted in Scheme 9, below, U.S. Patent Nos. 4,118,401; 4,175,209; and 4, 160,781 disclose another method for the synthesis of 6, 11 -dihydro- 11 -oxo-dibenz[b,e]oxepin-2- acetic acid.

Scheme 9:

AICI₃

6,11 -dihydro-11 -oxo-dibenz- [b,e]oxepin-2-acetic acid

JP 07002733 also describes the preparation of 6,11 -dihydro- 1 l-oxo-dibenz[b,e]oxepin-2- acetic acid, as follows in Scheme 10, below.

Scheme 10:

acidSpecific methods and reagents for performing the intramolecular Friedel-Crafts reaction for cyclizing 4-(2-carboxybenzyloxy)-phenylacetic acid to form 6,11 -dihydro-11-oxo- dibenz[b,e]oxepin-2-acetic acid are described in (1) EP 0068370 and DE 3125374 (cyclizations were carried out at reflux with acetyl chloride or acetic anhydride in the presence of phosphoric acid, in toluene, xylene or acetic anhydride as solvent); (2) EP 0069810 and US 4282365 (cyclizations were carried out at 70-80° C with trifluoroacetic anhydride in a pressure bottle); and (3) EP 0235796; US 5,116,863 (cyclizations were carried out with trifluoroacetic anhydride in the presence of BF₃^»OEt₂ and in methylene chloride as solvent).

Turning to the Wittig reagent for use in preparing olopatadine, 3- dimethylaminopropyltriphenylphosphonium bromide-hydrobromide and methods for its preparation are described in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,354,155; 3,509,175; 5,116,863, and EP 0235796, and depicted in Scheme 11 below. Scheme 11:

Corey, E. J., et al, Tetrahedron Letters, Vol. 26, No. 47, 5747-5748, 1985 describes a synthetic method for the preparation of 3-dimethylaminopropyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (free base), which is shown below in Scheme 12. Scheme 12:

The prior art methods for preparing olopatadine and the chemical intermediates 6,11- dihydro-ll-oxo-dibenz[b,e]oxepin-2-acetic acid, and 3- dimethylaminopropyltriphenylphosphonium bromide-hydrobromide (and its corresponding free base) are not desirable for synthesis of olopatadine on a commercial scale. For example, due to high reaction temperatures and the absence of solvents, the synthesis described in Ueno, K., et al., J. Med. Chem. (1976), 19(7), 941 and in U.S. Patent No. 4,282,365 for preparation of the intermediate 4-(2-carboxybenzyloxy)phenylacetic acid is undesirable for a commercial scale process, although the synthesis described in JP 07002733, and set forth in Scheme 13 below, is carried out in an acceptable solvent. Scheme 13:

OIO-1M1

The processes described in the literature for the intramolecular Friedel-Crafts acylation used to prepare 6,11-dihydro-l l-oxo-dibenz[b,e]oxepin-2-acetic acid are undesirable for commercial scale synthesis because they generally require either drastic conditions in the high boiling solvents (e.g. sulfolane) or they require a two step synthesis with the corresponding acid chlorides as intermediate. Furthermore the procedures for synthesizing 6,11-dihydro-l 1-oxo- dibenz[b,e]oxepin-2-acetic acid as set forth in European patent documents EP 0069810 and EP 0235796 use excess trifluoroacetic anhydride (see Scheme 14), and are carried out without solvent in a pressure bottle at 70-80° C (EP 0069810) or at room temperature in methylene chloride using catalytic amounts of BF₃^Et₂O (EP 0235796). Scheme 14:

According to the teachings in EP 0235795, a suspension of 3- bromopropyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (Olo-IM4) in ethanol was reacted with 13.5 equivalents of an aqueous dimethylamine solution (50%) to provide dimethylaminopropyltriphenylphosphonium bromide HBr. After this reaction, the solvent was distilled off and the residue was recrystallized (yield: 59%).

U.S. Patent No. 3,354,155 describes a reaction of 3-bromopropyltriphenylphosponium bromide with 4.5 equivalents dimethylamine. The solution was concentrated and the residue was suspended in ethanol, evaporated and taken up in ethanol again. Gaseous hydrogen bromide was passed into the solution until the mixture was acidic. After filtration, the solution was concentrated, whereupon the product crystallized (yield of crude product: 85%). The crude product was recrystallized from ethanol. A significant disadvantage of the prior art processes for making 3- dimethylaminopropyltriphenylphosphonium bromide hydrobromide involves the need for time consuming steps to remove excess dimethylamine, because such excess dimethylamine prevents crystallization of the reaction product. Thus, to obtain crystallization, the prior art processes require, for example, repeated evaporation of the reaction mixture (until dryness), which is undesirable for a commercial scale synthesis of olopatadine.

Corey, EJ., et al., Tetrahedron Letters, Vol. 26, No. 47, 5747-5748 (1985) describes the preparation of 3-dimethylaminopropyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (free base) from its corresponding hydrobromide salt. But the preparation of the free base, which uses an extraction step with methylene chloride as the solvent, is undesirable for commercial production because of the poor solubility of the free base in many of the organic solvents that are desirable for commercial production of chemical products, and because of the high solubility of the free base in water, causing low volume yields and loss of material. Furthermore according to this publication, the work up procedure gave an oil, which crystallized only after repeated evaporation in toluene.

PATENT

http://www.google.com/patents/EP2145882A1?cl=en

Olopatadine and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof are described in patents EP 214779 , US 4871865 , EP 235796 andUS 5116863 . Patent EP 214779 describes two general processes for the production of Olopatadine, one of them involving a Wittig reaction and the other a Grignard reaction followed by a dehydration step.

Patent US 5116863 describes the production of Olopatadine hydrochloride by several different processes, two of which include a Grignard reaction for introducing the side chain in position 11 and a third process (called “Process C” in said patent) in which said side chain is introduced in position 11 by means of a Wittig reaction. In a specific embodiment (Example 9), the Wittig reaction is performed on the 6,11-dihydro-11-oxodibenz[b,e]oxepin-2-acetic acid (3) substrate, also known as Isoxepac, which is reacted with (3-dimethylaminopropyl)-triphenylphosphonium bromide hydrobromide, in the presence of n-butyl lithium giving rise to a Z/E mixture of Olopatadine together with salts of phosphorus which, after purifying by means of transforming it into the methyl ester of Olopatadine (2) and subsequent hydrolysis, provides Olopatadine hydrochloride (1), as shown in reaction scheme 1.

In the process shown in reaction scheme 1, the Wittig reagent [(Ph)₃P⁺(CH₂)₃N(Me)₂Br^–HBr] is used in excess of up to 5 equivalents per equivalent of Isoxepac (3), a dangerous reagent (n-butyl lithium) is used; the process is very long and includes a number of extractions, changes of pH, in addition to esterification and subsequent saponification, the process therefore having very low yields and being rather expensive. The Z/E isomer ratio obtained in said process is not described.

Ohshima E., et al., in J. Med. Chem., 1992, 35:2074-2084(designated inventors in US 5116863 ) describe several methods for synthesizing Olopatadine hydrochloride and other compounds of similar structure by means of Grignard reactions in some cases, and by means of Wittig reactions in other cases, for introducing the side chain (3-dimethylaminopropylidene). Following the synthetic scheme shown in reaction scheme 1, they start from type (3) compounds with free carboxylic acid and use (i) as base, n-butyl lithium, in a ratio relative to the type (3) compound of 7.5 equivalents of base/equivalent of type (3) compound and (ii) as Wittig reagent, (3-dimethylaminopropyl)-triphenylphosphonium bromide hydrobromide, in a ratio relative to the type (3) compound of 4.9 equivalents of the Wittig reagent/equivalent of type (3) compound. Once the Wittig reaction is carried out, in order to be able to better isolate the products, the acid is subsequently esterified; thus, and after purification by means of column chromatography, the obtained Z/E isomer ratio is 2:1. In said article, the authors (page 2077) acknowledge that when they try to perform this same Wittig reaction starting from a type (3) compound having an ester group instead of a carboxylic acid, the reaction does not occur and the starting material is recovered without reacting. This process has several drawbacks since it needs large amounts both of the Wittig reagent and of the base, n-butyl lithium (dangerous reagent, as already mentioned), it needs esterification, column purification, saponification and purification again, whereby the global process is not efficient.

Application WO 2006/010459 describes obtaining Olopatadine hydrochloride by means of a process in which a Wittig reaction is also performed but, this time, on an open substrate with final cyclization to form oxepin by means of Pd catalyst as can be seen in reaction scheme 2.

[R is an acid protecting group, especially C-C4alkyl]

The process shown in reaction scheme 2 has several drawbacks: high number of synthesis steps, the use of palladium catalysts which increase the cost of the process, the obtained Z/E isomer ratio is only 2.5:1 in favor of the Z isomer, and, finally, the need of using ionic exchange resins and chromatography columns, together with the use of dangerous reagents such as lithium aluminium hydride, n-butyl lithium or Jones reagent, make the process unfeasible on an industrial scale.

Application US2007/0232814 describes obtaining Olopatadine hydrochloride by means of a process which includes a Wittig reaction between Isoxepac (3) and the corresponding Wittig reagent [(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-triphenylphosphonium halides or salts thereof], using as base sodium hydride (NaH), whereby obtaining Olopatadine base which, after subsequent formation of an addition salt (essential for the production and isolation of the product of interest) and purification, yields Olopatadine hydrochloride (1), as shown in reaction scheme 3.

In the process shown in scheme 3, the amounts of Wittig reagent and of base used are very high since when the Wittig reagent is used in the form of salt 2.7 equivalents and 8.1 equivalents of base (NaH) are used, whereas if the free Wittig reagent is used 2.7 equivalents and 4.0 equivalents of base (NaH) are used. In these conditions, the reaction is very long (it can last more than one day) and the obtained Z/E isomer ratio is only 2.3:1, which results in a relatively low final yield and makes subsequent purification necessary. This process is, in addition, slow and tedious, therefore it is not very attractive from the industrial point of view.

EXAMPLE 4(Z)-11-(3-Dimethylaminopropylidene)-6,11-dihydrodibenz[b,e] oxepin-2-acetic acidPart A: (Z)-11-(3-dimethylaminopropylidene)-6,11-dihdrodibenz[b,e] oxepin-2-acetic acid ethyl ester

21.49 g (0.050 moles) of (3-dimethylaminopropyl)-triphenylphosphine bromide were suspended in 80 ml of tetrahydrofuran (THF) in a reaction flask under a N₂ stream. 1.86 g (0.046 moles) of 60% NaH were carefully added, maintaining the obtained suspension at 20-25°C. Then, 10 ml of dimethylacetamide were slowly added to the previous suspension. The resulting mixture was heated at 35-40°C for 1 hour. At the end of this time period, 10 g (0.031 moles) of 6,11-dihydro-11-oxodibenz[b,e]oxepin-2-ethyl acetate dissolved in 30 ml of THF were added dropwise to the previous solution. The reaction mixture obtained was maintained at 35-40°C for 2 hours. After this time period, the reaction mixture was left to cool to a temperature lower than 10°C, then adding 150 ml of water on the reaction mixture. The solvent was eliminated by means of distillation under reduced pressure until obtaining an aqueous residue on which 100 ml of toluene were added. Subsequently, the organic and aqueous phases were decanted and separated. The organic phase was washed with concentrated HCl (2×50 ml). Then, the organic and aqueous phases were decanted and separated. The obtained aqueous phases were pooled and 100 ml of toluene and 2×10 ml of a solution of 20% Na₂CO₃ were added to them. The organic and aqueous phases were decanted and separated and the organic phase was concentrated under reduced pressure until obtaining a residue which was used without purifying in Part B.

The obtained product can be identified, after being purified by means of silica gel column chromatography. The compound of the title is eluted with a dichloromethane/methanol/ammonia (95/5/1) mixture, the spectroscopic properties of which compound are:

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz), δ: 1.24 (t, 3H), 2.80 (s, 6H), 2.89 (m, 2H), 3.20 (m, 2H), 3.51 (s, 2H), 4.11 (m, 2H), 5.15 (bs, 2H), 5.63 (t, 1H), 6.82 (d, 1H), 7.04 (m, 2H), 7.25 (m, 4H) ppm.

¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz), δ: 14.41; 25.03; 40.12; 43.14; 57.33; 61.16; 70.93; 120.34; 123.95: 125.44; 126.34; 126.63; 127.72; 128.27; 129.33; 130.85; 131.64; 133.66; 143.74; 144.12; 154.96; 163.34; 172.27 ppm.

MS, M⁺+1: 366.06.

Part B: (Z)-11-(3-dimethylaminopropylidene)-6,11-dihydrodibenz[b,e] oxepin-2- acetic acid

The compound (Z)-11-(3-dimethylaminopropylidene)-6,11-dihydrodibenz[b,e]oxepin-2-acetic acid ethyl ester (residue obtained in Part A) was dissolved in 100 ml of acetone in a reaction flask. 3.4 ml (0.040 moles) of HCl were added to this solution. The reaction was heated under reflux for 10 hours, in which time the reaction passed from being a solution to being a suspension. After this time, the reaction was cooled until reaching 20-25°C. The solid was filtered, washed and the resulting product was dried in an oven with air circulation at 50-55°C, obtaining 5.2 g (0.015 moles, 50%) of a white solid identified as (Z)-11-(3-dimethylaminopropylidene)-6,11-dihydrodibenz[b,e] oxepin-2-acetic acid, isolated as hydrochloride, the spectroscopic properties of which are the following:

¹H-NMR (DMSO, 400MHz), δ: 2.69 (s, 6H); 2.77 (m, 2H); 3.24 (m, 2H): 3.56 (s, 2H); 5.15 (bs, 2H); 5.62 (t, 1H); 6.76 (d, 1H); 7.06 (m, 2H); 7.30 (m, 4H) ppm.

¹³C-NMR (DMSO, 400MHz), δ: 25.12; 40.13; 42.44(2); 56.02; 70.26; 119.95; 123.43; 126.62; 127.64; 128.03; 128.47(2); 129.85; 131.34; 132.57; 134.12; 141.63; 145.25; 154.52; 173.67 ppm.

MS, M’+1: 338.17

Paper

Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society

J. Braz. Chem. Soc. vol.25 no.12 São Paulo Dec. 2014

http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/0103-5053.20140255

An intramolecular Heck-based cyclization was used as a key step for commendable synthesis of the antihistaminic drug olopatadine (133) and its trans isomer (134).⁶⁷ Besides the Heck reaction, another vital step in this route was a stereoselective Wittig olefination using a non-stabilized phosphorus ylide that afforded the olefins 135 and 136 (E:Z ratio = 9:1 for 135, for instance). Concerning the Heck reaction, Pd(OAc)₂, K₂CO₃, and NBu₄Cl (TBAC) were allowed to react with 135 and 136 at 60 ºC during 24 h, providing the cyclic adducts 137 and 138 with reasonable 60% and 55% yields, respectively. However, it is important to note that in catalytic terms, the results were not encouraging, considering that 20 mol% of palladium was used and a disappointing turnover number (TON) of 3 was observed (Scheme 37).

Scheme 37 Heck reaction in synthesis of olopatadine (133) and trans-olopatadine (134).

In relation to the stereochemistry of the Heck products, the above results were not surprising since they were consistent with a syn-insertion of the arylpalladium intermediate (provided by oxidative addition step) at the olefinic moiety followed by a syn β-elimination that afforded the product with the ascribed stereochemistry. Finally, with the cyclic products in hands, the syntheses were completed by alkaline hydrolysis of methyl esters that afforded the target olapatadine and trans-olapatadine.

67 Bosch, J.; Bachs, J.; Gómez, A. M.; Griera, R.; Écija, M.; Amat, M.; J. Org. Chem.2012, 77 , 6340.

SPECTROSCOPY FROM NET

THE VIEWS EXPRESSED ARE MY PERSONAL AND IN NO-WAY SUGGEST THE VIEWS OF THE PROFESSIONAL BODY OR THE COMPANY THAT I REPRESENT,

( Z ) – 1 1 – [ 3 – ( D i m e t h y l a m i n o ) p r opy l i d e n e ] – 6 , 1 1 -dihydrodibenz[b,e]oxepin-2-acetic Acid Hydrochloride.

Cis-olopatadinehydrochloride /olopatadinehydrochloride

mp 231−233 °C (dec);

1H NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD) δ 2.86 (s, 6H), 2.83−2.91 (m, 2H), 3.28−3.34 (m, 2H), 3.57 (s, 2H), 5.19 (br, 2H), 5.67 (t,J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.81 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.07−7.13 (m, 2H), 7.26−7.37 (m, 4H);

13C NMR (75.4 MHz, CD3OD) δ 26.4 (CH2), 40.5(CH2), 43.4 (2CH3), 58.0 (CH2), 71.5 (CH2), 120.3 (CH), 124.8 (C),126.5 (CH), 127.0 (CH), 128.4 (C), 128.5 (CH), 129.0 (CH), 130.1(CH), 131.7 (CH), 132.8 (CH), 135.1 (C), 144.5 (C), 145.6 (C),155.9 (C), 175.7 (C);

IR (KBr) 1225, 1491, 1716, 2927 cm−1.

Anal.Calcd for C21H24NClO3·H

( E ) – 1 1 – [ 3 – ( D i m e thy l ami n o ) p r o p y l i d e n e ] – 6 , 1 1 -dihydrodibenz[b,e]oxepin-2-acetic Acid Hydrochloride.

trans-olopatadinehydrochloride

mp 170−173 °C;

1H NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD) δ 2.56−2.63 (m, 2H), 2.75 (s,6H), 3.13 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 3.53 (s, 2H), 4.78 (br, 1H), 5.51 (br,
1H), 5.98 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.69 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.06 (dd, J =8.3, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.25−7.44 (m, 5H);

13C NMR (75.4 MHz, CD3OD)δ 26.0 (CH2), 40.8 (CH2), 43.3 (2CH3), 57.9 (CH2), 70.9 (CH2),120.3 (CH), 125.9 (CH), 127.6 (C), 128.5 (C), 128.6 (CH), 129.5(2CH), 130.0 (CH), 131.5 (CH), 132.0 (CH), 135.8 (C), 141.3 (C),144.2 (C), 155.6 (C), 175.7 (C);

IR (KBr) 1223, 1484, 1725, 2960cm−1.

Anal. Calcd for C21H24NClO3·H2O: C, 64.36; H, 6.69; N, 3.57.
Found: C, 64.66; H, 6.47; N, 3.56.

THE VIEWS EXPRESSED ARE MY PERSONAL AND IN NO-WAY SUGGEST THE VIEWS OF THE PROFESSIONAL BODY OR THE COMPANY THAT I REPRESENT,

References

Drugs.com, Alcon’s Patanase Nasal Spray Approved by FDA for Treatment of Nasal Allergy Symptoms
Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., Ltd. (2007). “ALLELOCK Tablets 2.5 & ALLELOCK Tablets 5 (English)” (PDF). Retrieved2008-08-10.
Tamura T; Matsubara M; Hasegawa K; Ohmori K; Karasawa A. (2005). “Olopatadine hydrochloride suppresses the rebound phenomenon after discontinuation of treatment with a topical steroid in mice with chronic contact hypersensitivity.”.
Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., Ltd. (2002). “Company History”.Company Information. Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., Ltd. Retrieved16 September 2010.
Ueno, K.; Kubo, S.; Tagawa, H.; Yoshioka, T.; Tsukada, W.; Tsubokawa, M.; Kojima, H.; Kasahara, A. (1976). “6,11-Dihydro-11-oxodibenz[b,e]oxepinacetic acids with potent antiinflammatory activity”. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 19 (7): 941.doi:10.1021/jm00229a017.

External links

Olopatadine
Systematic (IUPAC) name

{(11Z)-11-[3-(dimethylamino)propylidene]-6,11- dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepin-2-yl}acetic acid
Clinical data
Trade names	Patanol and others
AHFS/Drugs.com	Monograph
MedlinePlus	a602025
Pregnancy category	C
Routes of administration	Ophthalmic, intranasal, oral
Pharmacokinetic data
Biological half-life	3 hours
Identifiers
CAS Number	113806-05-6
ATC code	S01GX09 (WHO)R01AC08 (WHO)
PubChem	CID 5281071
DrugBank	DB00768
ChemSpider	4444528
UNII	D27V6190PM
KEGG	D08293
ChEMBL	CHEMBL1189432
Chemical data
Formula	C₂₁H₂₃NO₃
Molar mass	337.412 g/mol

Title: Olopatadine

CAS Registry Number: 113806-05-6

CAS Name: (11Z)-11-[3-(Dimethylamino)propylidene]-6,11-dihydrodibenz[b,e]oxepin-2-acetic acid

Molecular Formula: C21H23NO3

Molecular Weight: 337.41

Percent Composition: C 74.75%, H 6.87%, N 4.15%, O 14.23%

Literature References: Dual acting histamine H1-receptor antagonist and mast cell stabilizer. Prepn: E. Oshima et al., EP235796; eidem, US 5116863 (1987, 1992 both to Kyowa); eidem, J. Med. Chem. 35, 2074 (1992). Pharmacology: C. Kamei et al.,Arzneim.-Forsch. 45, 1005 (1995); J. M. Yanni et al., J. Ocul. Pharmacol. Ther. 12, 389 (1996). Receptor binding profile: N. A. Sharif et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 278, 1252 (1996). Clinical trial in allergic conjunctivitis: M. B. Abelson, L. Spitalny, Am. J. Ophthalmol. 125, 797 (1998).

Properties: Crystallized as the hemihydrate from 2-propanol + water, mp 188-189.5°.

Melting point: mp 188-189.5°

Derivative Type: Hydrochloride

CAS Registry Number: 140462-76-6

Manufacturers’ Codes: AL-4943A; KW-4679

Trademarks: Opatanol (Alcon); Patanol (Alcon)

Molecular Formula: C21H23NO3.HCl

Molecular Weight: 373.87

Percent Composition: C 67.46%, H 6.47%, N 3.75%, O 12.84%, Cl 9.48%

Properties: Crystals from acetone-water, mp 248° (dec). Sol in water.

Melting point: mp 248° (dec)

/////////////

CN(C)CCC=C1C2=CC=CC=C2COC3=C1C=C(C=C3)CC(=O)O.Cl

Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society

J. Braz. Chem. Soc. vol.25 no.12 São Paulo Dec. 2014

http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/0103-5053.20140255

The construction of a new bond between sp²– and sp-hybridized carbons is known as the Sonogashira reaction,⁴⁸and it is nowadays a widely employed methodology for the construction of arylacetylenes.³^,⁴⁹^,⁵⁰ For example, a Sonogashira coupling was employed by the research and development group of Kyowa Hakko Kirin in a new and concise synthetic route for olopatadine hydrochloride (92), a commercial anti-allergic drug that was previously developed by the same company.⁵¹

The reported synthesis goes through the Sonogashira reaction between the easy accessible aryl halide 93 and alkyne 94 leading to adduct 95 in 94% yield. This adduct is then subjected to a second metal-catalyzed transformation, a stereospecific palladium-catalyzed intramolecular cyclization, whose optimum conditions were identified based on an elegant and comprehensive Design of Experiments (DoE) investigation to provide 96(Scheme 28).

Scheme 28 Optimal Sonogashira conditions for the synthesis of 92.

Elaboration of the cyclization product 96 through aminomethylation and ester hydrolysis followed by acid work-up completes the synthesis of the final target. Although the presented synthetic route is very promising and concise, providing olopatadine hydrochloride in 54% overall yield for 6 steps from commercially available materials, it has so far been reported only on a laboratory scale (5 g for the Sonogashira coupling and 200 mg for the cyclization step).

51 Nishimura, K.; Kinugawa, M.; Org. Process Res. Dev.2012, 16 , 225

DOLUTEGRAVIR, ドルテグラビルナトリウム

Uncategorized Comments Off

Aug 092016

Dolutegravir

ドルテグラビルナトリウム

Soltegravir

2H-Pyrido[1′,2′:4,5]pyrazino[2,1-b][1,3]oxazine-9-carboxamide, N-[(2,4-difluorophenyl)methyl]-3,4,6,8,12,12a-hexahydro-7-hydroxy-4-methyl-6,8-dioxo-, (4R,12aS)

(3R,11aS)—N-[(2,4-Difluorophenyl)methyl]-6-hydroxy-3-methyl-5,7-dioxo-2,3,5,7,11,11a-hexahydro[1,3]oxazolo[3,2-a]pyrido[1,2-d]pyrazine-8-carboxamide

(4R,12aS)-N-(2,4-difluorobenzyl)-7-hydroxy-4-methyl-6,8-dioxo-3,4,6,8,12,12a-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[1′,2′:4,5]pyrazino[2,1-b][1,3]oxazine-9-carboxamide
Trade Name:Tivicay
Synonym:GSK1349572, S-349572, GSK572
Date of Approval: August 12, 2013 (US)
Indication:HIV infection
Drug class: Integrase strand transfer inhibitor
Company: ViiV Healthcare,GlaxoSmithKline

INNOVATOR …ViiV Healthcare
CAS number: 1051375-16-6

1051375-19-9 (Dolutegravir Sodium)

MF:C20H19F2N3O5
MW:419.4

2H-Pyrido[1′,2′:4,5]pyrazino[2,1-b][1,3]oxazine-9-carboxamide, N-[(2,4-difluorophenyl)methyl]-3,4,6,8,12,12a-hexahydro-7-hydroxy-4-methyl-6,8-dioxo-, (4R,12aS)- [ACD/Index Name]

GSK 1349572

S-349572

Chemical Name: (4R,12aS)-N-[(2,4-difluorophenyl)methyl]-7-hydroxy-4-methyl-6,8-dioxo-3,4,6,8,12,12a- hexahydro-2H-pyrido[1′,2′:4,5]pyrazino[2,1-b][1,3]oxazine-9-carboxamide
Patent: US8129385
Patent expiration date: Oct 5, 2027
PCT patent application: W02006116764

ドルテグラビルナトリウム
Dolutegravir Sodium

C₂₀H₁₈F₂N₃NaO₅ : 441.36
[1051375-19-9]

Dolutegravir (DTG, GSK1349572) is an integrase inhibitor being developed for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection by GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) on behalf of Shionogi-ViiV Healthcare LLC. DTG is metabolized primarily by uridine diphosphate glucuronyltransferase (UGT)1A1, with a minor role of cytochrome P450 (CYP)3A, and with renal elimination of unchanged drug being extremely low (< 1% of the dose).

Dolutegravir sodium was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on Aug 12, 2013, then approved by European Medicine Agency (EMA) on Jan 16, 2014, and approved by Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency of Japan (PMDA) on Mar 24, 2014, then approved by Center For Drug Evaluation (CFDA) on Dec 30, 2015. It was co-developed by GlaxoSmithKline & ViiV Healthcare Corporation, then marketed as Tivicay^® by ViiV Healthcare in the US and EU and by GlaxoSmithKline & ViiV Healthcare Corporation in JP.

Dolutegravir sodium is an integrase inhibitor which blocks HIV replication by preventing the viral DNA from integrating into the genetic material of human immune cells (T-cells). This step is essential in the HIV replication cycle and is also responsible for establishing chronic infection. It is in combination with other antiretroviral agents for the treatment of HIV-1 infection in adults and children aged 12 years and older and weighing at least 40 kg.

Tivicay^® is available as film-coated tablet for oral use, containing 50 mg of free Dolutegravir. The recommended dose is 50 mg Dolutegravir once daily without regards to meals.

APPROVALS

Approval Date	Approval Type	Trade Name	Indication	Dosage Form	Strength	Company	Review Classification
2013-08-12	Marketing approval	Tivicay	HIV infection	Tablet, Film coated	Eq. 50 mg Dolutegravir	ViiV	Priority

Approval Date	Approval Type	Trade Name	Indication	Dosage Form	Strength	Company	Review Classification
2014-01-16	Marketing approval	Tivicay	HIV infection	Tablet, Film coated	50 mg	ViiV

Approval Date	Approval Type	Trade Name	Indication	Dosage Form	Strength	Company	Review Classification
2014-03-24	Marketing approval	Tivicay	HIV infection	Tablet, Film coated	50 mg	ViiV, GlaxoSmithKline

Approval Date	Approval Type	Trade Name	Indication	Dosage Form	Strength	Company	Review Classification
2015-12-30	Marketing approval	Tivicay/特威凯	HIV infection	Tablet	50 mg	GlaxoSmithKline

CLIP

The European Commission has on 21 January 2014 Dolutegravir (Tivicay, ViiV) permit as part of combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-infected persons over the age of 12 years.Dolutegravir (Tivicay, ViiV) is an integrase inhibitor, in combination with other antiretroviral drugs in adults and adolescents can be used from 12 years for the treatment of HIV infection.

Source: Communication from the European Commission

Dolutegravir^[1] is a FDA-approved drug^[2] for the treatment of HIV infection. Dolutegravir is an integrase inhibitor. Known as S/GSK1349572 or just “572” the drug is marketed as Tivicay^[3] by GlaxoSmithKline (GSK). In February, 2013 the Food and Drug Administration announced that it would fast track dolutegravir’s approval process.^[4] On August 13, 2013, dolutegravir was approved by the FDA. On November 4, 2013, dolutegravir was approved by Health Canada.^[5]

The oral HIV integrase inhibitor S-349572 was originated by Shionogi-GlaxoSmithKline and Shionogi-ViiV Healthcare. In 2013, the product was approved and launched in the U.S. for the treatment of HIV-1 in adults and children aged 12 years and older, in combination with other antiretroviral agents. A positive opinion was received in the E.U for this indication and, in 2014, approval was attained in Europe for this indication. Registration is pending in Japan.

In 2013, orphan drug designation in Japan was assigned to the compound.

Dolutegravir is approved for use in a broad population of HIV-infected patients. It can be used to treat HIV-infected adults who have never taken HIV therapy (treatment-naïve) and HIV-infected adults who have previously taken HIV therapy (treatment-experienced), including those who have been treated with other integrase strand transfer inhibitors. Tivicay is also approved for children ages 12 years and older weighing at least 40 kilograms (kg) who are treatment-naïve or treatment-experienced but have not previously taken other integrase strand transfer inhibitors.^[6]

Dolutegravir has also been compared head-to-head with a preferred regimen from the DHHS guidelines in each of the three classes (i.e. 1.) nuc + non-nuc, 2.) nuc + boosted PI, and 3.) nuc + integrase inhibitor).

SPRING-2 compared dolutegravir to another integrase inhibitor, raltegravir, with both coformulated with a choice of TDF/FTC orABC/3TC. After 48 weeks of treatment 88% of those on dolutegravir had less than 50 copies of HIV per mL compared to 85% in the raltegravir group, thus demonstrating non-inferiority.^[9]

The FLAMINGO study has been presented at scientific meetings but as of early 2014 has not yet been published. It is an open-label trial of dolutegravir versus darunavir boosted with ritonavir. In this trial 90% of those on dolutegravir based regimens had viral loads < 50 at 48 weeks compared to 83% in the darunavir/r.^[10] This 7% difference was statistically significant for superiority of the dolutegravir based regimens.

Another trial comparing dolutegravir to efavirenz, SINGLE, was the first trial to show statistical superiority to an efavirenz/FTC/TDF coformulated regimen for treatment naive patients.^[11] After 48 weeks of treatment, 88% of the dolutegravir group had HIV RNA levels < 50 copies / mL versus 81% of the efavirenz group. This has led one commentator to predict that it may replace efavirenz as the first line choice for initial therapy as it can also be formulated in one pill, once-a-day regimens.^[12]

Doultegravir has also been studied in patients who have been on previous antiretroviral medications. The VIKING trial looked at patients who had known resistance to the first generation integrase inhibitor raltegravir. After 24 weeks 41% of patients on 50mg dolutegravir once daily and 75% of patients on 50mg twice daily (both along with an optimized background regimen) achieved an HIV RNA viral load of < 50 copies per mL. This demonstrated that there was little clinical cross-resistance between the two integrase inhibitors. ^[13]

Dolutegravir (also known as S/GSK1349572), a second-generation integrase inhibitor under development by GlaxoSmithKline and its Japanese partner Shionogi for the treatment of HIV infection, was given priority review status from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in February, 2013.

GlaxoSmithKline marketed the first HIV drug Retrovir in 1987 before losing out to Gilead Sciences Inc. (GILD) as the world’s biggest maker of AIDS medicines. The virus became resistant to Retrovir when given on its own, leading to the development of therapeutic cocktails.

The new once-daily drug Dolutegravir, which belongs to a novel class known as integrase inhibitors that block the virus causing AIDS from entering cells, is owned by ViiV Healthcare, a joint venture focused on HIV in which GSK is the largest shareholder.

Raltegravir (brand name Isentress) received approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on 12 October 2007, the first of a new class of HIV drugs, the integrase inhibitors, to receive such approval. it is a potent and well tolerated antiviral agent. However, it has the limitations of twice-daily dosing and a relatively modest genetic barrier to the development of resistance, prompting the search for agents with once-daily dosing.

Elvitegravir, approved by the FDA on August 27, 2012 as part of theelvitegravir/cobicistat/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine fixed-dose combination pill (Quad pill, brand name Stribild) has the benefit of being part of a one-pill, once-daily regimen, but suffers from extensive cross-resistance with raltegravir.

DOLUTEGRAVIR

Gilead’s Atripla (Emtricitabine/Tenofovir/efavirenz), approved in 2006 with loss of patent protection in 20121, is the top-selling HIV treatment. The $3.2 billion medicine combines three drugs in one pill, two compounds that make up Gilead’s Truvada (Emtricitabine/Tenofovir) and Bristol- Myers Squibb Co.’s Sustiva (Efavirenz).

A three-drug combination containing dolutegravir and ViiV’s older two-in-one treatment Epzicom(Abacavir/Lamivudine, marketed outside US as Kivexa) proved better than Gilead’s market-leading Atripla in a clinical trial released in July, 2012 (See the Full Conference Report Here), suggesting it may supplant the world’s best-selling AIDS medicine as the preferred front-line therapy. In the latest Phase III study, after 48 weeks of treatment, 88% of patients taking the dolutegravir-based regimen had reduced viral levels to the goal compared with 81% of patients taking Atripla. More patients taking Atripla dropped out of the study because of adverse events compared with those taking dolutegravir — 10% versus just 2% — which was the main driver of the difference in efficacy. The result was the second positive final-stage clinical read-out for dolutegravir, following encouraging results against U.S. company Merck & Co’s rival Isentress in April, 2012 (See the Conference Abstract Here)..

Dolutegravir is viewed by analysts as a potential multibillion-dollar-a-year seller, as its once-daily dosing is likely to be attractive to patients. The FDA is scheduled to issue a decision on the drug’s approval by August 17。

TIVICAY contains dolutegravir, as dolutegravir sodium, an HIV INSTI. The chemical name of dolutegravir sodium is sodium (4R,12aS)-9-{[(2,4-difluorophenyl)methyl]carbamoyl}-4-methyl-6,8-dioxo-3,4,6,8,12,12a-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[1′,2′:4,5]pyrazino[2,1-b][1,3]oxazin-7-olate. The empirical formula is C₂₀H₁₈F₂N₃NaO₅ and the molecular weight is 441.36 g/mol. It has the following structural formula:

TIVICAY (dolutegravir) Structural Formula Illustration

Dolutegravir sodium is a white to light yellow powder and is slightly soluble in water.

Each film-coated tablet of TIVICAY for oral administration contains 52.6 mg of dolutegravir sodium, which is equivalent to 50 mg dolutegravir free acid, and the following inactive ingredients: D-mannitol, microcrystalline cellulose, povidone K29/32, sodium starch glycolate, and sodium stearyl fumarate. The tablet film-coating contains the inactive ingredients iron oxide yellow, macrogol/PEG, polyvinyl alcohol-part hydrolyzed, talc, and titanium dioxide.

DOLUTEGRAVIR

http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_de171b9b0101a1ah.html BELOW

Dolutegravir Synthesis

Identifications:

1H NMR (Estimated) for Dolutegravir

Experimental: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 12.45 (s, 1H), 10.38 (br s, 1H), 8.30 (s, 1H), 7.40-7.30 (m, 1H), 6.85-6.75 (m, 2H), 5.26 (d, J = 5.8, 4.1 Hz, 2H), 5.05-4.95 (m, 1H), 4.64 (d, J = 5.9 Hz, 2H), 4.27 (dd, J = 13.4, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 4.12 (dd, J = 13.6, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 4.05 (t, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 4.02 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H), 2.30-2.19 (m, 1H), 1.56 (dd, J = 14.0, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 1.42 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H).

INTRODUCTION

Among viruses, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a kind of retrovirus, is known to cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The therapeutic agent for AIDS is mainly selected from a group of reverse transcriptase inhibitors (e.g., AZT, 3TC) and protease inhibitors (e.g., Indinavir), but they are proved to be accompanied by side effects such as nephropathy and the emergence of resistant viruses. Thus, the development of anti-HIV agents having the other mechanism of action has been desired.

On the other hand, a combination therapy is reported to be efficient in treatment for AIDS because of the frequent emergence of the resistant mutant. Reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors are clinically used as an anti-HIV agent, however agents having the same mechanism of action often exhibit cross-resistance or only an additional activity. Therefore, anti-HIV agents having the other mechanism of action are desired.

Under the circumstances above, an HIV integrase inhibitor has been focused on as an anti-HIV agent having a novel mechanism of action (Ref: Patent Documents 1 and 2). As an anti-HIV agent having such a mechanism of action, known are carbamoyl-substituted hydroxypyrimidinone derivative (Ref: Patent Documents 3 and 4) and carbamoyl-substituted hydroxypyrrolidione derivative (Ref: Patent Document 5). Further, a patent application concerning carbamoyl-substituted hydroxypyridone derivative has been filed (Ref: Patent Document 6, Example 8).

Other known carbamoylpyridone derivatives include 5-alkoxypyridine-3-carboxamide derivatives and γ-pyrone-3-carboxamide derivatives, which are a plant growth inhibitor or herbicide (Ref: Patent Documents 7-9).

Other HIV integrase inhibitors include N-containing condensed cyclic compounds (Ref: Patent Document 10).

[Patent Document 1] WO03/0166275
[Patent Document 2] WO2004/024693
[Patent Document 3] WO03/035076
[Patent Document 4] WO03/035076
[Patent Document 5] WO2004/004657
[Patent Document 6] JP Patent Application 2003-32772
[Patent Document 7] JP Patent Publication 1990-108668
[Patent Document 8] JP Patent Publication 1990-108683
[Patent Document 9] JP Patent Publication 1990-96506
[Patent Document 10] WO2005/016927
Patent Document 1 describes compounds (I) and (II), which are useful as anti-HIV drugs and shown by formulae:

This document describes the following reaction formula as a method of producing compound (I).

Furthermore, Patent Documents 2 to 6 describe the following reaction formula as an improved method of producing compound (I).
[NON-PATENT DOCUMENTS]
- [Non-Patent Document 1] Journal of Organic Chemistry, 1991, 56(16), 4963-4967
  
  [Non-Patent Document 2] Science of Synthesis, 2005, 15, 285-387
  
  [Non-Patent Document 3] Journal of Chemical Society Parkin Transaction. 1, 1997, Issue. 2, 163-169

A clip and its own references

Dolutegravir sodium (Tivicay®), developed and marketed by GlaxoSmithKline,45 was approved by the FDA in August 2013 as a novel integrase inhibitor for the treatment of HIV infection.46 Dolutegravir was fast-tracked by the FDA in February 2012,47 and joins an important class of drugs known as Integrase Strand Transfer inhibitors (INSTi’s).48 INSTi’s are characterized by their two-metal-chelating scaffolds, which are known to chelate Mg2+ cofactors in the enzyme active site,49, 50 interrupting function of HIV-1 integrase, which is essential for replication of viral DNA into host chromatin.49-51,52 Other drugs in this class, raltegravir and elvitegravir, are known to require either high dosages53 or PK boosting agents,54 respectively, with raltegravir also exhibiting substantial loss of potency in several major HIV-1 integrase mutation pathways.55 Dolutegravir was pursued with the goal of developing a INSTi with a once-daily, low-dosage treatment with improved resistance profile and without the

need for the use of a PK boosting agent.51, 56 Dolutegravir sodium has been approved for treating a broad

population of HIV-infected patients, including adults undergoing their first treatment as well as those

who have been treated with other integrase transfer strand inhibiting agents.46 The most likely process-scale synthesis of dolutegravir sodium, as described in Scheme 8, began with benzyl protection and alkylation of pyrone 46 with benzaldehyde, yielding alcohol 47 in 74% over 2 steps (Scheme 8).57, 58 Alcohol mesylation and in-situ elimination provided the styrenyl olefin 48 in 94% yield, which further underwent an oxidative cleavage of the olefin to generate 49 by sequential addition of RuCl3/NaIO4 and NaClO2 (56% overall yield). Treatment of pyranone 49 with 3-amino-propane-2-diol (50) in ethanol at elevated temperatures delivered the corresponding pyridinone in 83% yield, and this was followed by esterification and sodium periodate-mediated diol cleavage to furnish intermediate 51 in 71% overall yield across the two-step sequence.57, 58 Next, the key ring-forming step in the

synthesis of dolutegravir sodium consisted of cyclization of 51 with (R)-3-amino-butan-1-ol, a process which relies on substrate control to provide the desired tricyclic carbamoylpyridone system 52 in high stereoselectivity (20/1 in favor of the desired isomer).51 Previously, cyclization of systems such as 51 with unsubstituted amino alcohols were found to yield a mixture of diastereomeric products, therefore indicating the pivotal role of the chiral amino alcohol in influencing stereochemical bias during the overall cyclization step.51, 56 In practice, reaction of 51 with (R)-3-amino-butan-1-ol at 90 °C led to isolation of a single cyclization product 52, after recrystallization from EtOAc.57, 58 From 52, Nbromosuccinimide (NBS) bromination and subsequent treatment with amine 53 under palladiumcatalyzed amidocarbonylative conditions led to amide 54 in 75% yield over 2 steps. Finally, removal of the benzyl group and subsequent crystallization using sodium hydroxide in water and ethanol provided dolutegravir sodium (VII) in 99% yield.57, 58

45 Johns, B. A.; Kawasuji, T.; Taishi, T.; Taoda, Y. WO Patent 2006116764A1, 2006.

46. http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm364744.htm.

47. http://newdrugapprovals.org/2013/07/16/dolutegravir-biggest-rival-to-worlds-best-selling-hivdrug-atripla-may-get-fda-approval-by-august-2013/.

48. Pendri, A.; Meanwell, N. A.; Peese, K. M.; Walker, M. A. Expert Opin. Ther. Pat. 2011, 21,1173.

49. Johns, B. A.; Svolto, A. C. Expert Opin. Ther. Pat. 2008, 18, 1225.60

50. Johns, B. A.; Weatherhead, J. G.; Allen, S. H.; Thompson, J. B.; Garvey, E. P.; Foster, S. A.;

Jeffrey, J. L.; Miller, W. H. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2009, 19, 1802.

51. Johns, B. A.; Kawasuji, T.; Weatherhead, J. G.; Taishi, T.; Temelkoff, D. P.; Yoshida, H.;Akiyama, T.; Taoda, Y.; Murai, H.; Kiyama, R.; Fuji, M.; Tanimoto, N.; Jeffrey, J.; Foster, S.A.; Yoshinaga, T.; Seki, T.; Kobayashi, M.; Sato, A.; Johnson, M. N.; Garvey, E. P.; Fujiwara,

T. J. Med. Chem. 2013, 56, 5901.

52. Kawasuji, T.; Johns, B. A.; Yoshida, H.; Taishi, T.; Taoda, Y.; Murai, H.; Kiyama, R.; Fuji, M.;Yoshinaga, T.; Seki, T.; Kobayashi, M.; Sato, A.; Fujiwara, T. J. Med. Chem. 2012, 55, 8735.

53. Lennox, J. L.; De Jesus, E.; Lazzarin, A.; Pollard, R. B.; Valdez Ramalho Madruga, J.; Berger,D. S.; Zhao, J.; Xu, X.; Williams-Diaz, A.; Rodgers, A. J.; Barnard, R. J. O.; Miller, M. D.; DiNubile, M. J.; Nguyen, B.-Y.; Leavitt, R.; Sklar, P. Lancet 2009, 374, 796.

54. Ramanathan, S.; Mathias, A. A.; German, P.; Kearney, B. P. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 2011, 50,229.

55. Ceccherini-Silberstein, F.; Malet, I.; D’Arrigo, R.; Antinori, A.; Marcelin, A.-G.; Perno, C.-F.AIDS Rev. 2009, 11, 17.

56. Kawasuji, T.; Johns, B. A.; Yoshida, H.; Weatherhead, J. G.; Akiyama, T.; Taishi, T.; Taoda, Y.;Mikamiyama-Iwata, M.; Murai, H.; Kiyama, R.; Fuji, M.; Tanimoto, N.; Yoshinaga, T.; Seki, T.;Kobayashi, M.; Sato, A.; Garvey, E. P.; Fujiwara, T. J. Med. Chem. 2013, 56, 1124.

57. Johns, B. A.; Duan, M.; Hakogi, T. WO Patent 2010068262A1, 2010.

58. Yoshida, H.; Taoda, Y.; Johns, B. A. WO Patent 2010068253A1, 2010.

CLIPS

Dolutegravir synthesis (EP2602260, 2013). LiHMDS as the non-nucleophilic strong base pulling compound 1 carbonyl group proton alpha position with an acid chloride after 2 and ring closure reaction to obtain 3 , 3 via primary amine 4 ring opening ring closure to obtain 5 , NBS the bromine under acidic conditions to obtain aldehyde acetal becomes 6 , 6 of the aldehyde and amino alcohols 7 and turn off the condensation reaction obtained by the ring 8 , alkaline hydrolysis 8 of bromine into a hydroxyl group and hydrolyzable ester obtained 9 after the 10 occurred acid condensation Dolutegravir.

CLIPS

Synthesis of Dolutegravir (S/GSK1349572, GSK1349572)

SYNTHESIS

2H-Pyrido[1′,2′:4,5]pyrazino[2,1-b][1,3]oxazine-9-carboxamide, N-[(2,4-difluorophenyl)methyl]-3,4,6,8,12,12a-hexahydro-7-hydroxy-4-methyl-6,8-dioxo-, (4R,12aS) ………..dolutegravir

PATENT

US8129385

Desired isomer

Example Z-1

(3R,11aS)—N-[(2,4-Difluorophenyl)methyl]-6-hydroxy-3-methyl-5,7-dioxo-2,3,5,7,11,11a-hexahydro[1,3]oxazolo[3,2-a]pyrido[1,2-d]pyrazine-8-carboxamide sodium salt

(3R,11aS)—N-[(2,4-Difluorophenyl)methyl]-3-methyl-5,7-dioxo-6-[(phenylmethyl)oxy]-2,3,5,7,11,11a-hexahydro[1,3]oxazolo[3,2-a]pyrido[1,2-d]pyrazine-8-carboxamide. To a solution of 16a (409 mg, 0.87 mmol) in dichloroethane (20 mL) was added (2R)-2-amino-1-propanol (0.14 mL, 1.74 mmol) and 10 drops of glacial acetic acid. The resultant solution was heated at reflux for 2 h. Upon cooling, Celite was added to the mixture and the solvents removed in vacuo and the material was purified via silica gel chromatography (2% CH₃OH/CH₂Cl₂gradient elution) to give (3R,11aS)—N-[(2,4-difluorophenyl)methyl]-3-methyl-5,7-dioxo-6-[(phenylmethyl)oxy]-2,3,5,7,11,11a-hexahydro[1,3]oxazolo[3,2-a]pyrido[1,2-d]pyrazine-8-carboxamide (396 mg, 92%) as a glass. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 10.38 (m, 1H), 8.42 (s, 1H), 7.54-7.53 (m, 2H), 7.37-7.24 (m, 4H), 6.83-6.76 (m, 2H), 5.40 (d, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 5.22 (d, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 5.16 (dd, J=9.6, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 4.62 (m, 2H), 4.41 (m, 1H), 4.33-4.30 (m, 2H), 3.84 (dd, J=12.0, 10.0 Hz, 1H), 3.63 (dd, J=8.4, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 1.37 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 3H); ES⁺MS: 496 (M+1).

(3R,11aS)—N-[(2,4-Difluorophenyl)methyl]-6-hydroxy-3-methyl-5,7-dioxo-2,3,5,7,11,11a-hexahydro[1,3]oxazolo[3,2-a]pyrido[1,2-d]pyrazine-8-carboxamide sodium salt. To a solution of (3R,11aS)—N-[(2,4-difluorophenyl)methyl]-3-methyl-5,7-dioxo-6-[(phenylmethyl)oxy]-2,3,5,7,11,11a-hexahydro[1,3]oxazolo[3,2-a]pyrido[1,2-d]pyrazine-8-carboxamide (396 mg, 0.80 mmol) in methanol (30 mL) was added 10% Pd/C (25 mg). Hydrogen was bubbled through the reaction mixture via a balloon for 2 h. The resultant mixture was filtered through Celite with methanol and dichloromethane.

The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to give (3R,11aS)—N-[(2,4-difluorophenyl)methyl]-6-hydroxy-3-methyl-5,7-dioxo-2,3,5,7,11,11a-hexahydro[1,3]oxazolo[3,2-a]pyrido[1,2-d]pyrazine-8-carboxamide , DOLUTEGRAVIR as a pink tinted white solid (278 mg, 86%).

¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 11.47 (m, 1H), 10.29 (m, 1H), 8.32 (s, 1H), 7.36 (m, 1H), 6.82 (m, 2H), 5.31 (dd, J=9.6, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 4.65 (m, 2H), 4.47-4.38 (m, 3H), 3.93 (dd, J=12.0, 10.0 Hz, 1H), 3.75 (m, 1H), 1.49 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 3H); ES⁺ MS: 406 (M+1).

DOLUTEGRAVIR NA SALT

The above material (278 mg, 0.66 mmol) was taken up in ethanol (10 mL) and treated with 1 N sodium hydroxide (aq) (0.66 ml, 0.66 mmol). The resulting suspension was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. Ether was added and the liquids were collected to provide the sodium salt of the title compound as a white powder (291 mg, 99%). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 10.68 (m, 1H), 7.90 (s, 1H), 7.35 (m, 1H), 7.20 (m, 1H), 7.01 (m, 1H), 5.20 (m, 1H), 4.58 (m, 1H), 4.49 (m, 2H), 4.22 (m, 2H), 3.74 (dd, J=11.2, 10.4 Hz, 1H), 3.58 (m, 1H), 1.25 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 3H).

UNDESIRED ISOMER

Example Z-9

(3S,11aR)—N-[(2,4-Difluorophenyl)methyl]-6-hydroxy-3-methyl-5,7-dioxo-2,3,5,7,11,11a-hexahydro[1,3]oxazolo[3,2-a]pyrido[1,2-d]pyrazine-8-carboxamide sodium salt

The title compound was made in two steps using a similar process to that described in example Z-1. 16a (510 mg, 1.08 mmol) and (25)-2-amino-1-propanol (0.17 mL, 2.17 mmol) were reacted in 1,2-dichloroethane (20 mL) with acetic acid to give (3S,11aR)—N-[(2,4-difluorophenyl)methyl]-3-methyl-5,7-dioxo-6-[(phenylmethyl)oxy]-2,3,5,7,11,11a-hexahydro[1,3]oxazolo[3,2-a]pyrido[1,2-d]pyrazine-8-carboxamide (500 mg, 93%). This material was hydrogenated in a second step as described in example Z-1 to give (3S,11aR)—N-[(2,4-Difluorophenyl)methyl]-6-hydroxy-3-methyl-5,7-dioxo-2,3,5,7,11,11a-hexahydro[1,3]oxazolo[3,2-a]pyrido[1,2-d]pyrazine-8-carboxamide (386 mg, 94%) as a tinted white solid. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 11.46 (m, 1H), 10.28 (m, 1H), 8.32 (s, 1H), 7.35 (m, 1H), 6.80 (m, 2H), 5.30 (dd, J=10.0, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 4.63 (m, 2H), 4.48-4.37 (m, 3H), 3.91 (dd, J=12.0, 10.0 Hz, 1H), 3.73 (m, 1H), 1.48 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 3H); ES⁺ MS: 406 (M+1). This material (385 mg, 0.95 mmol) was treated with sodium hydroxide (0.95 mL, 1.0 M, 0.95 mmol) in ethanol (15 mL) as described in example Z-1 to provide its corresponding sodium salt (381 mg, 94%) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 10.66 (m, 1H), 7.93 (s, 1H), 7.33 (m, 1H), 7.20 (m, 1H), 7.01 (m, 1H), 5.19 (m, 1H), 4.59 (m, 1H), 4.48 (m, 2H), 4.22 (m, 2H), 3.75 (m, 1 H), 3.57 (m, 1H), 1.24 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 3H).

SYNTHESIS OF INTERMEDIATES

Figure US08129385-20120306-C00090

IN ABOVE SCHEME SYNTHESIS UPTO COMPD 9 MAY BE USEFUL IN SYNTHESIS BUT READERS DISCRETION IS SOUGHT IN THIS ?????????????????

1) Maltol 1 (189 g, 1.5 mol) was dissolved in dimethylformamide (1890 ml), and benzyl bromide (184 ml, 1.5 mol) was added. After the solution was stirred at 80° C. for 15 minutes, potassium carbonate (228 g, 1.65 mol) was added, and the mixture was stirred for 1 hour. After the reaction solution was cooled to room temperature, an inorganic salt was filtered, and the filtrate was distilled off under reduced pressure. To the again precipitated inorganic salt was added tetrahydrofuran (1000 ml), this was filtered, and the filtrate was distilled off under reduced pressure to obtain the crude product (329 g, >100%) of 3-benzyloxy-2-methyl-pyran-4-one 2 as a brown oil.

NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 2.09 (3H, s), 5.15 (2H, s), 6.36 (1H, d, J=5.6 Hz), 7.29-7.41 (5H, m), 7.60 (1H, d, J=5.6 Hz).

2) The compound 2 (162.2 g, 750 mmol) was dissolved in ethanol (487 ml), and aqueous ammonia (28%, 974 ml) and a 6N aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (150 ml, 900 mmol) were added. After the reaction solution was stirred at 90° C. for 1 hour, this was cooled to under ice-cooling, and ammonium chloride (58 g, 1080 mmol) was added. To the reaction solution was added chloroform, this was extracted, and the organic layer was washed with an aqueous saturated sodium bicarbonate solution, and dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure, isopropyl alcohol and diethyl ether were added to the residue, and precipitated crystals were filtered to obtain 3-benzyloxy-2-methyl-1H-pyridine-4-one 3 (69.1 g, 43%) as a pale yellow crystal.

NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 2.05 (3H, s), 5.04 (2H, s), 6.14 (1H, d, J=7.0 Hz), 7.31-7.42 (5H, m), 7.46 (1H, d, J=7.2 Hz), 11.29 (1H, brs).

3) The above compound 3 (129 g, 699 mmol) was suspended in acetonitrile (1300 ml), and N-bromosuccinic acid imide (117 g, 659 mmol) was added, followed by stirring at room temperature for 90 minutes. Precipitated crystals were filtered, and washed with acetonitrile and diethyl ether to obtain 3-benzyloxy-5-bromo-2-methyl-pyridine-4-ol 4 (154 g, 88%) as a colorless crystal.

NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 2.06 (3H, s), 5.04 (2H, s), 7.32-7.42 (5H, m), 8.03 (1H, d, J=5.5 Hz), 11.82 (1H, brs).

4) To a solution of the compound 4 (88 g, 300 mmol), palladium acetate (13.4 g, 60 mmol) and 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane (30.8 g, 516 mmol) in dimethylformamide (660 ml) were added methanol (264 ml) and triethylamine (210 ml, 1.5 mol) at room temperature. The interior of a reaction vessel was replaced with carbon monoxide, and the material was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes, and stirred at 80 degree for 18 hours. A vessel to which ethyl acetate (1500 ml), an aqueous saturated ammonium chloride solution (1500 ml) and water (1500 ml) had been added was stirred under ice-cooling, and the reaction solution was added thereto. Precipitates were filtered, and washed with water (300 ml), ethyl acetate (300 ml) and diethyl ether (300 ml) to obtain 5-benzyloxy-4-hydroxy-6-methyl-nicotinic acid methyl ester 5 (44.9 g, 55%) as a colorless crystal.

NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 2.06 (3H, s), 3.72 (3H, s), 5.02 (2H, s), 7.33-7.42 (5H, m), 8.07 (1H, s).

5) After a solution of the compound 5 (19.1 g, 70 mmol) in acetic anhydride (134 ml) was stirred at 130° C. for 40 minutes, the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure to obtain 4-acetoxy-5-benzyloxy-6-methyl-nicotinic acid methyl ester 6 (19.9 g, 90%) as a flesh colored crystal.

NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 2.29 (3H, s), 2.52 (3H, s), 3.89 (3H, s), 4.98 (2H, s), 7.36-7.41 (5H, m), 8.85 (1H, s).

6) To a solution of the compound 6 (46.2 g, 147 mmol) in chloroform (370 ml) was added metachloroperbenzoic acid (65%) (42.8 g, 161 mmol) in portions under ice-cooling, and this was stirred at room temperature for 90 minutes. To the reaction solution was added a 10% aqueous potassium carbonate solution, and this was stirred for 10 minutes, followed by extraction with chloroform. The organic layer was washed with successively with a 10% aqueous potassium carbonate solution, an aqueous saturated ammonium chloride solution, and an aqueous saturated sodium chloride solution, and dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solvent was distilled off under induced pressure, and the residue was washed with diisopropyl ether to obtain 4-acetoxy-5-benzyloxy-6-methyl-1-oxy-nicotinic acid methyl ester 7 (42.6 g, 87%) as a colorless crystal.

NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 2.30 (3H, s), 2.41 (3H, s), 3.90 (3H, s), 5.02 (2H, s), 7.37-7.39 (5H, m), 8.70 (1H, s).

7) To acetic anhydride (500 ml) which had been heated to stir at 130° C. was added the compound 7 (42.6 g, 129 mmol) over 2 minutes, and this was stirred for 20 minutes. The solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure to obtain 4-acetoxy-6-acetoxymethyl-5-benzyloxy-nicotinic acid methyl ester 8 (49.6 g, >100%) as a black oil.

NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 2.10 (3H, s), 2.28 (3H, s), 3.91 (3H, s), 5.07 (2H, s), 5.20 (2H, s), 7.35-7.41 (5H, m), 8.94 (1H, s).

8) To a solution of the compound 8 (46.8 g, 125 mmol) in methanol (140 ml) was added a 2N aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (376 ml) under ice-cooling, and this was stirred at 50° C. for 40 minutes. To the reaction solution were added diethyl ether and 2N hydrochloric acid under ice-cooling, and precipitated crystals were filtered. Resulting crystals were washed with water and diethyl ether to obtain 5-benzyloxy-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-nicotinic acid 9 (23.3 g, 68%) as a colorless crystal.

NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 4.49 (2H, s), 5.19 (2H, s), 5.85 (1H, brs), 7.14-7.20 (2H, m), 7.33-7.43 (7H, m), 8.30 (1H, s), 10.73 (1H, t, J=5.8 Hz), 11.96 (1H, brs).

9) To a solution of the compound 9 (131 g, 475 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (219 g, 1140 mmol) and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (128 g, 950 mmol) in dimethylformamide (1300 ml) was added 4-fluorobenzylamine (109 ml, 950 mmol), and this was stirred at 80° C. for 1.5 hours. After the reaction solution was cooled to room temperature, hydrochloric acid was added, followed by extraction with ethyl acetate. The extract was washed with a 5% aqueous potassium carbonate solution, an aqueous saturated ammonium chloride solution, and an aqueous saturated sodium chloride solution, and dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure to obtain a mixture (175 g) of 10 and 11. the resulting mixture was dissolved in acetic acid (1050 ml) and water (1050 ml), and zinc (31.1 g, 475 mmol) was added, followed by heating to reflux for 1 hour. After the reaction solution was cooled to room temperature, a 10% aqueous potassium carbonate solution was added, followed by extraction with ethyl acetate. The extract was washed with an aqueous saturated ammonium chloride solution, and an aqueous saturated sodium chloride solution, and dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate. After the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure, this was washed with diethyl ether to obtain 5-benzyloxy-N-(4-fluoro-benzyl)-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-nicotinic acid amide 10 (107 g, 59%) as a colorless crystal.

NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 4.45 (2H, d, J=4.3 Hz), 4.52 (2H, d, J=5.8 Hz), 5.09 (2H, s), 6.01 (1H, brs), 7.36-7.43 (5H, m), 8.31 (1H, s), 12.63 (1H, brs).

PATENT

SYNTHESIS

EP2602260A1

Example 3

3H IS DOLUTEGRAVIR

Step 1

N,N-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal (4.9 ml, 36.5 mmol) was added dropwise to compound 3A (5.0 g, 30.4 mmol) under cooling at 0°C. After stirring at 0°C for 1 hour, 100 ml of ethyl acetate was added to the reaction solution, and the organic layer was washed with a 0.5 N aqueous hydrochloric acid solution (50 ml). The aqueous layer was separated, followed by extraction with ethyl acetate (50 ml). The organic layers were combined, washed with a saturated aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate and saturated saline in this order, and then dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solvent was distilled off, and the obtained residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (n-hexane-ethyl acetate: 1:1 (v/v) → ethyl acetate) to obtain 4.49 g (yield: 67%) of compound 3B as an oil.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃)δ:1.32 (3H, t, J = 7.1 Hz), 2.90 (3H, br s), 3.29 (3H, br s), 4.23 (2H, q, J = 7.1 Hz), 4.54 (2H, s), 7.81 (1H, s).

Step 2

Lithium hexamethyldisilazide (1.0 M solution in toluene, 49 ml, 49.0 mmol) was diluted with tetrahydrofuran (44 ml). A tetrahydrofuran (10 ml) solution of compound 3B (4.49 g, 20.4 mmol) was added dropwise thereto under cooling at -78°C, and a tetrahydrofuran (10 ml) solution of ethyl oxalyl chloride (3.35 g, 24.5 mmol) was then added dropwise to the mixture. The mixture was stirred at -78°C for 2 hours and then heated to 0°C. 2 N hydrochloric acid was added to the reaction solution, and the mixture was stirred for 20 minutes, followed by extraction with ethyl acetate (200 ml x 2). The organic layer was washed with a saturated aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate and saturated saline and then dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solvent was distilled off, and the obtained residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (n-hexane-ethyl acetate: 7:3 → 5:5 → 0:10 (v/v)) to obtain 1.77 g (yield: 31%) of compound 3C as a white solid.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃)δ:1.36-1.46 (6H, m), 4.35-4.52 (8H, m), 8.53 (1H, s).

Step 3

Aminoacetaldehyde dimethyl acetal (0.13 ml, 1.20 mmol) was added to an ethanol (6 ml) solution of compound 3C (300 mg, 1.09 mmol) at 0°C, and the mixture was stirred at 0°C for 1.5 hours, then at room temperature for 18 hours, and at 60°C for 4 hours. The solvent in the reaction solution was distilled off under reduced pressure, and the obtained residue was then purified by silica gel column chromatography (n-hexane-ethyl acetate: 5:5 → 0:10 (v/v)) to obtain 252 mg (yield: 64%) of compound 3D as an oil.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃)δ:1.36-1.47 (6H, m), 3.42 (6H, s), 3.90 (2H, d, J = 5.2 Hz), 4.37 (3H, q, J = 7.2 Hz), 4.50 (2H, q, J = 7.2 Hz), 8.16 (1H, s).

Step 4

62% H₂SO₄ (892 mg, 5.64 mmol) was added to a formic acid (10 ml) solution of compound 3D (1.02 g, 2.82 mmol), and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. The formic acid was distilled off under reduced pressure. To the residue, methylene chloride was added, and the mixture was pH-adjusted to 6.6 by the addition of a saturated aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate. The methylene chloride layer was separated, while the aqueous layer was subjected to extraction with methylene chloride. The methylene chloride layers were combined and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solvent was distilled off to obtain 531.8 mg of compound 3E as a yellow oil.

1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 1.28-1.49 (6H, m), 4.27-4.56 (4H, m), 4.84 (2H, s), 8.10 (1H, s), 9.72 (1H, s).

Step 5

Methanol (0.20 ml, 5.0 mmol), (R)-3-amino-butan-1-ol (179 mg, 2.0 mmol), and acetic acid (0.096 ml, 1.70 mmol) were added to a toluene (5 ml) solution of compound 3E (531 mg, 1.68 mmol), and the mixture was heated to reflux for 4 hours. The reaction solution was cooled to room temperature, then diluted with chloroform, and then washed with a saturated aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate. The aqueous layer was subjected to extraction with chloroform. The chloroform layers were combined, washed with saturated saline, and then dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solvent was distilled off, and the obtained residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (chloroform-methanol: 100:0 → 90:10) to obtain 309.4 mg of compound 3F as a brown oil.

1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 1.40 (3H, t, J = 7.1 Hz), 1.40 (3H, d, J = 7.1 Hz), 1.55-1.61 (1H, m), 2.19-2.27 (1H, m), 4.00 (1H, d, J = 1.5 Hz), 4.03 (1H, d, J = 2.5 Hz), 4.10 (1H, dd, J = 13.2, 6.3 Hz), 4.26 (1H, dd, J = 13.2, 3.8 Hz), 4.38 (2H, q, J = 7.1 Hz), 5.00-5.05 (1H, m), 5.31 (1H, dd, J = 6.4, 3.9 Hz), 8.10 (1H, s).

Step 6

Potassium trimethylsilanolate (333 mg, 2.34 mmol) was added to a 1,2-dimethoxyethane (2 ml) solution of compound 3F (159 mg, 0.47 mmol), and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 7 hours. 1 N hydrochloric acid and saturated saline were added to the reaction solution, followed by extraction with chloroform. The chloroform layers were combined and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solvent was distilled off to obtain 34.4 mg (yield: 25%) of compound 3G as an orange powder.

1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 1.46 (3H, d, J = 3.5 Hz), 1.58-1.65 (1H, m), 2.26-2.30 (1H,m), 4.06-4.10 (2H, m), 4.31 (1H, dd, J = 13.8, 5.6 Hz), 4.48 (1H, dd, J = 13.6, 3.9 Hz), 5.03 (1H, t, J = 6.4 Hz), 5.36 (1H, dd, J = 5.5, 4.0 Hz), 8.44 (1H, s), 12.80 (1H, s), 14.90 (1H, s).

Step 7

Compound 3G (16 mg, 0.054 mmol) and 2,4-difluorobenzylamine (17 mg, 0.12 mmol) were dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide (1 ml). To the solution, N,N,N’,N’-tetramethyl-O-(7-aza-benzotriazol-1-yl)uronium hexafluorophosphate (HATU) (53 mg, 0.14 mmol) and N-methylmorpholine (0.031 ml, 0.28 mmol) were added, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. 2,4-difluorobenzylamine (17 mg, 0.12 mmol), HATU (64 mg, 0.17 mmol), and N-methylmorpholine (0.037 ml, 0.34 mmol) were further added thereto, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for additional 16 hours. 0.5 N hydrochloric acid was added to the reaction solution, followed by extraction with ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate layers were combined, washed with 0.5 N hydrochloric acid and then with saturated saline, and then dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solvent was distilled off, and the obtained residue was purified by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography to obtain 12.5 mg (yield: 55%) of compound 3H as an orange solid.

DOLUTEGRAVIR

1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ: 1.36 (3H, d, J = 6.9 Hz), 1.55-1.60 (1H, m), 2.01-2.05 (1H, m), 3.92-3.94 (1H, m), 4.04 (1H, t, J = 12.6 Hz), 4.38-4.41 (1H, m), 4.57-4.60 (1H, m), 4.81-4.83 (1H, m), 5.46-5.49 (1H, m), 7.08-7.11 (1H, m), 7.25-7.30 (1H, m), 7.41 (1H, dd, J = 15.3, 8.7 Hz), 8.53 (1H, s), 10.38 (1H, s), 12.53 (1H, s).

ISOMERS OF DOLUTEGRAVIR

Reference Example 1

Step 1

Acetic acid (180 mg, 3.00 mmol) was added to a toluene (90 ml) solution of compound A-1 (4.39 g, 9.33 mmol) and (R)-3-aminobutan-1-ol (998 mg, 11.2 mmol), and the mixture was stirred at 50°C for 90 minutes. The reaction solution was allowed to cool to room temperature and then poured to a saturated aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate. The organic layer was separated, while the aqueous layer was subjected to extraction three times with ethyl acetate. The combined extracts were washed with saturated saline and then dried over sodium sulfate. The solvent was distilled off to obtain 4.29 g of crude product A-2.

Step 2

The crude product A-2 obtained in the preceding step was dissolved in ethanol (40 ml). To the solution, a 2 N aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (20 ml) was added at room temperature, and the mixture was stirred at the same temperature for 2 hours. The reaction solution was neutralized to pH 7 using a 2 N aqueous hydrochloric acid solution. The solvent was directly distilled off. The obtained crude product A-3 was subjected to azeotropy with toluene (100 ml) and used in the next step without being purified.

Step 3

HOBt (1.65 g, 12.2 mmol) and WSC HCl (2.34 g, 12.2 mmol) were added at room temperature to a DMF (100 ml) solution of the crude product A-3 obtained in the preceding step, and the mixture was stirred at the same temperature for 15 hours. Water was added to the reaction solution, followed by extraction three times with ethyl acetate. The combined extracts were washed with water three times and then dried over sodium sulfate. The solvent was distilled off, and the obtained oil was subjected to silica gel column chromatography for purification. Elution was performed first with n-hexane-ethyl acetate (3:7, v/v) and then with only ethyl acetate. The fraction of interest was concentrated, and the obtained oil was then dissolved in ethyl acetate. The solution was crystallized with diisopropyl ether as a poor solvent. The obtained crystals were collected by filtration and dissolved again in ethyl acetate. The solution was recrystallized to obtain 1.84 g of compound A-4.

¹HNMR (CDCl₃) δ: 1.49 (3H, d, J = 6.6 Hz), 1.88-1.96 (1H, m), 2.13-2.26 (1H, m), 3.90-4.17 (4H, m), 4.42-4.47 (1H, m), 4.63 (2H, d, J = 6.0 Hz), 5.12-5.17 (1H, m), 5.17 (1H, d, J = 9.9 Hz), 5.33 (1H, d, J = 9.9 Hz), 6.77-6.87 (2H, m), 7.27-7.42 (4H, m), 7.59-7.62 (2H, m), 8.35 (1H, s), 10.41 (1H, t, J = 5.7 Hz).

Step 4

The compound A-4 was subjected to the hydroxy deprotection reaction described in Step F of the paragraph [0088] to obtain compound A-5.

¹HNMR (DMSO-d₆) δ:1.41 (3H, d, J = 6.3 Hz), 1.85-1.92 (1H, m), 1.50-1.75 (1H, m), 4.02-4.09 (3H, m), 4.28-4.34 (1H, m), 4.53 (2H, d, J = 5.7 Hz), 4.64 (1H, dd, J = 3.9 Hz, 12.6 Hz), 5.45 (1H, dd, J = 3.6 Hz, 9.3 Hz), 7.06 (1H, ddd, J = 2.7 Hz, 8.4 Hz, 8.4 Hz), 7.20-7.28 (1H, m), 7.35-7.42 (1H, m), 8.43 (1H, s),10.37 (1H, t, J = 6.0 Hz),12.37 (1H, brs).

Reference Example 2

Compound A-1 was reacted with (S)-3-aminobutan-1-ol in Step 1. Compound B-5 was obtained in the same way as in Reference Example 1.

¹HNMR (DMSO-d₆) δ:1.41 (3H, d, J = 6.3 Hz), 1.85-1.92 (1H, m), 1.50-1.75 (1H, m), 4.02-4.09 (3H, m), 4.28-4.34 (1H, m), 4.53 (2H, d, J = 5.7 Hz), 4.64 (1H, dd, J = 3.9 Hz, 12.6 Hz), 5.45 (1H, dd, J = 3.6 Hz, 9.3 Hz), 7.06 (1H, ddd, J = 2.7 Hz, 8.4 Hz, 8.4 Hz), 7.20-7.28 (1H, m), 7.35-7.42 (1H, m), 8.43 (1H, s),10.37 (1H, t, J = 6.0 Hz),12.37 (1H, brs).

PATENT

W02006116764

Figure imgf000122_0001

ENTRY 68

PATENT

WO 2010068262

PATENT

WO 2010068253

PATENT

WO 2011119566

PATENT

Synthesis

WO 2012018065

Example 3

I was under cooling added dropwise at 0 ℃ (4.9 ml, 36.5 mmol) and N, N-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal (5.0 g, 30.4 mmol) in the first step compound 3A. After stirring for 1 hour at 0 ℃, ethyl acetate was added to 100ml, the reaction mixture was washed with 0.5N aqueous hydrochloric acid (50 ml). Was extracted with ethyl acetate (50ml) and solution was separated and the aqueous layer. The organic layers were combined, washed successively with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution and saturated brine, and then dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After the solvent was distilled off, silica gel column chromatography and the residue obtained was – and purified by (n-hexane (v / v) → ethyl acetate 1:1) to an oil (67% yield) of Compound 3B 4.49 g I got a thing.
¹ H-NMR (CDCl ₃₎^δ: 1.32 (3H, t, J = 7.1 Hz), 2.90 (3H, br s), 3.29 (3H, br s), 4.23 (2H, q, J = 7.1 Hz), 4.54 (2H, s), 7.81 (1H, s).
Diluted with tetrahydrofuran (44 ml) (1.0M toluene solution, 49 ml, 49.0 mmol) the second step lithium hexamethyldisilazide, under cooling at -78 ℃, compound 3B (4.49 g, 20.4 mmol) in this After dropwise tetrahydrofuran (10 ml) was added dropwise tetrahydrofuran (3.35 g, 24.5 mmol) of ethyl oxalyl chloride and (10 ml) solution. After stirring for 2 hours at -78 ℃, I was warmed to 0 ℃. After washing (200 ml x 2), saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution and the organic layer with saturated brine After stirring for 20 minutes, extracted with ethyl acetate by adding 2N hydrochloric acid, the reaction solution was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After removal of the solvent, silica gel column chromatography and the residue obtained – was purified (n-hexane (v / v) ethyl acetate 7:3 → 5:5 → 0:10), compound 3C 1.77 g (yield I as a white solid 31%).
¹ H-NMR (CDCl ₃₎^{δ :1.36-1} .46 (6H, m), 4.35-4.52 (8H, m), 8.53 (1H, s).
Was added at 0 ℃ (0.13 ml, 1.20 mmol) the aminoacetaldehyde dimethyl acetal ethanol (300 mg, 1.09 mmol) of the third step compound 3C to (6 ml) solution, 1 hour and 30 minutes at 0 ℃, 18 hours at room temperature , then I was stirred for 4 hours at 60 ℃. After the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure and the reaction mixture by silica gel column chromatography and the residue obtained was – and purified by (n-hexane (v / v) ethyl acetate 5:5 → 0:10), compound 3D 252 mg (yield: I got as an oil 64%) rate.
¹ H-NMR (CDCl ₃₎^{δ :1.36-1} .47 (6H, m), 3.42 (6H, s), 3.90 (2H, d, J = 5.2 Hz), 4.37 (3H, q, J = 7.2 Hz), 4.50 (2H, q, J = 7.2 Hz), 8.16 (1H, s).
Was added (892 mg, 5.64 mmol) and ₂ SO ₄ 62-H% formic acid (1.02 g, 2.82 mmol) in a fourth step the compound for 3D (10 ml) solution was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. Methylene chloride was added to the residue Shi distilled off under reduced pressure and formic acid was adjusted to pH = 6.6 by addition of saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate. The solution was separated methylene chloride layer was extracted with methylene chloride and the aqueous layer. I was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate combined methylene chloride layers. The solvent was then distilled off and was obtained as a yellow oil 531.8 mg compound 3E.
1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 1.28-1.49 (6H, m), 4.27-4.56 (4H, m), 4.84 (2H, s), 8.10 (1H, s), 9.72 (1H, s).
Amino – – butane – 1 – ol (179 mg, 2.0 mmol), methanol (0.20 ml, 5.0 mmol), (R) -3 toluene (531 mg, 1.68 mmol) in the fifth step to compound 3E (5 ml) solution was added (0.096 ml, 1.70 mmol) acetic acid was heated under reflux for 4 hours. After dilution with chloroform, cooled to room temperature, the reaction mixture was washed with a saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution, and the aqueous layer was extracted with chloroform. After washing with saturated brine combined chloroform layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solvent was then distilled off, silica gel column chromatography and the residue obtained – and (chloroform methanol 100:0 → 90:10), was obtained as a brown oil 309.4 mg compound 3F.
1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 1.40 (3H, t, J = 7.1 Hz), 1.40 (3H, d, J = 7.1 Hz), 1.55-1.61 (1H, m), 2.19-2.27 (1H, m), 4.00 (1H, d, J = 1.5 Hz), 4.03 (1H, d, J = 2.5 Hz), 4.10 (1H, dd, J = 13.2, 6.3 Hz), 4.26 (1H, dd, J = 13.2, 3.8 Hz ), 4.38 (2H, q, J = 7.1 Hz), 5.00-5.05 (1H, m), 5.31 (1H, dd, J = 6.4, 3.9 Hz), 8.10 (1H, s).
1,2 (159 mg, 0.47 mmol) in the sixth step compound 3F – was added (333 mg, 2.34 mmol) and potassium trimethylsilanolate dimethoxyethane (2 ml) solution was stirred for 7 hours at room temperature. Brine was added to the 1N-hydrochloric acid to the reaction mixture, followed by extraction with chloroform. The combined chloroform layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solvent was removed by distillation, and I as an orange powder (25% yield) of compound 3G 34.4 mg.
1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 1.46 (3H, d, J = 3.5 Hz), 1.58-1.65 (1H, m), 2.26-2.30 (1H, m), 4.06-4.10 (2H, m), 4.31 (1H , dd, J = 13.8, 5.6 Hz), 4.48 (1H, dd, J = 13.6, 3.9 Hz), 5.03 (1H, t, J = 6.4 Hz), 5.36 (1H, dd, J = 5.5, 4.0 Hz) , 8.44 (1H, s), 12.80 (1H, s), 14.90 (1H, s).
2,4 (16 mg, 0.054 mmol) and the seventh step compound 3G – was dissolved in N, N-dimethylformamide (1 ml) (17 mg, 0.12 mmol) difluorobenzyl amine, N, N, N ‘, N was added (0.031 ml, 0.28 mmol) and N-methylmorpholine uronium hexafluorophosphate (HATU) (53 mg, 0.14 mmol), and ‘- tetramethyl-O-(yl 7 – aza – – benzo triazolopyrimidine -1) I was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. 2,4 – was added (0.037 ml, 0.34 mmol) and N-methylmorpholine (64 mg, 0.17 mmol) and (17 mg, 0.12 mmol), HATU difluorobenzylamine, and the mixture was stirred for 16 hours at room temperature. I was extracted with ethyl acetate addition of 0.5N-hydrochloric acid to the reaction mixture. 0.5N-hydrochloric acid and then was washed with saturated brine, and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and combined ethyl acetate layer. The solvent was then distilled off, and purified by preparative high performance liquid chromatography residue was obtained as an orange solid (55% yield) of compound 3H 12.5 mg.
1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ: 1.36 (3H, d, J = 6.9 Hz), 1.55-1.60 (1H, m), 2.01-2.05 (1H, m), 3.92-3.94 (1H, m), 4.04 (1H, t, J = 12.6 Hz), 4.38-4.41 (1H, m), 4.57-4.60 (1H, m), 4.81-4.83 (1H, m), 5.46-5.49 (1H, m), 7.08-7.11 (1H, m), 7.25-7.30 (1H, m), 7.41 (1H, dd, J = 15.3, 8.7 Hz), 8.53 (1H, s), 10.38 (1H, s), 12.53 (1H, s)

PAPER

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jm400645w

Carbamoyl Pyridone HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitors 3. A Diastereomeric Approach to Chiral Nonracemic Tricyclic Ring Systems and the Discovery of Dolutegravir (S/GSK1349572) and (S/GSK1265744)

Brian A. Johns*†, Takashi Kawasuji‡, Jason G. Weatherhead†, Teruhiko Taishi‡, David P. Temelkoff†, Hiroshi Yoshida‡, Toshiyuki Akiyama‡, Yoshiyuki Taoda‡, Hitoshi Murai‡, Ryuichi Kiyama‡, Masahiro Fuji‡, Norihiko Tanimoto‡, Jerry Jeffrey†, Scott A. Foster†, Tomokazu Yoshinaga‡, Takahiro Seki‡, Masanori Kobayashi‡, Akihiko Sato‡, Matthew N. Johnson†, Edward P. Garvey†, and Tamio Fujiwara‡

^† GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Area Unit, Five Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States

^‡ Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka 561-0825, Japan

J. Med. Chem., 2013, 56 (14), pp 5901–5916

DOI: 10.1021/jm400645w

J. Med. Chem. 2013, 56, 5901-5916.

We report herein the discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) integrase inhibitors dolutegravir (S/GSK1349572) (3) and S/GSK1265744 (4). These drugs stem from a series of carbamoyl pyridone analogues designed using a two-metal chelation model of the integrase catalytic active site. Structure–activity studies evolved a tricyclic series of carbamoyl pyridines that demonstrated properties indicative of once-daily dosing and superior potency against resistant viral strains. An inherent hemiaminal ring fusion stereocenter within the tricyclic carbamoyl pyridone scaffold led to a critical substrate controlled diastereoselective synthetic strategy whereby chiral information from small readily available amino alcohols was employed to control relative and absolute stereochemistry of the final drug candidates. Modest to extremely high levels of stereochemical control were observed depending on ring size and position of the stereocenter. This approach resulted in the discovery of 3 and 4, which are currently in clinical development.

(4R,12aS)-N-(2,4-Difluorobenzyl)-7-hydroxy-4-methyl-6,8-dioxo-3,4,6,8,12,12a-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[1′,2′:4,5]pyrazino-
[2,1-b][1,3]oxazine-9-carboxamide (3). 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 12.45 (s, 1H),10.38 (br s, 1H), 8.30 (s, 1H), 7.40−7.30 (m, 1H), 6.85−6.75 (m, 2H),5.26 (d, J = 5.8, 4.1 Hz, 2H), 5.05−4.95 (m, 1H), 4.64 (d, J = 5.9 Hz,2H), 4.27 (dd, J = 13.4, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 4.12 (dd, J = 13.6, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 4.05(t, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 4.02 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H), 2.30−2.19 (m, 1H), 1.56(dd, J = 14.0, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 1.42 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H). ES+ LC/MS: m/zcalcd 419.13; found 420.13 (M + 1)+.
(4R,12aS)-N-(2,4-Difluorobenzyl)-7-hydroxy-4-methyl-6,8-dioxo-3,4,6,8,12,12a-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[1′,2′:4,5]pyrazino-
[2,1-b][1,3]oxazine-9-carboxamide (3) sodium salt.

1H NMR(DMSO-d6) δ 10.70 (t, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H), 7.89 (s, 1 H), 7.40−7.30 (m, 1H), 7.25−7.16 (m, 1H), 7.06−6.98 (m, 1H), 5.22−5.12 (m, 1H), 4.87−4.74 (m, 1H), 4.51 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 2H), 4.35−4.25 (m, 1 H), 4.16 (dd, J =1.8, 14.1 Hz, 1 H), 4.05−3.90 (m, 1H), 3.86−3.74 (m, 1 H), 2.00−1.72(m, 1 H), 1.44−1.32 (m, 1 H), 1.24 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H).

MORE UPDATES……………………………

Process for preparing integrase inhibitors such as dolutegravir and cabotegravir and their analogs, useful for treating viral infections eg HIV infection. Also claims a process for preparing intermediates of dolutegravir and cabotegravir.

(4R, 12aS)-N-[(2,4-Difluorophenyl)methyl]-3 ,4,6,8, 12, 12a-hexahydro-7-hydroxy-4-methyl-6,8-dioxo-2H-pyrido[1 ‘,2’:4,5]pyrazino[2, 1-b][1 ,3]oxazine-9-carboxamide (Formula A):

Formula A

known by the INN name dolutegravir, is a new efficient antiviral agent from the group of HIV integrase inhibitors which is used in combination with some other antiviral agents for treatment of HIV infections, such as AIDS. The compound, which belongs to condensed polycyclic pyridines and was first disclosed in WO2006/1 16764, is marketed.

Another compound disclosed in WO2006/1 16764 is (3S, 1 1 aR)-N-[(2,4-difluorophenyl)methyl]-6-hydroxy-3-methyl-5,7-dioxo-2,3,5,7, 1 1 ,1 1 a-hexahydro[1 ,3]oxazolo[3,2-a]pyrido[1 ,2-d]pyrazine-8-carboxamide (Formula

Formula C

known by the INN name cabotegravir.

The complex structures of dolutegravir and cabotegravir present a synthetic challenge. The first description of the synthesis in WO2006/1 16764 shows a 16-steps synthesis (see Scheme A), which is industrially impractical due to its length and low overall yield.

Scheme A

WO 2010/068253 and WO 2006/1 16764 describe an alternative synthesis. The 1 1 -step synthesis, shown in Scheme B1 and Scheme B2, is based on bromination of the 9-position for further introduction of the carboxylic group. The synthesis relies on the use of expensive palladium catalysts and toxic selenium compounds. Furthermore, some variations of these approaches involve pyrone intermediates in several steps. In some cases pyrones are liquids which can complicate purification, while further reactions form complex mixtures.

doiutegravir

Scheme B2

In further alternative syntheses, acetoacetates were used as starting materials. Such an approach is challenging in terms of introducing the hydroxy group in the 7-position. The variation in Scheme C1 , described in WO2012/018065, starts from 4-benzyloxyacetoacetate. The procedure requires 9 steps, but use expensive reagents like palladium catalysts. Moreover, there is described a possibility of formation a co-crystal between an intermediate and hydroquinone, wherein however the additional step may diminish yields and make the process longer and time consuming.

Scheme C1

The variation in Scheme C2, described in WO2012/018065, starts from 4-chloroacetoacetate. The process is not optimal because of problems in steps which include pyrones and because of problems with conversion of 7-chloro to 7-hydroxy group which includes a disadvantageous use of silanolates with low yield (25%).

Scheme C2

The variation in Scheme C3, described in WO201 1/1 19566, starts from unsubstituted acetoacetate. For the introduction of the 7-hydroxy group, bromination is used and substitution of bromo with hydroxy is performed by a use of silanolates. The substitution of the bromine is achieved in a 43% yield.

Scheme C3

The variation in Scheme C4, described in WO201 1/1 19566, starts from 4-methoxyacetoacetate aiming at preparing dolutegravir or cabotegravir. The process uses lithium bases to affect a difficult to control selective monohydrolysis of a diester.

PATENT

WO 2016113372

Carbotegravir, New Patent, WO 2016113372, Lek Pharmaceutical and Chemical Co DD

LEK PHARMACEUTICALS D.D. [SI/SI]; Verovskova 57 1526 Ljubljana (SI)

MARAS, Nenad; (SI).
SELIC, Lovro; (SI).
CUSAK, Anja; (SI)

ViiV Healthcare is developing cabotegravir (first disclosed in WO2006088173), which in July 2016, was reported to be in phase 2 clinical development.

WO-2016113372

The object of the present invention is to provide short, simple, cost-effective, environmentally friendly and industrially suitable processes for beneficially providing dolutegravir and analogues thereof and cabotegravir and analogues thereof, in particular dolutegravir.

Scheme 1

According to an embodiment of the process of the invention the building block 3-aminobutanol can suitably be substituted with other aminoalcohols to give dolutegravir analogues. For example, using (S)-alaninol gives cabotegravir as the final product. Similarly, using amines other than 2,4-difluorobenzylamine in the amidation step results in the synthesis of other dolutegravir analogues.

According to the another preferred embodiment cabotegravir or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is prepared by the analogue process, which comprises providing a compound of formula (5c)

converting the compound of formula (5c) to a compound of formula (6c)

by carrying out a chlorination reaction, and converting the compound of formula (6c) to cabotegravir and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

The compound of formula (5c) can preferably be provided by converting a compound of formula (3) to a compound of formula (4c)

Scheme 2

1. ) EtOCOCI, Et₃N / Me₂CO

2. ) 2,4-difiuorobenzylamine

Scheme 3

Analogous compound of formula 7c is a useful intermediate in the synthesis of cabotegravir. Scheme 3a

Scheme 4

Examples

The following examples are merely illustrative of the present invention and they should not be considered as limiting the scope of the invention in any way. The examples and modifications or other equivalents thereof will become apparent to those versed in the art in the light of the present entire disclosure. Particularly, all Examples related to the preparation of dolutegravir and intermediates thereof can be used by the analogy for the preparation of cabotegravir and intermediates thereof.

Example 1 :

Methyl acetoacetate (1 , 25.22 g) and dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal (DMFDMA, 35 mL) was heated at 50-55°C for 2 h, then methanol (60 mL), aminoacetaldehyde dimethyl acetal (24 mL) and acetic acid (4 mL) was added an the mixture was heated under reflux for one hour, then concentrated. MTBE (100 mL) was added and the mixture was kept at 5 °C overnight to crystallize. Upon filtration 46 g (92%) of product 2 was recovered.

¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 2.31 (s, 3H), 3.30 (s, 6H), 3.49 (m, 2H), 3.61 (s, 3H), 4.43 (m, 1 H), 8.02 (d, 1 H), 10.8 (bs, 1 H). ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 30.52, 35.48, 50.53, 54.23, 98.99, 102.47, 160.70, 166.92, 197.21 .

Example 2:

Compound 2 (5.00 g) was dissolved in 2-propanol, dimethyl oxalate (7.02 g) was added and heated to 40 °C. Sodium methylate (25% in methanol; 20 mL) was slowly (10 min) added, the mixture was then heated to 50-55 °C and stirred at that temperature for 2-2.5 h. The mixture was cooled to ambient temperature, then sodium hydroxide solution (1 M, 65 mL) was added to the mixture and stirred for another 2 h, followed by addition of concentrated hydrochloric acid (1 1 mL) and stirred for another 2 h. The precipitate was filtered and dried to give 8.08 g (NMR assay 47%; 65% yield) of compound 3.

¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 2.50 (m, 2H), 3.30 (s. 6H), 4.49 (m, 1 H), 7.06 (s, 1 H); 8.70 (s, 1 H). ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 55.23, 55.37, 102.34, 1 15.47, 120.24, 145.17, 162.71 , 165.22, 178.55.

Example 3:

Compound 2 (158.37 g) was dissolved in methanol (548 mL), followed by the addition of dimethyl oxalate (202.2 g). While keeping the temperature below 30°C, potassium ferf-butoxide (192.1 g) was added and reaction mixture was heated at 50 °C overnight. The suspension was then filtered and the filter cake washed with methanol. The filtrate was concentrated (approximately to 680 mL), then water (680 mL) was added, followed by addition of lithium hydroxide hydrate (143.7 g) while keeping the temperature below 40 °C. The suspension was then stirred at ambient temperature overnight and filtered. To the obtained filtrate, concentrated hydrochloric acid (339 mL) was added while keeping the temperature below 30 °C. The suspension was aged for 2 h and filtered to give 4 as a white powder (95.6 g, NMR assay 100%; 52% yield).

Example 4:

Compound 2 (5.00 g) was dissolved in 2-propanol, dimethyl oxalate (7.02 g) was added and heated to 40 °C. Sodium methylate (25% in methanol; 15 mL) was slowly (10 min) added then the mixture was heated to 50-55 °C and stirred at that temperature for 72 h. The mixture was concentrated and components were separated by flash column chromatography (ethyl acetate/methanol 9:1 to 6:4). Early fractions gave compound 22 upon concentration, late fractions gave compound 23.

Compound 22: ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 2.49 (m, 2H), 3.28 (s, 6H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 4.41 (m, 1 H), 4.50 (m, 1 H), 6.65 (s, 1 H), 8.36 (s, 1 H). ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 51.63, 53.36, 54.25, 55.47, 102.71 , 1 18.24, 123.60, 140.81 , 150.21 , 162.44, 164.49, 173.43.

Compound 23: ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 2.49 (m, 2H), 3.26 (s, 6H); 3.70 (s, 3H); 4.33 (d, 1 H); 4.60 (m, 1 H), 6.19 (s, 1 H), 8.12 (s, 1 H). ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 50.03, 51.34, 54.59, 54.85, 102.91 , 1 16.04, 1 18.19, 148.32, 152.12, 163.46, 165.24, 174.99

Example 5:

Compound 3 (5.5 g; assay 53%) was suspended in acetonitrile, acetic acid (6 mL) and methanesulfonic acid (2.5 mL) were added followed by the heating of mixture to 70 °C for 4 h. The suspension was filtered and filtrate cooled to ambient temperature. Triethylamine (6.6 mL) and (R)-3-amino-butan-1 -ol (1.24 mL) was added followed by heating the mixture at reflux temperature for 20-24 h. The mixture was filtered, filtrate concentrated and 1 M HCI (100 mL) was added, followed by extraction with dichloromethane (3 x 50 mL). Combined organic fractions were concentrated, 2-propanol was added (10 mL) and suspension was stirred at 70-80 °C for 10 min, left to cool to ambient temperature then filtered to give 2.19 g of compound 4 (73%).

¹H NMR (DMSO-de): δ 1.31 (d, 3H), 1.52 (m, 1 H), 1 .97 (m, 1 H), 3.89 (m, 1 H), 4.01 (m, 1 H), 4.46 (m, 1 H), 4.64 (m, 1 H), 4.78 (m, 1 H), 5.50 (m, 1 H), 7.29 (s, 1 H), 8.88 (s, 1 H), 15.83 (s, 1 H). ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 15.22, 29.14, 45.26, 51.13, 62.09, 76.03, 1 16.31 , 1 18.79, 140.53, 146.79, 155.36, 165.24, 178.75.

Example 6:

Compound 3 (14.55 g; assay 49%) was suspended in acetonitrile (125 mL), acetic acid (15 mL) and methanesulfonic acid (6.25 mL) were added followed by the heating of mixture to 70 °C for 4 h. The suspension was filtered and filtrate cooled to ambient temperature. Triethylamine (16.5 mL) and (S)-2-aminopropanol (2.45 mL) was added followed by heating the mixture at reflux temperature for 24 h. The insoluble product was filtered, washed with 2-propanol (20 mL) and dried to give (3S, 1 1 aR)-3-methyl-5,7-dioxo-2,3,5,7, 1 1 ,1 1 a-hexahydrooxazolo[3,2-a]pyrido[1 ,2-d]pyrazine-8-carboxylic acid (5.2 g, 75%).

¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.31 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 3.65 (dd, J = 8.6, 6.8 Hz, 1 H), 4.13 (dd, J = 1 1.7, 10.3 Hz, 1 H), 4.28 (m, 1 H), 4.39 (dd, J = 8.6, 6.8 Hz, 1 H), 4.92 (dd, J = 12.3, 4.2 Hz, 1 H), 5.45 (dd, J = 10.2, 4.1 Hz, 1 H), 7.16 (s, 1 H), 8.84 (s, 1 H), 15.74 (s, 1 H).

Example 7:

Compound 4 (0.63 g) was dissolved in dichloromethane (15 mL), cooled to 5°C, then triethylamine (0.31 mL) was added, followed by ethyl chloroformate (0.26 mL), followed by slow (30 min) addition of 2,4-difluorobenzylamine. The mixture was then stirred at ambient temperature for 24 h. Water (10 mL) was added, organic phase was separated and washed with 1 M HCI (15 mL) and water (15 mL), concentrated and treated with 2-propanol to give the product 5 in a quantitative yield.

¹H NMR (CDCI₃): δ 1.39 (d, 3H), 1.52 (s, 1 H), 2.19 (m, 1 H), 4.00 (m, 2H), 4.16 (m, 1 H), 4.31 (m, 1 H), 4.62 (d, 2H), 5.00 (m, 1 H), 5.27 (m, 1 H), 6.80 (m 2H), 7.33 (m, 2H), 8.49 (s, 1 H), 10.48 (s, 1 H). ¹³C NMR (CDCI₃): 15.50, 29.22, 36.43, 45.19, 51.83, 62.79, 103.71 , 103.91 , 1 1 1 .0, 1 1 1 .18, 120.59, 123.04, 130.40, 137.41 , 144.58, 156.27, 163. 87, 177.83.

Example 8:

To a suspension of 4 (2.84 g, 10 mmol) in a mixture of triethylamine (2.24 mL, 16 mmol) and acetone (50 mL) stirring on an ice bath was added ethyl chloroformate (1 .20 mL, 12 mmol). After stirring for 10 min, 2,4-difluorobenzylamine (1.21 mL, 10 mmol) was added and the mixture left stirring at room temperature for 1 h. The product was isolated by slowly diluting the reaction mixture with water (50 mL), partial concentration, filtration, washing with water (2 50 mL) and drying. There was obtained 5 as a white powder (3.48 g, 86%): mp 181.0-184.7 °C.¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.29 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H), 1 .56 (dd, J = 13.9, 2.0 Hz, 1 H), 1 .93-2.06 (m, 1 H), 3.90 (ddd, J = 1 1.6, 5.0, 2.1 Hz, 1 H), 3.98 (td, J = 12.0, 2.2 Hz, 1 H), 4.45 (dd, J = 13.6, 6.6 Hz, 1 H), 4.72 (dd, J = 13.6, 3.8 Hz, 1 H), 4.74-4.81 (m, 1 H), 5.44 (dd, J = 6.6, 3.8 Hz, 1 H), 8.93 (s, 1 H), 15.14 (s, 1 H). ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 15.78, 29.13, 44.89, 52.88, 61 .63, 75.61 , 1 13.54, 128.49, 136.42, 145.64, 154.62, 164.58, 174.58

Example 9:

To a suspension of 4 (1 1.36 g, 40 mmol) in acetonitrile (80 mL) stirring at room temperature was added TCCA (9.29 g, 38 mmol) and DABCO (0.23 g, 5 mol%). After stirring at room temperature for 1 h, the reaction was quenched with a mixture of DMSO (5.26 mL) and water (1.33 mL). The insoluble cyanuric acid was removed by filtration and the filtrate evaporated under reduced pressure to give viscous oil. This was triturated in methanol (20 mL) to induce crystallization. The product was filtered, washed with cold methanol (10 mL) and dried to give 7 as a yellowish powder (5.13 g, 41 %): mp 191 .3-198.7 °C.

Example 10:

Attempted chlorination of 23: Compound 23 (0.54g) was suspended in acetonitrile (10 mL) and trichlorocyanuric acid (0.44 g) was added and the solution was stirred at ambient temperature overnight. Precipitate was filtered. Only traces of a product corresponding to the compound 26 could be detected in the reaction mixture by LC-MS analysis. Conversion did not improve with time.

Example 11 :

Attempted chlorination of 3: Compound 3 (0.30 g) was suspended in acetonitrile (5 mL) and trichlorocyanuric acid (0.13 g) was added. The suspension was stirred at ambient temperature overnight. Only traces of a product corresponding to the compound 24 could be detected in the reaction mixture by LC-MS analysis.

Example 12:

9 10

Trichloroisocyanuric acid (0.23 g) was added in a single portion to a stirred solution of the diethyl 1 -(2,2-dimethoxyethyl)-4-oxo-1 ,4-dihydropyridine-2,5-dicarboxylate (9, 0.66 g) in dry acetonitrile (4 mL) at room temperature. The resulting suspension was stirred at room temperature for ca. 24 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with dichloromethane and filtrated. The filtrate was then concentrated in vacuo to afford crude oil (0.86 g). Purification by flash chromatography (eluting ethyl acetate/cyclohexane) furnished diethyl 3-chloro-1 -(2,2-dimethoxyethyl)-4-oxo-1 ,4-dihydropyridine-2,5-dicarboxylate, 10 as a yellow semi-solid (0.38 g). ¹H NMR (CDCI₃): δ 1.28 (t, J=7A Hz, 3H), 1 .37 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 3.35 (s, 6H), 3.89 (d, J=5.0 Hz, 2H), 4.27 (q, J=l A Hz, 2H), 4.43 (q, J=l A Hz, 2H), 4.48 (t, J=4.9 Hz, 1 H), 8.15 (s, 1 H). ¹³C NMR (CDCI₃): δ 13.83, 14.13, 55.82, 57.09, 61.41 , 63.72, 102.52, 1 17.35, 126.90, 140.22, 146.92, 160.67, 164.13, 168.95.

Example 13:

Diethyl 1 -(2,2-dimethoxyethyl)-4-oxo-1 ,4-dihydropyridine-2,5-dicarboxylate (9, 0.64 g) was dissolved in anhydrous acetonitrile (6 mL) and treated sequentially with acetic acid (560 μί) and methanesulfonic acid (40 μί). The resulting mixture was heated to 62 °C and stirred for 4 h and more methanesulfonic acid (40 μΙ_) was added. After additional 2 h, more methanesulfonic acid (80 μΙ_) was added. This was repeated after additional 2 h, when more methanesulfonic acid (80 μΙ_) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred additional 17 h at 62 °C then was treated with a mixture of (R)-3-aminobutanol (0.22 g), triethylamine (0.5 mL) and acetonitrile (0.7 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred additional 22 h at 62 °C and then concentrated in vacuo. The crude material was partitioned between dichloromethane and 1 M HCI solution (15 mL). The combined organic phases were dried (Na₂S0₄), filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford the crude (4R, 12aS)-ethyl 4-methyl-6,8-dioxo-3,4,6,8, 12,12a-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[1 ‘,2’:4,5]pyrazino[2, 1 -b][1 ,3]oxazine-9-carboxylate (11 ) as a brownish oil (0.61 g).

¹H NMR (CD₃OD): δ 8.44 (s, 1 H), 7.16 (m, 1 H), 5.48 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 1 H), 4.86 (m, 1 H), 4.49 (dd, J=13.6, 4.0 Hz, 1 H), 4.30-4.25 (m, 3H), 4.09 (dt, J=12.1 , 2.3 Hz, 1 H), 3.96 (ddd, J=1 1.7, 5.0, 2.1 Hz, 1 H), 2.18-2.10 (m, 1 H), 1.60-1 .56 (m, 1 H) 1 .39 (d, J=7A Hz, 3H), 1.33 (t, J=7A Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (CDCI₃): δ 8.45, 14.08, 15.39, 29.17, 45.04, 45.72, 51 .56, 60.86, 62.61 , 76.33, 1 19.54, 123.72, 136.96, 145.67, 156.26, 163.68, 175.43

Example 14:

¹⁰

Diethyl 3-chloro-1 -(2,2-dimethoxyethyl)-4-oxo-1 ,4-dihydropyridine-2,5-dicarboxylate (10, 1.23 g) was dissolved in 85% formic acid (25 mL) at room temperature. The mixture was warmed to 40 °C and stirred for 23 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo, and then partitioned between dichloromethane and aqueous NaHC0₃ solution. The combined organic phases were dried (Na₂S0₄), filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford brownish oil (0.49 g). The crude oil was dissolved in anhydrous toluene (5 mL) and treated sequentially with (R)-3-aminobutanol (0.19 g), methanol (0.2 mL) and acetic acid (96 μί). The resulting mixture was heated to 90 °C and stirred for 20 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and then partitioned between dichloromethane and aqueous NaHC0₃ solution. The combined organic phases were dried (Na₂S0₄), filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford the crude (4R,12aS)-Ethyl 7-chloro-4-methyl-6,8-dioxo-3,4,6,8,12, 12a-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[1 ‘,2’:4,5] pyrazino [2, 1-b][1 ,3]oxazine-9-carboxylate (12) as a brownish oil (0.24 g).

Example 15:

To a solution of 4 (5.68 g, 20 mmol) in dichloromethane (50 mL) stirring in an ice bath was added triethylamine (5.6 mL, 40 mmol), followed by ethyl chloroformate (2.61 mL, 26 mmol). After 20 min, ethanol (50 mL) was added. The mixture was then left stirring 24 h at room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was triturated in acetone (80 mL). The insoluble salt (triethylamine hydrochloride) was removed by filtration. The filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure to give 11 as an amorphous solid in a quantitative yield (6.1 g).

Example 16:

To a stirring solution of 11 (0.94 g, 3.0 mmol) in acetonitrile (8 mL) heated at 40 °C was added TCCA in portions during 1 h (0.44 g, 1 .8 mmol). After an additional 1 h, the reaction mixture was diluted with a solution of NaHS0₃ (0.60 g) in water (60 mL), extracted with dichloromethane (50 mL) and the extract evaporated under reduced pressure to give a crude product which was purified by flash chromatography (CH₂CI₂ : MeOH, from 98 : 2 to 80 : 20) to give 12 (0.45 g, 44%).

¹H NMR (CDCI₃): δ 1.37 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.38 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H), 1 .56 (dq, J = 13.9, 2.2 Hz, 1 H), 2.21 (m, 1 H), 3.99 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1 H), 4.00 (t, J = 1.8 Hz, 1 H), 4.10 (dd, J = 13.2, 6.6 Hz, 1 H), 4.37-4.27 (m, 3H), 4.98 (m, 1 H), 5.35 (dd, J = 6.6, 3.8 Hz, 1 H), 8.07 (s, 1 H).

¹³C NMR (CDCI₃): δ 14.20, 16.09, 29.34, 44.87, 53.73, 61.49, 62.29, 76.01 , 1 16.22, 133.1 1 , 134.18, 144.52, 155.48, 163.88, 169.98.

Example 17:

To a mixture of 7 (3.89 g, 12.2 mmol) in methanol (12 mL) was added sodium methylate (22.3 mL, 97.6 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred for 24 h at 30 °C and then quenched with a slow addition of 3M hydrochloric acid (35 mL) while stirring in an ice bath. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to remove most of the methanol, then extracted with dichloromethane (2 30 mL), the combined extracts washed with water (30 mL) and evaporated under reduced pressure. Methanol (20 mL) was added to the obtained amorphous residue and removed under reduced pressure to yield the solid 8 (3.69 g, 98%).

¹H NMR (CDCI₃): δ 15.04 (s, 1 H), 8.42 (s, 1 H), 5.29 (dd, J=5.6, 3.9 Hz, 1 H), 5.01 -4.96 (m, 1 H), 4.42 (dd, J=13.6, 3.6 Hz, 1 H), 4.25 (dd, J=13.6, 6.0 Hz, 1 H), 4.05 (s, 3H), 4.00-3.97 (m, 2H), 2.21 -2-14 (m, 1 H), 1.53 (dd, J=14.1 , 1.9 Hz, 1 H), 1.36 (d, J=7 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (CDCI₃): δ 176.35, 165.94, 155.03, 153.70, 143.08, 130.90, 1 15.94, 76.05, 62.65, 61.45, 53.86, 44.96, 29.43, 16.06.

Example 18:

To a suspension of 7 (2.55 g, 8.0 mmol) in a mixture of triethylamine (1 .46 mL, 10.4 mmol) and acetone (32 mL) stirring on an ice bath was added ethyl chloroformate (0.88 mL, 8.8 mmol). After stirring for 10 min, 2,4-difluorobenzylamine (1.07 mL, 8.8 mmol) was added and the mixture left stirring at room temperature for 1 h. The product was isolated by slowly diluting the reaction mixture with water (40 mL), filtration, washing with water (2 30 mL) and drying. There was obtained 2.91 g of 6 as a white powder (83%).

¹H NMR (CDCI₃): δ 1.30 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H), 1 .49 (dd, J = 14.0, 2.2 Hz, 1 H), 2.14 (ddd, J = 14.6, 1 1.1 , 6.4 Hz, 1 H), 3.89-3.95 (m, 2H), 4.09-4.15 (m, 1 H), 4.26 (dd, J = 13.4, 3.8 Hz, 1 H), 4.55 (d, J = 5.8 Hz, 2H), 4.89-4.98 (m, 1 H), 5.18 (dd, J = 6.2, 3.8 Hz, 1 H), 6.68-6.79 (m, 2H), 7.23-7.31 (m, 1 H), 8.41 (s, 1 H), 10.24 (t, J = 5.8 Hz, 1 H). ¹³C NMR (CDCI₃): δ 16.09, 26.95, 29.30, 36.79, 45.1 1 , 45.28, 53.86, 62.47, 75.93, 103.87 (t, J = 25.4 Hz), 1 1 1 .21 (dd, J = 21 .0, 3.4 Hz), 1 17.32, 130.58 (dd, J = 9.3, 5.8 Hz), 133.40, 143.54, 155.34, 163.16, 163.25, 163.35, 172.88.

Example 19:

To a suspension of 5 (1 .67 g, 4 mmol) in acetonitrile (20 mL) was added DABCO (23 mg, 5 mol%) and TCCA (0.62 g, 2.52 mmol). The mixture was stirred 18 h at 40 °C protected from light and then quenched with a mixture of DMSO (0.48 mL) and water (0.12 mL). The insoluble cyanuric acid was removed by filtration and washed with acetonitrile (5 mL). The filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure to give viscous oil that was crystallized from a mixture of methanol (6 mL) and water (3 mL), by slowly cooling the solution from 60 °C to room

temperature. The product 6 was filtered, washed with cold methanol (5 mL) and dried to give an off-white powder (1.07 g, 61 %).

¹H NMR (CDCI₃): δ 1.30 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H), 1 .49 (dd, J = 14.0, 2.2 Hz, 1 H), 2.14 (ddd, J = 14.6, 1 1.1 , 6.4 Hz, 1 H), 3.89-3.95 (m, 2H), 4.09-4.15 (m, 1 H), 4.26 (dd, J = 13.4, 3.8 Hz, 1 H), 4.55 (d, J = 5.8 Hz, 2H), 4.89-4.98 (m, 1 H), 5.18 (dd, J = 6.2, 3.8 Hz, 1 H), 6.68-6.79 (m, 2H), 7.23-7.31 (m, 1 H), 8.41 (s, 1 H), 10.24 (t, J = 5.8 Hz, 1 H). ¹³C NMR (CDCI₃): δ 16.09, 26.95, 29.30, 36.79, 45.1 1 , 45.28, 53.86, 62.47, 75.93, 103.87 (t, J = 25.4 Hz), 1 1 1 .21 (dd, J = 21.0, 3.4 Hz), 1 17.32, 130.58 (dd, J = 9.3, 5.8 Hz), 133.40, 143.54, 155.34, 163.16, 163.25, 163.35, 172.88.

Example 20:

To a suspension of 6 (0.44 g) in anhydrous methanol (1 mL) was added a 25% methanolic solution of sodium methylate (1 .14 mL) and the mixture stirred for 4 h at 40 °C. The reaction was quenched with acetic acid (0.4 mL), diluted with water (8 mL), extracted with 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (12 mL), the extract washed with 1 M NaOH(aq) (8 mL), water (8 mL) and evaporated under reduced pressure. To the oily residue was added methanol (8 mL) and evaporated under reduced pressure to give 27 as a white solid (0.38 g, 88%).

Example 21 :

The suspension of (4R, 12aS)-7-chloro-N-(2,4-difluorobenzyl)-4-methyl-6,8-dioxo-3,4,6,8,12, 12a-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[1 ‘,2’:4,5]pyrazino[2, 1 -b][1 ,3]oxazine-9-carboxamide (6, 0.44 g) and solid sodium hydroxide (0.20 g) in absolute ethanol (2 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 24 h. The reaction was quenched with 2M H₂S0₄ (1 .18 mL) and left stirring for 2 h at room temperature. The reaction mixture was filtered through fitted funnel rinsing with water (2 x 2 mL). The obtained white precipitate (0.38 g) was suspended in THF-water (1 :1 , 4.5 mL) and stirred at room temperature for ca. 2 h. The reaction mixture was filtered through fitted funnel rinsing with water (2 ^χ 1 mL) and dried in vacuo at 40°C to afford pure dolutegravir as a white solid (0.33 g, HPLC purity: 99.38%).

¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 12.51 (s, 1 H), 10.36 (t, J=5.9 Hz, 1 H), 8.50 (s, 1 H), 7.41-7.36 (m, 1 H), 7.26-7.21 (m, 1 H), 7.07-7.03 (m, 1 H), 5.45 (dd, J=5.4, 4.3 Hz, 1 H), 4.81 -4.76 (m, 1 H), 4.59-4.53 (m, 3H), 4.36 (dd, J=13.8, 5.8 Hz, 1 H), 4.05-4.00 (m, 1 H), 3.91-3.88 (m, 1 H), 2.05-1 .97 (m, 1 H), 1.55-1.52 (m, 1 H), 1 .33 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 170.27, 163.68, 162.29, 161 .78 (dd), 159.82 (dd), 154.61 , 140.64, 130.74 (d), 130.67 (d), 122.37 (d), 1 16.73, 1 15.38, 1 1 1 .33 (d), 103.80 (t), 62.01 , 51 .16, 44.69, 35.74, 29.13, 15.21.

Example 22:

A suspension of dolutegravir (0.31 g) in methanol (4 mL) was cooled to 0 °C.25% Solution of sodium methoxide in methanol was added to the mixture and the resulting suspension was stirred at 0 °C for 2 h, then at room temperature for 23 h. The reaction mixture was then filtered through fitted funnel rinsing with methanol (3 x 10 mL). The white precipitate was dried overnight at room temperature to afford pure dolutegravir sodium as a white solid (0.26 g, HPLC purity: 99.84%).

¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 10.70 (t, J=5.8, 1H), 7.89 (s, 1H), 7.37-7.30 (m, 1H), 7.23-7.19 (m, 1H), 7.04-7.01 (m, 1H), 5.17 (m, 1H), 4.81 (t, J=6.4Hz, 1H), 4.51 (d, J=5.5Hz, 2H), 4.32-4.29 (m, 1H), 4.16 (dd, J=14.1, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.99-3.94 (m, 1H), 3.82-3.80 (m, 1H), 1.89-1.84 (m, 1H), 1.38 (d, J=12.9 Hz, 1H), 1.24 (d, J=7.0Hz, 3H).¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 177.93, 167.12, 166.08, 161.59 (dd), 161.13, 159.63 (dd), 134.26, 130.44 (d), 130.38 (d), 122.90 (d), 114.95, 111.23 (d), 108.78, 103.64 (t), 75.59, 61.95, 53.11, 43.01, 35.32, 29.22, 15.30.

Example 23:

The suspension of 6 (0.44 g) and solid sodium hydroxide (0.20 g) in absolute ethanol (2 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 24 h. The reaction was diluted with absolute ethanol (10 mL) and left stirring for ca. 30 min at room temperature. The reaction mixture was filtered through fitted funnel rinsing with absolute ethanol (3 x 10 mL) and dried in vacuo at room temperature to afford dolutegravir sodium as a pale yellow solid (0.43 g, HPLC purity: 98.80%). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 10.70 (t, J = 5.8 Hz, 1H), 7.89 (s, 1H), 7.37-7.30 (m, 1H), 7.23-7.19 (m, 1H), 7.04-7.01 (m, 1H), 5.17 (m, 1H), 4.81 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 1H), 4.51 (d, J = 5.5 Hz, 2H), 4.32-4.29 (m, 1H), 4.16 (dd, J= 14.1, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.99-3.94 (m, 1H), 3.82-3.80 (m, 1H), 1.89-1.84 (m, 1H), 1.38 (d, J = 12.9 Hz, 1H), 1.24 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H).¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 177.93, 167.12, 166.08, 161.59 (dd), 161.13, 159.63 (dd), 134.26, 130.44 (d), 130.38 (d), 122.90 (d), 114.95, 111.23 (d), 108.78, 103.64 (t), 75.59, 61.95, 53.11, 43.01, 35.32, 29.22, 15.30.

Example 24:

The suspension of (4R,12aS)-N-(2,4-difluorobenzyl)-7-methoxy-4-methyl-6,8-dioxo-3,4,6,8,12, 12a-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[1′,2′:4,5]pyrazino[2,1-6][1,3]oxazine-9-carboxamide (27, 0.43 g) and solid sodium hydroxide (0.20 g) in absolute ethanol (2.5 mL) was stirred at room temperature for ca.24 h. The reaction was diluted with mixture of water/ethanol (5 mL, 1:1) and left stirring for ca. 1.5 h at room temperature. The reaction mixture was filtered through fitted funnel rinsing with mixture of water/ethanol (3 x 5 mL, 1:1) and dried in vacuo at room temperature to afford 15 as a pale yellow solid (0.41 g, HPLC purity: 98.87%).

¹H NMR (DMSO-de): δ 10.70 (t, J = 5.8 Hz, 1H), 7.89 (s, 1H), 7.37-7.30 (m, 1H), 7.23-7.19 (m, 1H), 7.04-7.01 (m, 1H), 5.17 (m, 1H), 4.81 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 1H), 4.51 (d, J = 5.5 Hz, 2H), 4.32-4.29 (m, 1H), 4.16 (dd, J = 14.1, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.99-3.94 (m, 1H), 3.82-3.80 (m, 1H), 1.89-1.84 (m, 1H), 1.38 (d, J = 12.9 Hz, 1H), 1.24 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H).¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 177.93, 167.12, 166.08, 161.59 (dd), 161.13, 159.63 (dd), 134.26, 130.44 (d), 130.38 (d), 122.90 (d), 114.95, 111.23 (d), 108.78, 103.64 (t), 75.59, 61.95, 53.11, 43.01, 35.32, 29.22, 15.30.

Example 25:

The suspension of {4R, 12aS)-7-chloro-4-methyl-6,8-dioxo-3,4, 6,8, 12,12a-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[1′,2′:4,5]pyrazino[2,1-6][1,3]oxazine-9-carboxylic acid (7, 0.31 g) and solid sodium hydroxide (0.20 g) in absolute ethanol (2.5 mL) was stirred at 50 °C for 3 days. The reaction was quenched with 2M H₂S0₄ (1.2 mL) and left stirring for 7 h at room temperature. The reaction mixture was filtered through fitted funnel rinsing with water (3×5 mL) and ethanol (5 mL) dried in vacuo at 40°C to afford 28 as a pale yellow solid (0.17 g).

¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 15.37 (s, 1H), 12.76 (s, 1H), 8.66 (s, 1H), 5.51-5.49 (m, 1H), 4.80-4.78 (m, 1H), 4.65 (dd, J=13.8, 3.7 Hz, 1H), 4.43 (dd, J=13.8, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 4.05 (t, J^^.b Hz, 1H), 3.91 (dd, J=11.4, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 2.07-2.00 (m, 1H), 1.56 (d, J=13.8 Hz, 1H), 1.34 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H).¹³C NMR (DMSO-de): δ 172.21, 165.39, 161.73, 153.61, 141.11, 118.66, 112.99, 75.95, 62.03, 51.50, 44.90, 29.08, 15.18.

Example 26:

The suspension of (4R,12aS)-N-(2,4-difluorobenzyl)-7-methoxy-4-methyl-6,8-dioxo-3,4,6,8, 12, 12a-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[1 ‘,2’:4,5]pyrazino[2, 1 ,3]oxazine-9-carboxamide (27, 0.88 g) and solid sodium hydroxide (0.24 g) in absolute ethanol (20 mL) was stirred at 30 °C for 1.5 h. The reaction was quenched with 2M H₂S0₄ (1 .5 mL) and left stirring for 3 hours at room temperature. The reaction mixture was filtered through fritted funnel and rinsed with water (3 x 2 mL) and ethanol (4 mL), and dried in vacuo at 40 °C to afford O-ethyl dolutegravir (29) as a pale yellow solid (0.25 g). The filtrate was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 5 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over MgS0₄, filtered and concentrated, then dried in vacuo at 40 °C to afford more 29 as a pale yellow solid (0.27 g).

¹H NMR (CDCI₃): δ 10.37 (t, J = 5.8 Hz, 1 H), 8.36 (s, 1 H), 7.37-7.32 (m, 1 H), 6.83-6.77 (m, 2H), 5.19 (dd, J = 5.9, 3.8 Hz, 1 H), 5.04-4.98 (m, 1 H), 4.61 (d, J = 6Hz, 2H), 4.26-4.22 (m, 3H), 4.1 1 (dd, J = 13.4, 5.9 Hz, 1 H), 3.97 (t, J = 2.4 Hz, 1 H), 3.96 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1 H), 2.21-2.14 (m, 1 H), 1.51 (dq, J = 14.0, 2.3 Hz, 1 H), 1 .47 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H), 1 .35 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H).

¹³C NMR (CDCI₃): δ 174.78, 164.17, 162.49 (dd), 160.51 (dd), 155.72, 154.08, 142.32, 130.60 (dd), 129.33, 121 .51 (dd), 1 18.67, 1 1 1 .23 (dd), 103.78 (t), 76.15, 69.74, 62.58, 53.42, 44.58, 36.50 (d), 29.44, 16.04, 15.64.

Example 27:

The suspension of (4R, 12aS)-7-(benzyloxy)-4-methyl-3,4, 12,12a-tetrahydro-2H-pyrido[1 ‘,2’:4,5]pyrazino[2, 1-b][1 ,3]oxazine-6,8-dione (30, 0.68 g, prepared according to prior art) and solid sodium hydroxide (0.40 g) in absolute ethanol (5 mL) was stirred at 50 °C for 14 h. The reaction was quenched with formic acid (0.35 mL), water (2 mL) was added and mixture was left stirring for additional 1 h at room temperature. The reaction mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 5 mL) and the combined organic layers concentrated to afford a crude oil. Purification by flash chromatography (eluting with CH₂CI₂/methanol) afforded 32 as an orange solid (0.26 g, 52 %).

The above procedure if done at room temperature in same time period, affords 31 as orange oil (0.24 g, 43 %).

Compound 32: ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 7.64 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.20 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 1 H), 5.40 (dd, J = 5.1 , 4.2 Hz, 1 H), 4.83-4.78 (m, 1 H), 4.35 (dd, J = 13.6, 3.9 Hz, 1 H), 4.13 (dd, J = 13.6, 5.4 Hz, 1 H), 4.05-4.00 (m, 1 H), 3.90-3.85 (m, 1 H), 2.03-1.95 (m, 1 H), 1.52 (dd, J = 13.9, 1 .9 Hz, 1 H), 1.33 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 170.96, 163.01 , 153.48, 137.96, 1 16.83, 1 13.52, 76.18, 62.05, 50.39, 44.53, 29.21 , 15.28.

Compound 31 : ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 7.67 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.28 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1 H), 5.29 (dd, J = 5.4, 3.8 Hz, 1 H), 4.82-4.75 (m, 1 H), 4.32 (dd, J = 13.6, 3.6 Hz, 1 H), 4.10 (dd, J = 13.5, 5.6 Hz, 1 H), 4.03-3.93 (m, 3H), 3.85 (ddd, J = 1 1 .6, 5.0, 2.2 Hz, 1 H), 1.97-1 .89 (m, 1 H), 1 .48 (dd, J = 13.8, 2.1 Hz, 1 H), 1.27 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.26 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 174.38, 156.1 1 , 150.82, 139.48, 1 16.39, 1 13.52, 75.92, 67.31 , 61 .80, 51 .36, 44.22, 29.29, 15.76, 15.36.

Exa

The transformation of 6 to dolutegravir with sodium hydroxide in ethanol was monitored for the interconversion of intermediates. The suspension of 6 (0.44 g) and solid sodium hydroxide (0.20 g) in ethanol (3.33 ml.) was stirred at 22 °C. Samples of the reaction mixture were taken after 3, 8 and 24 h for UPLC analysis. After 24 h, the reaction mixture was quenched with 2 M H₂S0₄ (5 ml_), and left stirring at room temperature. The reaction mixture was filtered through fritted funnel, the product rinsed with water (30 ml.) and dried in vacuo at 50 °C overnight to afford dolutegravir as a white solid (0.27 g, 64 %).

The results of reaction monitoring:

Time UPLC analysis (area%)

Entry

(h) compound 6 compound 29 dolutegravir

1 3 h 37.50 20.63 39.99

2 8 h 0.78 15.46 80.32

3 24h 0.31 8.56 88.21

Example 29:

The effect of added water and reaction temperature was evaluated by monitoring 4 reactions in parallel. To the suspensions of 27 (0.86 g) in MeOH were added solid sodium hydroxide (0.40 g) or aqueous solution of NaOH (5 M, 2 ml.) (see Table below). The reactions were stirred in parallel at 50 °C or 22 °C. Samples were taken in timely intervals for UPLC analysis.

The results of reaction monitoring demethylation of 27 in MeOH:

Example 30:

The effect of added water and reaction temperature was evaluated by monitoring 4 reactions in parallel. To the suspensions of 6 (0.88 g) in EtOH were added solid sodium hydroxide (0.40 g) or aqueous solution of NaOH (5 M, 2 mL) (see Table below). The reactions were stirred in parallel at 50 °C or 22 °C. Samples were taken in timely intervals for UPLC analysis.

The results of reaction monitoring of the transformations of 6 in ethanol with NaOH:

dol. = dolutegravir

Exa

The effect of added water and reaction temperature was evaluated by monitoring 4 reactions in parallel. To the suspensions of 27 (0.88 g) in EtOH were added solid sodium hydroxide (0.40 g) or aqueous solution of NaOH (5 M, 2ml_) (see Table below). The reactions were stirred in parallel at 50 °C or 22 °C. Samples were taken in timely intervals for UPLC analysis.

The results of reaction monitoring of the transformations of 27 in ethanol with NaOH:

dol. = dolutegravir

Example 32:

Compound 3 (30 g, 1 10 mmol; assay 99%) was suspended in acetonitrile (450 mL), acetic acid (73 mL) and methanesulfonic acid (25 mL) were added. The reaction mixture was stirred 4 h at 70 °C. The clear red solution was cooled to 25 °C. Triethylamine (77 mL) and (S)-2-aminopropanol (17 mL) were added and the mixture was stirred at reflux temperature for 20 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to 25 °C and the insoluble product filtered, washed with 1 M HCI(aq) (60 mL), water (3 * 60 mL) and dried to give 4c (19.49 g, 67%): mp = 313-315 °C; ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.31 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 3.65 (dd, J = 8.6, 6.8 Hz, 1 H), 4.13 (dd, J = 1 1.7, 10.3 Hz, 1 H), 4.28 (m, 1 H), 4.39 (dd, J = 8.6, 6.8 Hz, 1 H), 4.92 (dd, J = 12.3, 4.2 Hz, 1 H), 5.45 (dd, J = 10.2, 4.1 Hz, 1 H), 7.16 (s, 1 H), 8.84 (s, 1 H), 15.74 (s, 1 H); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆) 16.5, 51.6, 52.9, 72.4, 81.6, 1 15.8, 1 18.1 , 141.5, 147.6, 153.4, 165.3, 179.0.

PATENT

WO2016016279, NOVEL HYDRATES OF DOLUTEGRAVIR SODIUM

LEK PHARMACEUTICALS D.D. [SI/SI]; Verovskova 57 1526 Ljubljana (SI).
SANDOZ AG [CH/CH]; Lichtstrasse 35 CH-4056 Basel (CH)

HOTTER, Andreas; (AT).
THALER, Andrea; (AT).
LEBAR, Andrija; (SI).
JANKOVIC, Biljana; (SI).
NAVERSNIK, Klemen; (SI).
KLANCAR, Uros; (SI).
ABRAMOVIC, Zrinka; (SI)

The present invention relates to novel hydrates of sodium dolutegravir and their methods of preparation. In addition, the invention relates to a novel crystalline form of sodium dolutegravir, which is a useful intermediate for the preparation of one of the new hydrates. The invention also relates to the use of the new hydrates for the production of pharmaceutical compositions.

Finally, the invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising an effective amount of the novel hydrates, oral dosage forms comprising these pharmaceutical compositions, a process for preparing said oral dosage forms, and the use of such pharmaceutical compositions or dosage forms in the treatment of retroviral infections such as HIV infections -1.

Dolutegravir, chemically designated (4f?, 12aS)-/V-(2,4-difluorobenzyl)-7-hydroxy-4-methyl-6,8-dioxo-3,4,6,8, 12, 12a-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[1 ‘,2’:4,5]pyrazino[2, 1- ?][1 ,3]oxazine-9-carboxamide, is a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1 ) integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) indicated in combination with other a nti retroviral agents for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. The marketed finished dosage form (TIVICAY™) contains dolutegravir as its sodium salt, chemically denominated sodium (4f?,12aS)-9-((2,4-difluorobenzyl)carbamoyl)-4-methyl-6,8-dioxo-3,4,6,8,12, 12a-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[1 ‘,2’:4,5]pyrazino[2, 1- ?][1 ,3]oxazin-7-olate, which is represented by the following general chemical formula (I):

(I)

WO 2010/068253 A1 discloses a monohydrate and an anhydrous form of dolutegravir sodium as well as a crystalline form of the free compound. Processes for the preparation of said forms are also provided in the application.

WO 2013/038407 A1 discloses amorphous dolutegravir sodium and processes for preparing the same.

Hydrates of pharmaceutical drug substances are of particular interest as they provide new opportunities for preparing novel pharmaceutical compositions with improved quality, activity and/or compliance. This is due to the fact that hydrates have different physicochemical properties compared to their anhydrous counterparts such as melting point, density, habitus, chemical and physical stability, hygroscopicity, dissolution rate, solubility, bioavailability etc., which influence the formulation process and also impact the final drug product.

If an anhydrous form is selected, phase changes during the formulation process induced by hydrate formation must be avoided. This can be particularly difficult if for example wet granulation is used with a substance that is able to form hydrates like dolutegravir sodium.

Hence, a stable hydrate of dolutegravir sodium would allow to easily formulate dolutegravir sodium in a controlled manner and subsequently also facilitate storage and packaging.

However, the so far known dolutegravir sodium monohydrate disclosed in WO 2010/068253 A1 shows excessive water uptake when exposed to moisture and on the other hand already dehydrates below 30% relative humidity.

Therefore, there is a need for hydrates of dolutegravir sodium with improved physicochemical properties, e.g. for hydrates which are stable over a broad humidity range, in particular for hydrates absorbing only low amounts of water at elevated humidity and on the other hand preserving their crystal structure also at dry conditions. In addition, there is a need for pharmaceutical compositions comprising these hydrates, and thus also for hydrates that allow for improved formulation of dolutegravir sodium in pharmaceutical compositions.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to novel hydrates of dolutegravir sodium and to processes for their preparation. Specifically, the present invention provides crystalline forms of dolutegravir sodium of formula (I) according to respective claims 1 , 5 and 6, with preferred embodiments being set forth in sub-claim 2. The present invention also provides processes for their preparation according to respective claims 3, 7 and 8, with preferred process embodiments being set forth in sub-claim 4. The present invention further provides the uses according to claims 9 and 16, and a pharmaceutical composition according to claim 10, and preferred embodiments thereof according to sub-claims 1 1 and 12. The present invention also provides a process for the preparation of the pharmaceutical composition according to claim

13, and preferred embodiments thereof according to sub-claim 14. The pharmaceutical composition for therapeutic use is set forth in claim 15.

The novel hydrates are physically and chemically stable over a broad humidity range, show only low water uptakes when exposed to moisture and are even stable at dry conditions. Therefore, the novel hydrates are especially suitable for the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions, e.g. in terms of time and costs.

In particular, it has been found that crystal Form HxA exhibits improved properties which allow for improved formulation of Form HxA in pharmaceutical compositions.

In addition, the present invention relates to a novel crystalline form of dolutegravir sodium, which, for the first time, allows the preparation of one of the novel hydrates and is therefore a valuable intermediate.

PATENT

1361/CHE/2013

Dolutegravir (I) is chemically known as (4/?,12aS)-N-[(2,4-difluorophenyl)methyl]-3,4,6,8,12,12a-hexahydro-7-hydroxy-4-methyl-6,8-dioxo-2//-pyrido[r,2′:4,5]pyrazino[2,l-b][l,3]oxazine-9-carboxamide. Dolutegravir is a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) indicated in combination with other antiretroviral agents for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. Dolutegravir is being marketed under the trade name Tivicay®. US 8,129,385 disclosed Dolutegravir or its pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. US ‘385 also discloses a process for the preparation of Dolutegravir (I). The process involves the condensation of 5-benzyloxy-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl nicotinic acid (II) with 2,4-difluorobenzylamine (III) to produce 5-benzyloxy-N-(2,4-difluorobenzyl)-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl nicotinic acid amide (IV), which is further under goes oxidation using manganese dioxide (Mn02) to produce 5-benzyloxy-N-(2,4-difluorobenzyl)-6-formyl-4-hydroxy-nicotinic acid amide (V). This amide compound (V) is reacted with sodium chlorite (NaClCh) to produce 3-benzyloxy-5-(2,4-difluorobenzylcarbamoyl)-4- hydroxy-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid (VI), which is further treated with methanol (MeOH) to produce 3-benzyloxy-5-(2,4-difluorobenzyl)-4-hydroxy-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester (VII).

The methyl ester compound (VII) is reacted with 3-bromopropene to produce l-allyl-3-benzyloxy-5-(2,4-difluorobenzyl)-4-oxo-l,4-dihydro-pyridine-2- carboxylic acid methyl ester (VIII), which is further reacted with potassium osmate dihydrate (K2OSO4.2H2O) to produce 3-benzyloxy-5-(2,4-difluorobenzylcarbamoyl)-4-oxo-l-(2-oxo-ethyl)-l,4-dihydropyridine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester (IX). The compound (IX) is reacted with (R)-3-amino-l-butanol (X) to produce benzyloxy Dolutegravir (XI), which is deprotected by treating with TFA to produce Dolutegravir (I). The process is as shown in scheme-I below:

The major disadvantage with the above prior-art process is that it involves large no of steps and tedious work-up procedures to isolate the required product. This results a longer period of time cycle is required to produce Dolutegravir (I), which in turn renders the process more costly and less eco friendly. Further the above processes are low yielding and with less purity. US 8,217,034 discloses variant process for the preparation of Dolutegravir.

This process involves the reaction of methyl l-(2,2-dihydroxyethyl)-4-oxo-3-[(phenylmethyl)oxy]-l,4-dihydro-2-pyridine carboxylate (XII) with (R)-3-amino-l-butanol (X) to produce (4R, 12o5)-4-methyl-7-[(phenylmethyl)oxy]-3,4,12,12a-tetrahydro-2//-pyrido[ 1 \2′,4,5] pyrazino[2,l-b][l,3]oxazine-6,8-dione (XIII), which is further undergoes bromination using NBS to produce (4R,12aS)-9-bromo-4-methyl-7-[(phenylmethyl)oxy]-3,4,12,12a-tetrahydro-2H-pyrido[r,2′:4,5]pyrazino[2,l-b][l,3]oxazine-6,8-dione (XIV). The bromo Compound (XIV) is condensed with 2,4-difluorobenzylamine (III) in the presence of Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (Pd(PPh3)4) to produce benzyloxy Dolutegravir (XI), which is hydrogenated in the presence of Pd/C to produce Dolutegravir (I). The process is as shown in Scheme-II below:

The major disadvantage with the above prior art process of preparing Dolutegravir is the use of expensive reagent tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (Pd(PPh3)4> in coupling step. Use of this reagent on industrial scale is not preferred, which makes the process more expensive. WO 2011/119566 discloses another variant process for the preparation of Dolutegravir.

This process involves the reaction of l-(2,2-dimethoxyethyl)-5-methoxy-6-(methoxycarbonyl)-4-oxo-l,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylic acid (XV) with acetic acid in presence of methane sulfonic acid to produce 5-methoxy-6-(methoxycarbonyl)-4-oxo-l-(2-oxoethyl)-l,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylic acid (XVI), which is further condensed with (R)-3-amino-l-butanol (X) to produce (4R,12aS)-7-methoxy-4-methyl-6,8-dioxo-3,4,6,8,12,12a-hexahydro-2//-pyrido[ 1 ‘,2’:4,5]pyrazino[2,1 -b] [ 1,3]-oxazine-9-carboxylic acid (XVII). This acid Compound XVII is acylated with 2,4-difluorobenzylamine (III) in the presence of carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) to produce methoxy Dolutegravir (XVIII), which is demethylated in the presence of lithium bromide (LiBr) to produce Dolutegravir (I).

The process is as shown in Scheme-3 below:

The major disadvantage of the above prior art process of preparing Dolutegravir is the use of expensive and highly moisture sensitive reagent, 1,1-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI), during acylation. Use of this reagent on industrial scale is not preferred due to anhydrous conditions required in the process. However, there is always a need for alternative preparative routes, which for example, involve fewer steps, use reagents that are less expensive and/or easier to handle, consume smaller amounts of reagents, provide a higher yield of product, have smaller and/or more eco-friendly waste products, and/or provide a product of higher purity. Hence, there is a need to develop cost effective and commercially viable process for the preparation of Dolutegravir of formula (I). The present invention is related to a process for the preparation of pure Dolutegravir of formula (I), wherein optically active acid addition salt of (R)-3-amino-l-butanol (X) is directly condensed with 5-methoxy-6-(methoxycarbonyl)-4-oxo-l-(2-oxoethyl)-l,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylic acid (XVI) instead of condensing with free base of (R)-3-amino-1-butanol (X). The present invention is also related to a process for the preparation of pure Dolutegravir of formula (I), wherein, inexpensive and easily handling condensing reagents in the condensation of (4R, 12aS)-7-methoxy-4-methyl-6,8-dioxo-3,4,6,8,12,12a-hexahydro-2//-pyrido[l’,2′:4,5]pyrazino [2,l-b][l,3]oxazine-9-carboxylic acid (XVII) with 2,4-difluorobenzylamine (III).

In another embodiment, 5-methoxy-6-(methoxycarbonyl)-4-oxo-l-(2-oxoethyl)-l,4- dihydropyridine-3-carboxylic acid (XVI) used in the present invention is prepared by reacting 4-methoxyacetoacetate (XIX) with N,N-dimethyl-l,l- bis(methyloxy)methanamine (DMF-DMA) (XX) to produce methyl-2- (dimethylaminomethylene)-4-methoxy-3-oxo-butanoate(methyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2 [(methyloxy)acetyl]-2-propenoate) (XXI), which is reacted with aminoacetaldehyde dimethyl acetal (XXII) to produce methyl-2-(2,2-dimethoxyethylaminomethylene)-4-methoxy-3-oxo-butanoate(methyl-3-{[2,2-bis(methyloxy)ethyl]amino}-2-[(methyloxy) acetyl]-2-propenoate) (XXIII).

The compound (XXIII) is contacted with dimethyl ethanedioate in presence of alkali metal alkoxide to produce dimethyl-1-(2,2-dimethoxyethyl)-3-methoxy-4-oxo-l ,4-dihydropyridine-2,5-dicarboxylate (XXIV), which is selectively hydrolyzed with a base to produce l-[2,2-bis(methyloxy)ethyl]-5-(methyloxy)-6-[(methyloxy)carbonyl]-4-oxo-l ,4-dihydro-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid (XV). The compound (XV) is treated with a catalytic amount of a strong protic acid in the presence of acetic acid in an organic solvent to produce a reaction mixture containing 5- methoxy-6-(methoxycarbonyl)-4-oxo-l-(2-oxoethyl)-l,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylic acid (XVI), The process is as shown in Scheme-IV below:

The following examples illustrate the nature of the invention and are provided for illustrative purposes only and should not be construed to limit the scope of the invention.

Example-1:

EXAMPLES: Example-1: Process for the preparation of Dolutegravir

Step-i: Preparation of (/?)-3-amino-l-butanol tartarate salt: D-(+) Tartaric acid (12.7 g, 0.085 mol) was added in to a solution of (i?,5)-3-amino-l-butnaol (7.5 g, 0.084 mol) in methanol (100 ml) at 40 °C. The reaction mixture was stirred for about 1 hour at 35-40 °C and the reaction mass was cooled to 0-5°C and maintained for 30-40 minutes. The obtained solid was filtered and washed with chilled methanol (10 ml) at 0-5 °C. The solid was dried to get (i?)-3-amino-l-butanol tartarate salt (8.0 g, 40%).

Step-ii: Preparation of (4rt,12a£)-7-methoxy-4-methyl-6,8-dioxo-3,4,6,8,12,12a-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[l’,2′;4,5]pyrazino[2,l-b][l,3]oxazine-9-carboxylic acid (XVII): l-[2,2-Bis(methyloxy)ethyl]-5-(methyloxy)-6-[(methyloxy)carbonyl]-4-oxo-l,4-dihydro-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid (XV) (lOOg; 0.3175 moles) was suspended in acetonitrile (800 ml) and heated to 80-82°C. A mixture of acetic acid (95.25 g), methanesulfonic acid (9.14 g; 0.09525 moles) and acetonitrile (200 ml) were added to the slurry at 80-82°C. The reaction mass was continued at 80-82°C to complete the reaction. After completion of the reaction, anhydrous sodium acetate (65 g) and (/?)-3-amino-l-butanol tartrate salt (79.68g; 0.3334 moles) were added at 20-25°C and stirred at 60-65°C to complete the reaction. The reaction mass was concentrated and acidified with IN aqueous hydrochloric acid (750 ml) and extracted with methylene chloride (1500 ml) at ice cold temperature. The organic layer was separated, concentrated, treated with hot methanol (350 ml) for 2 h, filtered, washed with methanol and dried to yield (4R,12aS)-7-methoxy-4-methyl-6,8-dioxo-3,4,6,8,12,12a-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[ 1′ ,2′ :4,5]pyrazino[2,1 -b] [ 1,3]oxazine-9-carboxylic acid (XVII) (72 g; HPLC purity: 99.07%).

Step-iii: Process for the preparation of Dolutegravir (I). Method A: Triethylamine (3.61 g; 0.0357 moles) was added to the suspension of (4R,12aS)-7- methoxy-4-methyl-6,8-dioxo-3,4,6,8,12,12a-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[ 1′ ,2′ :4,5]pyrazino[2,1 – b][l,3]oxazine-9-carboxylic acid (XVII) (10 g; 0.0325 moles) in methylene chloride (50 ml), and cooled to 10-15°C. Pivaloyl chloride (4.3 g; 0.0357 moles) was added to the reaction mass, and stirred at 10-15°C for 1 h. Thereafter, 2,4-difiuorobenzylamine (5.58 g; 0.0389 moles) was added at 10-15°C and then warmed to 20-25°C to complete the reaction. After completion of the reaction, IN aqueous hydrochloric acid (20 ml) was added, organic layer was separated, washed with 5% w/w aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (10 ml) followed by 15% w/w aqueous sodium chloride solution (10 ml) and concentrated. To the concentrated mass, acetonitrile (100 ml) and Lithium bromide (5.08 g; 0.0584 moles) were added and heated to 65-70°C for 3 h to complete the reaction. After completion of the reaction, the reaction mass was acidified with 5N aqueous hydrochloric acid (40 ml), concentrated to about 50 ml and DM water was added to crystallize the product at 20-25°C. The slurry was stirred for 2 h, filtered, washed with DM water and dried to yield (4R,12aS)-N-(2,4-difluorobenzyl)-7-hydroxy-4-methyl-6,8-dioxo-3,4,6,8,12,12a,-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[ 1′ ,2′ :4,5]pyrazino[2,1 -b] [ 1,3]oxazine-9-carboxamide (I) (11.5 g, HPLC purity: 99.63%).

Method B: Isobutyl chloroformate (4.65 gm, 0.03404 moles) in methylene chloride (10 ml) was added to the solution of N-methylmorpholine (3.45 gm, 0.03410 moles) and (4R,12aS)-7-methoxy-4-methyl-6,8-dioxo-3,4,6,8,12,12a-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[ 1′ ,2′ :4,5]pyrazino-[2,1 -b][l,3]oxazine-9-carboxy!ic acid (XVII) (10.0 gm, 0.03245 moles) in methylene chloride (60 ml) at -10 to 0°C in about 1 h. 2,4-Difloro benzyl amine (4.88 gm, 0.03409 moles) in methylene chloride (10 ml) was added to the cold reaction mass, and stirred at 20-30°C for completion of reaction. After completion of reaction, the reaction mass was washed with 5%w/w aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (20 ml), IN hydrochloric acid (20 ml), DM water (20 ml) and concentrated. Acetonitrile (120 ml) and lithium bromide (4.8 gm, 0.05516 moles) were added to the concentrated mass, and stirred at 70-80°C for 3 h to complete the reaction. After completion of reaction, the reaction mass was acidified with 5N aqueous hydrochloric acid (40 ml) and concentrated to about 50 ml. DM Water (100 ml) was added to the concentrated reaction mass and stirred for 2 h at 25-30°C to crystallize the product. The product was filtered, washed with DM Water (50 ml) and dried to yield Dolutegravir (I) (10.7 gm, HPLC purity: 99.60%).

Example-2: Process for the preparation of Dolutegravir (I) (4R, 12aS)-N-(2,4-difluorobenzyl)-7-methoxy-4-methyl-6,8-dioxo-3,4,6,8,12,12a,-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[r,2′:4,5]pyrazino[2,l-b][l,3]oxazine-9-carboxamide (XVIII) (2 g, 0.0046 moles) was suspended in isopropyl alcohol (20 ml) and lithium bromide (0.8 g, 0.00924 moles) was added and stirred at 70-80°C for 15 h to complete the reaction. After completion of reaction the reaction mass was acidified with 5N aqueous hydrochloric acid (5 ml) and concentrated. DM Water (20 ml) was added to the concentrated mass and stirred at 25-30°C to crystallize the product. The product was filtered, washed with DM Water and dried to yield Dolutegravir (I) (1.5 g, HPLC purity: 97.93%).

Dolutegravir

Experimental:

¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 12.45 (s, 1H), 10.38 (br s, 1H), 8.30 (s, 1H), 7.40-7.30 (m, 1H), 6.85-6.75 (m, 2H), 5.26 (d, J = 5.8, 4.1 Hz, 2H), 5.05-4.95 (m, 1H), 4.64 (d, J = 5.9 Hz, 2H), 4.27 (dd, J = 13.4, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 4.12 (dd, J = 13.6, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 4.05 (t, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 4.02 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H), 2.30-2.19 (m, 1H), 1.56 (dd, J = 14.0, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 1.42 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H).////////////LINK

Dolutegravir sodium

DOLUTEGRAVIR SODIUM.png

DOLUTEGRAVIR SODIUM; UNII-1Q1V9V5WYQ; Dolutegravir (sodium); GSK1349572A; GSK 1349572A; 1051375-19-9

Molecular Formula:	C20H18F2N3NaO5
Molecular Weight:	441.360596 g/mol

sodium;(4R,12aS)-9-[(2,4-difluorophenyl)methylcarbamoyl]-4-methyl-6,8-dioxo-3,4,12,12a-tetrahydro-2H-pyrido[5,6]pyrazino[2,6-b][1,3]oxazin-7-olate

Sodium(4R,12aS)-9-{[(2,4-Difluorophenyl)methyl]carbamoyl}-4-methyl-6,8-dioxo-3,4,6,8,12,12a-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[1′,2′:4,5]pyrazino[2,1-b][1,3]oxazol-7-olate (1)

Characterization data of 1:

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.6–10.7 (t, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H), 7.8 (s, 1H), 7.3 (dd, J = 8.4 and 7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.1–7.2 (m, 1H), 7.0 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 5.1 (bs, 1H), 4.7–4.8 (m, 1H), 4.5 (d, J = 5.6 Hz, 2H), 4.2–4.3 (d, J = 11.2 Hz, 1H), 4.1 (m, 1H), 3.9 (m, 1H), 3.7–3.8 (m, 1H), 1.8 (m, 1H), 1.3 (d, J = 13.2 Hz, 1H), 1.2 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H);

13C NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 177.9, 167.0, 166.0, 161.0, 159.9, 160.0, 162.4, 162.5, 158.6, 158.8, 161.1, 161.2, 134.2, 130.4, 130.5, 122–8, 123.0, 114.8, 111.0, 111.3, 108.6, 103.3, 103.8, 75.5, 61.8, 53.1, 42.9, 35.3, 29.1, 15.3;

IR (KBr, cm–1): 3165, 3072, 2974, 2941, 2873, 1643, 1539, 1504, 1101;

ESI-MS m/z: 418.17.

//////LINK

References

[1] American Medical Association (AMA), STATEMENT ON A NONPROPRIETARY NAME ADOPTED BY THE USAN COUNCIL (Dolutegravir) Accessed 3 December 2011.
FDA approves new drug to treat HIV infection http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm364744.htm Aug. 12, 2013
“U.S. FDA approves GlaxoSmithKline’s HIV drug Tivicay”. Reuters. 12 August 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
“GSK wins priority status for new HIV drug in U.S”. Reuters. 16 February 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
“ViiV Healthcare receives approval for Tivicay™ (dolutegravir) in Canada for the treatment of HIV”. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
FDA approves new drug to treat HIV infection http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm364744.htm Aug. 12, 2013
U.S. FDA approves GlaxoSmithKline’s HIV drug Tivicay http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/08/12/us-glaxosmithkline-hivdrug-idUSBRE97B0WU20130812 Mon Aug 12, 2013 6:40pm EDT
“Dolutegravir Prescribing Information”. Retrieved 3 January 2014.
Raffi, F; Jaeger, H; Quiros-Roldan, E; Albrecht, H; Belonosova, E; Gatell, JM; Baril, JG; Domingo, P; Brennan, C; Almond, S; Min, S; extended SPRING-2 Study, Group (Nov 2013). “Once-daily dolutegravir versus twice-daily raltegravir in antiretroviral-naive adults with HIV-1 infection (SPRING-2 study): 96 week results from a randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority trial.”. The Lancet infectious diseases13 (11): 927–35. PMID 24074642.
http://www.natap.org/2013/ICAAC/ICAAC_24.htm
Walmsley, Sharon L.; Antela, Antonio; Clumeck, Nathan; Duiculescu, Dan; Eberhard, Andrea; Gutiérrez, Felix; Hocqueloux, Laurent; Maggiolo, Franco; Sandkovsky, Uriel; Granier, Catherine; Pappa, Keith; Wynne, Brian; Min, Sherene; Nichols, Garrett (7 November 2013). “Dolutegravir plus Abacavir–Lamivudine for the Treatment of HIV-1 Infection”. New England Journal of Medicine369 (19): 1807–1818. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1215541.
Sax, Paul. “SINGLE Study Underscores Waning of the Efavirenz Era — But Probably Just in the USA – See more at:http://blogs.jwatch.org/hiv-id-observations/index.php/single-study-underscores-waning-of-the-efavirenz-era-but-probably-just-in-the-usa/2013/11/06/#sthash.A39SderN.dpuf”. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
Eron, JJ; Clotet, B; Durant, J; Katlama, C; Kumar, P; Lazzarin, A; Poizot-Martin, I; Richmond, G; Soriano, V; Ait-Khaled, M; Fujiwara, T; Huang, J; Min, S; Vavro, C; Yeo, J; VIKING Study, Group (2013 Mar 1). “Safety and efficacy of dolutegravir in treatment-experienced subjects with raltegravir-resistant HIV type 1 infection: 24-week results of the VIKING Study.”. The Journal of infectious diseases207 (5): 740–8. PMID 23225901.
WO2010011812A1 * Jul 23, 2009 Jan 28, 2010 Smithkline Beecham Corporation Chemical compounds

WO2010011819A1 * Jul 23, 2009 Jan 28, 2010 Smithkline Beecham Corporation Chemical compounds
[NON-PATENT DOCUMENTS]
- - [Non-Patent Document 1] Journal of Organic Chemistry, 1991, 56(16), 4963-4967
  - [Non-Patent Document 2] Science of Synthesis, 2005, 15, 285-387
  - [Non-Patent Document 3] Journal of Chemical Society Parkin Transaction. 1, 1997, Issue. 2, 163-169

Drug@FDA, NDA204790 Pharmacology Review(s).

Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2008, 52, 901-908.

Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2011, 55, 4552-4559.

Drug@FDA, NDA204790 Microbiology Review(s).

. Drug@FDA, NDA204790 Pharmacology Review(s).

Japan PMDA.

Drug@FDA, NDA204790 Clinical Pharmacology Biopharmaceutics Review(s).

Dolutegravir
Systematic (IUPAC) name


(4R,12aS)-N-(2,4-difluorobenzyl)-7-hydroxy-4-methyl-6,8-dioxo-3,4,6,8,12,12a-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[1′,2′:4,5]pyrazino[2,1-b][1,3]oxazine-9-carboxamide
Clinical data
Trade names	Tivicay
AHFS/Drugs.com	Multum Consumer Information
MedlinePlus	a613043
License data	EU EMA: Dolutegravir US FDA: Dolutegravir
Pregnancy category	US: B (No risk in non-human studies)
Routes of administration	Oral
Legal status
Legal status	UK: POM (Prescription only) US: ℞-only
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	n/a^[1]
Protein binding	≥98.9%
Metabolism	UGT1A1 and CYP3A
Biological half-life	~14 hours
Excretion	Feces (53%) and urine (18.9%)
Identifiers
CAS Number	1051375-16-6
ATC code	J05AX12 (WHO)
PubChem	CID 54726191
IUPHAR/BPS	7365
ChemSpider	25051637
UNII	DKO1W9H7M1
ChEMBL	CHEMBL1229211
NIAID ChemDB	538122
Chemical data
Formula	C₂₀H₁₉F₂N₃O₅
Molar mass	419.38 g/mol

///////////GSK 1349572, S-349572, GSK 1349572, GSK-1349572, GSK1349572, Tivicay®, GSK1349572, GSK-1349572, S/GSK 1349572, S/GSK1349572, S/GSK1349572 (GSK1349572), S/GSK1349572, UNII:DKO1W9H7M1, 1051375-16-6, DOLUTEGRAVIR, 1051375-19-9, ドルテグラビルナトリウム , Soltegravir

C[C@@H]1CCO[C@@H]2N1C(=O)c3c(c(=O)c(cn3C2)C(=O)NCc4ccc(cc4F)F)O

CC1CCOC2N1C(=O)C3=C(C(=O)C(=CN3C2)C(=O)NCC4=C(C=C(C=C4)F)F)[O-].[Na+]

DRUG DEVELOPMENT SCIENCE – AAMC’S MEMBER PROFILE

drugs Comments Off

Aug 072016

DRUG DEVELOPMENT SCIENCE – AAMC’S MEMBER PROFILE

An Introduction to Pharmaceutical Formulation

Uncategorized Comments Off

Aug 072016

[scribd id=282579626 key=key-9SpjCAFPTZAHdwia9hRY mode=scroll]

An Introduction to Pharmaceutical Formulation describes the various forms in which drugs may be supplied to doctors, patients, and veterinary surgeons. An account is given of the materials which may be added to drugs in order to provide formulated products, and of the methods by which formulations are assessed.
The book begins with a background on pharmaceutical formulation, describing manufactured and official formulations, important criteria for a formulation, and technical advances in pharmacy during the post-war period. This is followed by separate chapters on diluents, solvents, and liquid vehicles; thickeners and binders; the chemistry and pharmacology of surface-active agents; and colors, flavors, and preservatives. Subsequent chapters cover solid, liquid, and paste formulations; controlled drug release; the stability of formulations; the importance of the container of the formulation; and large-scale manufacturing of formulated products.
This book is intended primarily for students of pharmacy. It is not a textbook of practical or theoretical pharmaceutics but should be read in conjunction with other books on these subjects.

/////////An Introduction to Pharmaceutical Formulation, Pharmaceutical, Formulation

Commercial Production of Semi-Synthetic Artemisinin

Uncategorized Comments Off

Aug 072016

Figure 1. Production of artemisinic acid or β-farnesene by engineered yeast. The sesquiterpene alkenes β-farnesene and amorphadiene are both derived from FPP (farnesyl diphosphate) by the action of specific enzymes introduced from plants: amorphadiene synthase (ADS) generates amorphadiene and β-farnesene synthase (FS) generates β-farnesene. Production strains express either ADS or FS, not both. Oxidation of amorphadiene to artemisinic acid is accomplished by the action of five plant enzymes expressed in the engineered yeast.17 Conversion of purified artemisinic acid to artemisinin is accomplished by in vitro organic chemistry. Isoprenoid production strains make little ethanol.

The antimalarial drug artemisinin and the specialty chemical β-farnesene are examples of natural product isoprenoids that can help solve global challenges, but whose usage has previously been limited by supply and cost impediments. This review describes the path to commercial production of these compounds utilizing fermentation of engineered yeast. Development of commercially viable yeast strains was a substantial challenge that was addressed by creation and implementation of an industrial synthetic biology pipeline. Using the engineered strains, production of β-farnesene from Brazilian sugarcane offers several environmental advantages. Among the many commercial applications of β-farnesene, its use as a feedstock for making biodegradable lubricants is highlighted. This example, along with others, highlight a powerful new suite of technologies that will become increasingly important for production of chemicals, spanning from pharmaceuticals through commodity chemicals.

Figure 2. Sanofi industrial semi-synthesis of artemisinin. The process starts with a moderate pressure catalytic diastereoselective hydrogenation of artemisinic acid to produce a high (95:5) ratio of the desired (R)-isomer. To avoid formation of a lactone byproduct, dihydro-epi-deoxyarteannuin B, during the photooxidation, the carboxylic acid is protected as a mixed anhydride. The final step combines formation of the intermediate hydroperoxide via photoxidation using a Hg vapor lamp and commercially available tetraphenylporphyin (TPP) as sensitizer with a Hock cleavage and rearrangement catalyzed by trifluoroacetic acid to give, after workup, the best yield reported to date of pure isolated artemisinin (55%).

Synthetic Biology and the Development of Commercial β-Farnesene Production Strains Semi-synthetic artemisinin is a pharmaceutical with a price point comparable to plant-derived artemisinin,20 namely above $150 per kg. β-Farnesene, however, is a specialty chemical with multiple uses (more details below); most specialty and commodity chemicals have significantly lower price points, often below $10 per kg. For these product categories, it is of paramount importance that fermentative production be as efficient as possible, with high yields (namely, grams of product made per gram of feed substrate), productivities (grams of product/liter of culture/hour) and concentration (also known as titer; grams of product per liter of culture). Developing yeast strains capable of the yield, productivity and titer required for chemical production requires extensive development, and has been enabled over the last decade by the new discipline of synthetic biology. Synthetic biology seeks to extend approaches and concepts from engineering and computation to redesign biology for a chosen function;21recent advances in the application of design automation, i.e., the use of software, hardware and robotics22 have enabled the creation and screening of hundreds of thousands of strain variants (created by both design and random mutagenesis) for the properties required for commercial production of β-farnesene. Notable enabling technologies developed for routine usage include rapid and reliable assembly of large (i.e., multiple kilobase) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) constructs;23-25 high throughput, cost effective, verification of structural DNA assemblies by both initial restriction digest26 and by low-cost DNA sequencing;27 and whole genome sequencing of yeast strains.28 In addition, there is a need to effectively identify the best new strains (akin to panning for gold!) through high throughput, rapid, and accurate methods to screen thousands of strains. Further, the results of small-scale (< 1 milliliter) tests must correspond to the results of large-scale (> 50,000 liter) production. Development and implementation of these technologies required considerable investment by Amyris. The outcome is a robust pipeline for efficient, cost-effective strain generation allied with screening for the properties required for commercial production of β-farnesene by fermentation (i.e., at a price point required for its use as a specialty chemical).

As the world’s population and economies grow, the demand for a wide variety of specialty, commodity, and pharmaceutical chemicals will outpace the supply available from current sources. There is an urgent need to develop alternative, sustainable sources of many existing chemicals and to develop abundant sources of currently scarce chemicals with novel beneficial properties. Synthetic biology and industrial fermentation, combined with synthetic chemistry, will be an increasingly important source of chemicals in the decades ahead; artemisinin and β-farnesene provide good examples of this relatively new approach to chemical production. Brazil’s plentiful sugar cane feedstock and fermentation expertise make it an excellent location for this type of manufacturing, which can expand and diversify the nation’s industrial base and international importance.

J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 2016, 27(8), 1339-1345

Developing Commercial Production of Semi-Synthetic Artemisinin, and of β-Farnesene, an Isoprenoid Produced by Fermentation of Brazilian Sugar

Kirsten R. Benjamin; Iris R. Silva; João P. Cherubim; Derek McPhee; Chris J. Paddon

How to cite this article

Genes encoding the biosynthetic pathway for production of a valuable product (e.g., farnesene) in a native organism are expressed in a heterologous microbial host (e.g., yeast). The engineered yeast produces farnesene by commercial fermentation. Copyright © 2016 Amyris, inc. All rights reserved.

http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/0103-5053.20160119

http://jbcs.sbq.org.br/imagebank/pdf/v27n8a04.pdf

Benjamin KR, Silva IR, Cherubim JP, Mcphee D, Paddon CJ. Developing Commercial Production of Semi-Synthetic Artemisinin, and of β-Farnesene, an Isoprenoid Produced by Fermentation of Brazilian Sugar. J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 2016;27(8):1339-1345

Kirsten R. Benjamin,a Iris R. Silva,b João P. Cherubim,c Derek McPheea and Chris J. Paddon*,a a Amyris, Inc., 5885 Hollis Street, Suite 100, CA 94608 Emeryville, USA b Amyris Brasil Ltda, Rua John Dalton 301-Bloco B-Edificio 3, Condominio Techno Plaza, 13069-330 Campinas-SP, Brazil c Amyris Brasil Ltda, Rodovia Brotas/Torrinha-km 7.5, 17380-000 Brotas-SP, Brazil

*e-mail: paddon@amyris.com

Chris Paddon, PhD

Dr. Paddon has a PhD in Biochemistry from Imperial College, London, but now considers himself a synthetic biologist. After postdoctoral work at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, MD, he worked in the pharmaceutical industry (GlaxoSmithKline), and then for two Bay Area biopharmaceutical companies (Affymax and Xenoport) before joining Amyris, Inc. in 2005 as its sixth employee and first scientist. He was project leader for the semi-synthetic artemisinin project at Amyris, Inc. and has subsequently led a number of other projects and programs there.

Chris Paddon is a Principal Scientist at Amyris, Inc. in Emeryville, CA. He was project leader for the Semi-Synthetic Artemisinin project, and subsequently led a number of projects at Amyris using synthetic biology for the production of natural products. He received his Bachelor’s degree in Microbiology from The University of Surrey (UK), and doctorate in Biochemistry from Imperial College (London, UK). Following postdoctoral work at The National Institutes for Health (Bethesda, MD) he joined the pharmaceutical industry, working for GSK (London, UK). He subsequently worked for Affymax (Palo Alto, CA) and Xenoport (Santa Clara, CA) before joining Amyris.

//////////// Commercial Production, Semi-Synthetic , Artemisinin, farnesene, fermentation, natural product, lubricant

Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition

MANUFACTURING Comments Off

Aug 072016

Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition by Elsevier Books Reference on Scribd

DESCRIPTION

This industry standard encyclopedia on pharmaceutical manufacturing processes has been completely updated to include FDA drugs approved up to the summer of 2004. The encyclopedia gives details for the manufacture of 2226 pharmaceuticals that are being marketed as a trade-named product somewhere in the world. Each entry includes:

ò Therapeutic function
ò Chemical and common name
ò Structural Formula
ò Chemical Abstracts Registry no.
ò Trade name, manufacturer, country, and year introduced
ò Raw Materials
ò Manufacturing Process

In addition, references are also cited under each drug’s entry to major pharmaceutical works where additional information can be obtained on synthesis and the pharmacology of the individual products.

//////////

MICONAZOLE NITRATE , Миконазол , ミコナゾール硝酸塩

GENERIC, Uncategorized Comments Off

Aug 072016

Miconazole

C₁₈H₁₄Cl₄N₂O
416.13 [22916–47–8]

Miconazole Nitrate

C₁₈H₁₄Cl₄N₂O.HNO₃ 479.14 [22832–87–7]

ミコナゾール硝酸塩 JP16
Miconazole Nitrate

C₁₈H₁₄Cl₄N₂O▪HNO₃ : 479.14
[22832-87-7]

click on above image for clear view

MORE GRAPHS

13C

1D 1H, n/a spectrum for Miconazole

2D [1H,1H]-TOCSY BELOW

2D [1H,1H]-TOCSY, n/a spectrum for Miconazole

1D DEPT90

1D DEPT90, n/a spectrum for Miconazole

1D DEPT135

1D DEPT135, n/a spectrum for Miconazole

2D [1H,13C]-HSQC

2D [1H,13C]-HSQC, n/a spectrum for Miconazole

2D [1H,13C]-HMBC

2D [1H,13C]-HMBC, n/a spectrum for Miconazole

2D [1H,1H]-COSY

2D [1H,1H]-COSY, n/a spectrum for Miconazole

2D [1H,13C]-HMQC

2D [1H,13C]-HMQC, n/a spectrum for Miconazole
Miconazole is an imidazole antifungal agent, developed by Janssen Pharmaceutica, commonly applied topically to the skin or tomucous membranes to cure fungal infections. It works by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes. It can also be used against certain species of Leishmania protozoa which are a type of unicellular parasites that also contain ergosterol in their cell membranes. In addition to its antifungal and antiparasitic actions, it also has some antibacterialproperties. It is marketed in various formulations under various brand names.

Miconazole is also used in Ektachrome film developing in the final rinse of the Kodak E-6 process and similar Fuji CR-56 process, replacing formaldehyde. Fuji Hunt also includes miconazole as a final rinse additive in their formulation of the C-41RA rapid access color negative developing process.

It is on the World Health Organization’s List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system.^[1]

ALTERNATIVE ROUTES beginning with the racemic raw material will likely be more costly or more time-consuming to develop, Cox says. Crystallization might be tricky because the stereogenic center does not have a group that can readily undergo acid-base chemistry. Catalytic asymmetric chemistry will necessitate converting the raw material to an appropriate substrate and identifying effective, as well as usable, chemical catalysts or biocatalysts.

What happens to the unwanted enantiomer also depends on the economics. Reracemizing and feeding the racemate back into the process is ideal but not always practical. In the miconazole case, the raw material costs $32 per kg. It is unlikely that reracemizing would be less costly in this example, Cox explains.

People should not forget that the goal of chiral technologies–enantiopure product–also may be achieved with chemistry that already exists, notes David R. Dodds, founder of Dodds & Associates LLC, Manlius, N.Y., a consulting service for biotechnology and chemical companies. Process chemists seek the most robust, most productive, and least expensive synthetic route and aim to find it as fast as possible. Any reaction that can help reach this goal is useful. It is the overall process cost that will dictate which reactions will be used. And that cost covers not only reagents but also waste streams, utilities, equipment use, unit operations, and downstream requirements. Thus, it may be more commercially attractive to replace an elegant but expensive single reaction with several more mundane ones that have a lower total cost, he says. Such a situation is likely to arise when an asymmetric step requires an expensive chiral catalyst or chiral auxiliary.

Brief background information

Salt	ATC	Formula	MM	CAS
–	A01AB09 A07AC01 D01AC02 G01AF04 J02AB01 S02AA13	C ₁₈ H ₁₄ Cl ₄ N ₂ O	416.14 g / mol	22916-47-8
mononitrate	A01AB09 A07AC01 D01AC02 G01AF04 J02AB01 S02AA13	C ₁₈ H ₁₄ Cl ₄ N ₂ O ⋅ HNO ₃	479.15 g / mol	22832-87-7

Using

antifungal agent for topical use
antimycotic agent

Classes substance

Imidazoles, 1- (hlorfenetil) imidazoles

synthesis Way

Synthesis of a)

trade names

A country	Tradename	Manufacturer
Germany	Castellani	Hollborn
	Daktar	McNeil
	Derma-Mikotral	Rosen Pharma
	Fungur	HEXAL
	Gyno-Daktar	Janssen-Cilag, 1974
	Gyno-Mikotral	Rosen Pharma
	Infektozoor Mundgel	Infectopharm
	Mikobeta	betapharm
	Mikotar	Dermapharm
	Mikoderm	Engelhard
	Mikotin	Ardeypharm
	Vobamik	Almirall Hermal
France	Daktapin	Janssen-Cilag
	Gyno-Daktapin	Janssen-Cilag
	Loramik	Bioalliance
United Kingdom	Gyno-Daktapin	Janssen-Cilag
Italy	Daktapin	Janssen-Cilag
	Mikonal	Ecobi
	Mikotef	LPB
	Miderm	Mendelejeff
	Nizakol	PS Pharma
	Pivanazolo	Medestea
	Prilagin	Sofar
Japan	Florid	Mochida
USA	Fungoid	Pedinol
Ukraine	GІNEZOL 7	Sagmel, Іnk., USA
	MІKONAZOL-Darnitsa	CJSC “Farmatsevtichna FIRMA” Darnitsa “, m. Kyiv, Ukraine
	MІKOGEL	BAT “Kiїvmedpreparat”, m. Kyiv, Ukraine
	various generic drugs

Formulations

ampoule 200 mg / 20 ml;
cream 1%, 2 g / 100 g 20 mg / g;
losyon 1%;
ointment 1%;
2% oral gel;
Powder 2 g / 100 g 20 mg / g (in the form mononitrate);
solution of 20 mg / ml;
100 mg suppositories;
Tablets of 250 mg (free base form);
vaginal cream 20 mg / g;
bottles of 400 mg / 40 ml

references

Synthesis of a)
- DAS 1,940,388 (Janssen; appl 8.8.1969;. USA-prior 19.8.1968, 23.7.1969.).
- US 3,717,655 (Janssen; 20.2.1973; appl 19.8.1968.).
- US 3,839,574 (Janssen; 1.10.1974; prior 23.7.1969.).

Miconazole nitrate was prepared by Godefori et
al [5–7]. Imidazole 1 was coupled with
brominated 2,4‑dichloroacetophenone 2 and the resulting ketonic product 3
was reduced with sodium borohydride to its corresponding alcohol 4. The
latter compound 4 was then coupled with 2,4-dichlorotoluene by sodium borohydride
in hexamethylphosphoramide (an aprotic solvent) which was then extracted with
nitric acid to give miconazole nitrate.

2- Miconazole was also
prepared by Molina Caprile [8] as follows:

Phenyl methyl ketone 1 was brominated to give
1-phenyl-2-bromoethanone 2. Compound 2 was treated with
methylsulfonic acid to yield the corresponding methylsulfonate 3.
Etherification of 3 gave the a‑benzyloxy derivative 4 and compound 4 was
then chlorinated to give the 2,4‑dichlorinated derivative in both aromatic ring
systems 5. Compound 5 reacted with imidazole in dimethylformamide
to give miconazole 6 [7] which is converted to miconazole nitrate.

3- Ye
et al reported that the reduction of 2,4-dichlorophenyl-2-chloroethanone
1 with potassium borohydride in dimethylformamide to give 90% a‑chloromethyl-2,4-dichlorobenzyl
alcohol 2. Alkylation of imidazole with compound 2 in dimethylformamide
in the presence of sodium hydroxide and triethylbenzyl ammonium chloride, gave
1-(2,4‑dichlorophenyl-2-imidazolyl)ethanol 3 and etherification of 3
with 2,4-dichlorobenzyl chloride under the same condition, 62% yield of
miconazole [9].

4- Liao
and Li enantioselectively synthesized and studied the antifungal activity of
optically active miconazole and econazole. The key step was the
enantioselective reduction of 2‑chloro-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethanone catalyzed
by chiral oxazaborolidine [10].

5- Yanez
et al reported the synthesiz of miconazole and analogs through a
carbenoid intermediate. The process involves the intermolecular insertion of
carbenoid species to imidazole from a‑diazoketones with copper acetylacetonate as the key
reaction of the synthetic route [11].

5-11 as 1-7

1. E.F. Godefori and J. Heeres, Ger. Pat. 1,940,388
(1970).

2.
E.F. Godefori and J. Heeres, U.S. Pat. 3,717,655
(1973).

3.
E.F. Godefori, J. Heeres, J. van Cutsem and P.A.J.
Janssen, J. Med. Chem., 12, 784 (1969).

4.
F. Molina Caprile, Spanish Patent ES 510870 A1
(1983).

5.
B. Ye, K. Yu and Q. Huang, Zhongguo Yiyao Gongye
Zazhi, 21, 56 (1990).

6.
Y.W. Liao and H.X. Li, Yaoxue Xuebao, 28,
22 (1993).

7.
E.C. Yanez, A.C. Sanchez, J.M.S. Becerra, J.M.
Muchowski and C.R. Almanza, Revista de la Sociedad Quimica de Mexico, 48,
49 (2004).

Title: Miconazole

CAS Registry Number: 22916-47-8

CAS Name: 1-[2-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)-2-[(2,4-dichlorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl]-1H-imidazole

Additional Names: 1-[2,4-dichloro-b-[(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxy]phenethyl]imidazole

Molecular Formula: C18H14Cl4N2O

Molecular Weight: 416.13

Percent Composition: C 51.95%, H 3.39%, Cl 34.08%, N 6.73%, O 3.84%

Literature References: Prepn: E. F. Godefroi et al., J. Med. Chem. 12, 784 (1969); E. F. Godefroi, J. Heeres, DE 1940388;eidem, US 3717655 (1970, 1973 to Janssen). Clinical evaluation: Brugmans et al., Arch. Dermatol. 102, 428 (1970); Godts et al.,Arzneim.-Forsch. 21, 256 (1971). Review: P. Janssen, W. Van Bever, in Pharmacological and Biochemical Properties of Drug Substances vol. 2, M. E. Goldberg, Ed. (Am. Pharm. Assoc., Washington, DC, 1979) pp 333-354; R. C. Heel et al., Drugs 19, 7-30 (1980).

Derivative Type: Nitrate

CAS Registry Number: 22832-87-7

Manufacturers’ Codes: R-14889

Trademarks: Aflorix (Gramon); Albistat (Ortho); Andergin (ISOM); Brentan (Janssen); Conoderm (C-Vet); Conofite (Mallinckrodt); Daktar (Janssen); Daktarin (Janssen); Deralbine (Andromaco); Dermonistat (Ortho); Epi-Monistat (Cilag); Florid (Mochida); Fungiderm (Janssen); Fungisdin (Isdin); Gyno-Daktarin (Janssen); Gyno-Monistat (Cilag-Chemie); Micatin (J & J); Miconal Ecobi (Ecobi); Micotef (LPB); Monistat (Cilag-Chemie); Prilagin (Gambar); Vodol (Andromaco)

Molecular Formula: C18H14Cl4N2O.HNO3

Molecular Weight: 479.14

Percent Composition: C 45.12%, H 3.16%, Cl 29.60%, N 8.77%, O 13.36%

Properties: Crystals, mp 170.5° (Godefroi, Heeres, 1970); 184-185° (Godefroi).

Melting point: mp 170.5° (Godefroi, Heeres, 1970); 184-185° (Godefroi)

Derivative Type: (+)-Form nitrate

Properties: mp 135.3°. [a]D20 +59° (methanol).

Melting point: mp 135.3°

Optical Rotation: [a]D20 +59° (methanol)

Derivative Type: (-)-Form nitrate

Properties: mp 135°. [a]D20 -58° (methanol).

Melting point: mp 135°

Optical Rotation: [a]D20 -58° (methanol)

Therap-Cat: Antifungal (topical).

Therap-Cat-Vet: Antifungal (topical).

Keywords: Antifungal (Synthetic); Imidazoles.

References

Jump up^ “WHO Model List of EssentialMedicines” (PDF). World Health Organization. October 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
Jump up^ British National Formulary ’45’ March 2003
Jump up^ “Strange Beauty: Monistat Effectively Increases Hair Growth?”. Black Girl With Long Hair. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
Jump up^ Ju, Jiang; Tsuboi, Ryoji; Kojima, Yuko; Ogawa, Hideoki (2005). “Topical application of ketoconazole stimulates hair growth in C3H/HeN mice”. Journal of dermatology. 32: 243–247.
Jump up^ S., Venturoli; O. Marescalchi; F. M. Colombo; S. Macrelli; B. Ravaioli; A. Bagnoli; R. Paradisi; C. Flamigni (April 1999). “A Prospective Randomized Trial Comparing Low Dose Flutamide, Finasteride, Ketoconazole, and Cyproterone Acetate-Estrogen Regimens in the Treatment of Hirsutism”. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 84 (4): 1304–1310. doi:10.1210/jc.84.4.1304. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
Jump up^ Duret C, Daujat-Chavanieu M, Pascussi JM, Pichard-Garcia L, Balaguer P, Fabre JM, Vilarem MJ, Maurel P, Gerbal-Chaloin S (2006). “Ketoconazole and miconazole are antagonists of the human glucocorticoid receptor: consequences on the expression and function of the constitutive androstane receptor and the pregnane X receptor”. Mol. Pharmacol. 70 (1): 329–39. doi:10.1124/mol.105.022046. PMID 16608920.
Jump up^ Najm, Fadi J.; Madhavan, Mayur; Zaremba, Anita; Shick, Elizabeth; Karl, Robert T.; Factor, Daniel C.; Miller, Tyler E.; Nevin, Zachary S.; Kantor, Christopher (2015-01-01).“Drug-based modulation of endogenous stem cells promotes functional remyelination in vivo”. Nature. 522 (7555). doi:10.1038/nature14335.
Jump up^ United States Patent 5461068

External links

Medical

Micatin
Miconazole (National Institutes of Health)
United States Patent 5461068 Imidazole derivative tincture and method of manufacture

Photographic

Kodak process E6 Ektachrome (color transparency) processing manual Z-119
Kodak process E6 Q-LAB processing manual Z-6 (more details than processing manual Z119 above)

Miconazole
Systematic (IUPAC) name


(RS)-1-(2-(2,4-Dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl)-1H-imidazole
Clinical data
Trade names	Desenex, Monistat, Zeasorb-AF
AHFS/Drugs.com	Monograph
MedlinePlus	a601203
Pregnancy category	AU: A US: C (Risk not ruled out) In Australia, it is category A when used topically. In the US, the pregnancy category is C for oral and topical treatment.
Routes of administration	topical, vaginal, sublabial,oral
Legal status
Legal status	AU: S2 (Pharmacy only) UK: POM (Prescription only) US: OTC Schedule 2 in Australia for topical formulations, schedule 3 (Aus) for vaginal use and for oral candidiasis, otherwise schedule 4 in Australia
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	n/a
Metabolism	n/a
Biological half-life	n/a
Excretion	n/a
Identifiers
CAS Number	22916-47-8
ATC code	A01AB09 (WHO)A07AC01 (WHO)D01AC02 (WHO)G01AF04 (WHO)J02AB01 (WHO)S02AA13 (WHO)
PubChem	CID 4189
IUPHAR/BPS	2449
DrugBank	DB01110
ChemSpider	4044
UNII	7NNO0D7S5M
KEGG	D00416
ChEBI	CHEBI:6923
ChEMBL	CHEMBL91
Chemical data
Formula	C₁₈H₁₄Cl₄N₂O
Molar mass	416.127 g/mol
Chirality	Racemic mixture

Day 2 of the 2016 Doodle Fruit Games! Find out more at g.co/fruit

DRUG APPROVALS BY DR ANTHONY MELVIN CRASTO …..FOR BLOG HOME CLICK HERE

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Lovastatin

Uncategorized Comments Off

Aug 072016

Lovastatin

(+)-Mevinolin

(1S,3R,7S,8S,8aR)-1,2,3,7,8,8a-Hexahydro-3,7-dimethyl-8-[2-[(2R,4R)-tetrahydro-4-hydroxy-6-oxo-2H-pyran-2-yl]ethyl]-1-naphthalenyl (S)-2-Methylbutyrate

(2S)-2-Methylbutanoic acid (1S,3R,7S,8S,8aR)-1,2,3,7,8,8a-hexahydro-3,7-dimethyl-8-[2-[(2R,4R)-tetrahydro-4-hydroxy-6-oxo-2H-pyran-2-yl]ethyl]-1-naphthalenyl ester

[1S-[1a(R*),3a,7b,8b(2S*,4S*),8ab]]-2-Methylbutanoic Acid1,2,3,7,8,8a-Hexahydro-3,7-dimethyl-8-[2-(tetrahydro-4-hydroxy-6-oxo-2H-pyran-2-yl)ethyl]-1-naphthalenyl Ester

1,2,6,7,8,8a-Hexahydro-b,d-dihydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-8-(2-methyl-1-oxobutoxy)-1-naphthaleneheptanoic Acid d-Lactone

2b,6a-Dimethyl-8a-(2-methyl-1-oxobutoxy)mevinic Acid Lactone

6a-Methylcompactin

75330-75-5

Lovastatin (Merck’s Mevacor) is a statin drug, used for lowering cholesterol (hypolipidemic agent) in those withhypercholesterolemia to reduce risk of cardiovascular disease. Lovastatin is a naturally occurring compound found in food such asoyster mushrooms,^[2] red yeast rice,^[3] and Pu-erh.^[4]

Medical uses

The primary uses of lovastatin is for the treatment of dyslipidemia and the prevention of cardiovascular disease.^[5] It is recommended to be used only after other measures, such as diet, exercise, and weight reduction, have not improved cholesterol levels.^[5]

Pleurotus ostreatus, the oyster mushroom, naturally contains up to 2.8% lovastatin on a dry weight basis.^[15]

Structure

History

Compactin and lovastatin, natural products with a powerful inhibitory effect on HMG-CoA reductase, were discovered in the 1970s, and taken into clinical development as potential drugs for lowering LDL cholesterol.

However, in 1980, trials with compactin were suspended for undisclosed reasons (rumoured to be related to serious animal toxicity). Because of the close structural similarity between compactin and lovastatin, clinical studies with lovastatin were also suspended, and additional animal safety studies initiated.

In 1982 some small-scale clinical investigations of lovastatin, a polyketide derived natural product isolated from Aspergillus terrus, in very high-risk patients were undertaken, in which dramatic reductions in LDL cholesterol were observed, with very few adverse effects. After the additional animal safety studies with lovastatin revealed no toxicity of the type thought to be associated with compactin, clinical studies resumed.

Large-scale trials confirmed the effectiveness of lovastatin. Observed tolerability continued to be excellent, and lovastatin was approved by the US FDA in 1987.

Lovastatin at its maximal recommended dose of 80 mg daily produced a mean reduction in LDL cholesterol of 40%, a far greater reduction than could be obtained with any of the treatments available at the time. Equally important, the drug produced very few adverse effects, was easy for patients to take, and so was rapidly accepted by prescribers and patients. The only important adverse effect is myopathy/rhabdomyolysis. This is rare and occurs with all HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors.

Mechanism of action

Lovastatin is an inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase), an enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate. Mevalonate is a required building block for cholesterol biosynthesis and lovastatin interferes with its production by acting as a competitive inhibitor for HMG-CoA which binds to the HMG-CoA reductase. Lovastatin, being inactive in the native form, the form in which it is administered, is hydrolysed to the β-hydroxy acid form in the body and it is this form which is active. Presumably, the reductase acts on the hydrolyzed lovastatin to reduce the carboxylic acid moiety.

Discovery, Biochemistry and Biology

It is now generally accepted that a major risk factor for the development of coronary heart disease is an elevated concentration of plasma cholesterol, especially lowdensity lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. The objective is to decrease excess levels of cholesterol to an amount consistent with maintainence of normal body function. Cholesterol is biosynthesized in a series of more than 25 separate enzymatic reactions that initially involves 3 successive condensations of acetyl-CoA units to form a 6-carbon compound, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA). This is reduced to mevalonate and then converted in a series of reactions to the isoprenes that are building blocks of squalene, the immediate precursor to sterols, which cyclizes to lanosterol (a methylated sterol) and further metabolized to cholesterol. A number of early attempts to block the synthesis of cholesterol resulted in agents that inhibited late in the biosynthetic pathway between lanosterol and cholesterol. A major rate limiting step in the pathway is at the level of the microsomal enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of HMG CoA to mevalonic acd and which has been considered to be a prime target for pharmacologic intervention for several years.

HMG CoA reductase occurs early in the biosynthetic pathway and is among the first commited steps to cholesterol formulation. Inhibition of this enzyme could lead to accumulation of HMG CoA, a water-soluble intermediate that is then capable of being readily metabolized that is then capable of being readily metabolized to simpler molecules. This inhibition of reductase would nto lead to accumulation of lipophylic intermediates having a formal sterol ring.

Lovastatin is the first specific inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase to receive approval for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. The first breakthrough in efforts to find a potent, specific, competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase occurred in 1976 when Endo et al reported discovery of mevastatin, a highly functionalized fungal metabolite, isolated from cultures of Penicillium citrium. Mevastatin was demonstrated to be an unusually potent inhibitor of the target enzyme and of cholesterol biosynthesis. Subsequent to the first reports describing mevastatin, efforts were initiated to search for other naturally occurring inhibitors oh HMG CoA reductase. This led to the discovery of a novel fungal metabolite – Lovastatin. The structure of Lovastatin was determined to be different from that of mevastatin by the presence of a 6 alphamethyl group in the hexahydronaphthalene ring.

Key points from the study of the Biosynthesis of Lovastatin :-

– Lovastatin is comprised of 2 polyketide chains derived from acetate that are 8- and 4-

carbons long coupled in head to tail fashion.

– 6 alphamethyl group and the methyl group on the 4-carbon side chain are derived from

the methyl group of methionine, and

– 6 alphamethyl group is added before closure of the rings.

This implies that lovastatin is a unique compound synthesized by A. terreus and that mevastatin is not an intermediate in its fornmation.

Cholesterol Biosynthetic Pathway

The HMG CoA reductase reaction

Biosynthesis — Diels-Alder Catalyzed Cyclization

In vitro formation of a triketide lactone using a genetically-modified protein derived from 6-deoxyerythronolide B synthase has been demonstrated. The stereochemistry of the molecule supports the intriguing idea that an enzyme-catalyzed Diels-Alder reaction may occur during assembly of the polyketide chain. It thus appears that biological Diels-Alder reactions may be triggered by generation of reactive triene systems on an enzyme surface.

Biosynthesis – Using Broadly specific Acyltransferase

^{It has been found that a dedicated acyltransferase, LovD, is encoded in the lovastatin biosynthetic pathway. LovD has a broad substrate specificity towards the acyl carrier, the acyl substrate and the decalin acyl acceptor. It efficiently catalyzes the acyl transfer from coenzyme A thoesters or N-acetylcysteamine (SNAC) thioesters to monacolin J.}

^{The biosynthesis of Lovastatin is coordinated by two iterative type I polyketide synthases and numerous accessory enzymes. Nonketide, the intermediate biosynthetic precursor of Lovastatin, is assembeled by the upstream megasynthase LovB (also known as lovastatin nonaketide synthase), enoylreductase LovC, and CYP450 oxygenases. The five carbon unit side chain is synthesized by LovF (also known as lovastatin diketide synthase) through a single condensation diketide undergoes methylation and reductive tailoring by the individual LovF catalytic domains to yield an α-S-methylbutyryl thioester covalently attached to the phosphopantetheine arm on the acyl carrier protein (ACP) domain of LovF. Encoded in the gene cluster is a 46kDa protein, LovD, which was initially identified as an esterase homolog. LovD, which was initially identified as an esterase homolog. LovD was suggested to catalyze the last step of lovastatin biosynthesis that regioselectively transacylates the acyl group from LovF to the C8 hydroxyl group of the Nonaketide to yield Lovastatin.}

K. Auclair, A. Sutherland, J. Kennedy, D. J. Witter, J. P. Van den Heever, C. R. Hutchinson and J. C. Vederas, Lovastatin Nonaketide Synthase Catalyses An Intramolecular Diels-Alder Reaction Of A Substrate Analogue, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 11519-11520. DOI: 10.1021/ja003216+

JACS(Lov2)

http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2013/np/c2np20069d/unauth#!divAbstract

196264.fig.002

http://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2012/196264/#B30

Z. Jia, X. Zhang, Y. Zhao, and X. Cao, “Enhancement of lovastatin production by supplementing polyketide antibiotics to the submerged culture of Aspergillus terreus,” Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, vol. 160, no. 7, pp. 2014–2025, 2010.

Patent

https://www.google.com/patents/US6307066

PATENT

https://www.google.com/patents/WO2002009697A1?cl=en

https://www.google.com/patents/EP0625208B1?cl=en

Total Synthesis

^{A major bulk of work in the synthesis of Lovastatin was done by M. Hirama in the 1980’s. Hirama synthesized Compactin and used one of the intermediates to follow a different path to get to Lovastatin. The synthetic sequence is shown in the schemes below. The γ-lactone was synthesized using Yamada methodology starting with aspartic acid. Lactone opening was done using lithium methoxide in methanol and then silylation to give a separable mixture of the starting lactone and the silyl ether. The silyl ether on hydrogenolysis followed by Collins oxidation gave the aldehyde. Stereoselective preparation of (E,E)-diene was accomplished by addition of trans-crotyl phenyl sulfone anion, followed by quenching with Ac2O and subsequent reductive elimination of sulfone acetate. Condensation of this with Lithium anion of dimethyl methylphosphonate gave compound 1.Compound 2 was synthesized as shown in the scheme in the synthetic procedure. Compounds 1 and 2 were then combined together using 1.3eq sodium hydride in THF followed by reflux in chlorobenzene for 82 hrs under nitrogen to get the enone 3.}

^{Simple organic reactions were used to get to Lovastatin as shown in the scheme.}

Pharmacopoeia Information

^{Lovastatin tablets are preserved in well closed, light resistant containers. Protected from light and stored either in a cool place or at controlled room temperature.}

^{Lovastatin tablets are tested for Dissolution and Assay as per the USP.}

^{Limit for Dissolution – Not less than 80% (Q) of the labeled amount of Lovastatin is dissolved in 30 mins.}

^{Limit for Assay – Each tablet contains not less than 90% and not more than 110% of the labeled amount of Lovastatin, tested by HPLC analysis.}

^{Lovastatin raw material contains 5 impurities – A, B, C, D and E (as shown below).}

Market brands and other analogues

^{There are other derivatives of Lovastatin which possess cholesterol reducing activity. Simvastatin (Zocor®) is another statin closely related to Lovastatin, differing only by the presence of a methyl group in the butanoyl ester moiety. Both effective in lowering total cholesterol.}

^{Another statin having vastly different structure but a popular drug – Atorvastatin (Lipitor®), administered as a calcium salt is a pyrrole derivative and a synthetic compound rather than a natural product.}

NMR

^{1 H NMR spectrum of lovastatin, 300 MHz, solvent CDCl 3 .}

UV LOVASTATIN

Figure 6. The mean FT-IR spectra (the calibration set) and variables selected after application of UVE-PLS for modelling lovastatin (triangles) and wavenumbers for characteristic peaks for lovastatin IR spectrum (dots).

PATENT

https://www.google.com/patents/EP0702679B1?cl=en

Lovastatin is produced as a secondary metabolite of the fungusAspergillus terreus (US 4,231,938) deposited in American Type Culture Collection under Nos. ATCC 20541, ATCC 20542, and Monascus ruberdeposited in Fermentation Research Institute Agency of Industrial Science and Technology, Ministry of International Trade and Industry, Japan (DE 30 06 216 A1) under No. Ferm 4822. Other kinds of microorganisms producing lovastatin are known as well, e.g. a mutant of the microorganism Aspergillus terreus andAspergillus oryzae marked ATCC 74135.

Lovastatin is chemically 1′,2′,6′,7′,8a’-hexahydro-3,5-dihydroxy-2′,6′-dimethyl-8′-2″-methyl-1″-oxobutoxy)-1-naphtalene heptanoic acid-5-lactone (Stubbs et al., 1986) of the formula (EP 0 033 537 A1)

An active form of lovastatin is also an acid, which is chemically 1,2,6,8,8a-hexahydro-β,δ-dihydroxy-1-naphtalene heptanoic acid (Alberts et al., 1980) of the formula (EP 0 022 478 A1)

The lactone form of lovastatin is used as an agent for reducing cholesterol level in blood (Scott M.G. and Vega G.L, 1985). It inhibits the biosynthesis of mevalonic acid by inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl A reductase coenzyme (HMG-CoA reductase, E.C. 1.1.1.34) (Zubay et al., 1984).

Prior Art

After the completed fermentation, lovastatin is present in the broth in the lactone form (compound I) and in the acid form (compound II). In the isolation process as disclosed in EP 0 033 536 A2, lovastatin is extracted from the broth with ethyl acetate. The extract is concentrated by vacuum distillation. Since lovastatin is present in the lactone form as well as in the acid form and only the lactone is of commercial interest, the acid form should be converted into the lactone. The lactonisation is carried out by the reflux of the concentrate in toluene at 106 °C for 2 hours. After the lactonisation is complete, the solution is concentrated to a small volume. A pure substance is obtained by means of purifying the concentrate on columns packed with silica gel, in the presence of solvents such as ethyl acetate or n-hexane. The collected fractions are again concentrated in vacuo and then pure lovastatin crystallizes in the lactone form.

Due to the sophisticated multi-step procedure and vigorous conditions applied during the isolation, the yields of lovastatin are generally low. Different solvents, which in part exhibit toxicity, are used such as benzene, toluene, acetonitrile or ethyl acetate. Hence working with these solvents endangers the health of the persons involved and poses a problem with respect to the environment.

https://www.google.com/patents/EP0702679B1?cl=en

The structure was confirmed by IR spectroscopy (Fig.1), mass spectroscopy (Fig. 2), NMR (Fig. 3) and UV spectroscopy (Fig. 4).

IR spectrum of lovastatin.

Title: Lovastatin

CAS Registry Number: 75330-75-5

CAS Name: (2S)-2-Methylbutanoic acid (1S,3R,7S,8S,8aR)-1,2,3,7,8,8a-hexahydro-3,7-dimethyl-8-[2-[(2R,4R)-tetrahydro-4-hydroxy-6-oxo-2H-pyran-2-yl]ethyl]-1-naphthalenyl ester

Additional Names: (1S,3R,7S,8S,8aR)-1,2,3,7,8,8a-hexahydro-3,7-dimethyl-8-[2-[(2R,4R)-tetrahydro-4-hydroxy-6-oxo-2H-pyran-2-yl]ethyl]-1-naphthalenyl (S)-2-methylbutyrate; 1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydro-b,d-dihydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-8-(2-methyl-1-oxobutoxy)-1-naphthaleneheptanoic acid d-lactone; 2b,6a-dimethyl-8a-(2-methyl-1-oxobutoxy)mevinic acid lactone; mevinolin; 6a-methylcompactin; monacolin K

Manufacturers’ Codes: MK-803

Trademarks: Lovalip (Merck & Co.); Mevacor (Merck & Co.); Mevinacor (Merck & Co.); Mevlor (Merck & Co.); Sivlor (Sidus)

Molecular Formula: C24H36O5

Molecular Weight: 404.54

Percent Composition: C 71.26%, H 8.97%, O 19.77%

Literature References: Fungal metabolite; potent inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, the rate controlling enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. Isoln from Monascus ruber: A. Endo, J. Antibiot. 32, 852 (1979); from Aspergillus terreus: R. L. Monaghan et al., US4231938 (1980 to Merck & Co.). Structure and biochemical properties: A. W. Alberts et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77, 3957 (1980). Total synthesis: M. Hirama, M. Iwashita, Tetrahedron Lett. 24, 1811 (1983). Review of syntheses: T. Rosen, C. H. Heathcock, Tetrahedron 42, 4909-4951 (1986). Biosynthesis: M. D. Greenspan, J. B. Yudkovitz, J. Bacteriol. 162, 704 (1985); R. N. Moore et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 107, 3694 (1985). HPLC determn in plasma and bile: R. J. Stubbs et al., J. Chromatogr. 383,438 (1986). Clinical pharmacology: S. M. Grundy, G. L. Vega, J. Lipid Res. 26, 1464 (1985). Clinical comparison with gemfibrozil,q.v.: M. J. Tikkanen et al., Am. J. Cardiol. 62, 35J (1988). Review of clinical experience: J. A. Tobert, Am. J. Cardiol. 62, 28J-34J (1988). Comprehensive description: G. S. Brenner et al., Anal. Profiles Drug Subs. Excip. 21, 277-305 (1992). Prevention of acute coronary events in men and women with average cholesterol levels: J. R. Downs et al., J. Am. Med. Ass

References

Neuvonen, PJ; Backman, JT; Niemi, M (2008). “Pharmacokinetic comparison of the potential over-the-counter statins simvastatin, lovastatin, fluvastatin and pravastatin.”. Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 47 (7): 463–74. doi:10.2165/00003088-200847070-00003. PMID 18563955.
. Gunde-Cimerman N; Cimerman A. (Mar 1995). “Pleurotus fruiting bodies contain the inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase-lovastatin.”. Exp Mycol. 19 (1): 1–6.doi:10.1006/emyc.1995.1001. PMID 7614366.
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Lovastatin
Systematic (IUPAC) name


(1S,3R,7S,8S,8aR)-8-{2-[(2R,4R)-4-Hydroxy-6-oxooxan-2-yl]ethyl}-3,7-dimethyl-1,2,3,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl (2S)-2-methylbutanoate
Clinical data
Trade names	Mevacor
AHFS/Drugs.com	Monograph
MedlinePlus	a688006
Pregnancy category	US: X (Contraindicated)
Routes of administration	Oral
Legal status
Legal status	US: ℞-only
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	<5%^[1]
Protein binding	>98%^[1]
Metabolism	Hepatic (CYP3A andCYP2C8 substrate)^[1]
Biological half-life	2–5 hours^[1]
Excretion	Faeces (83%), urine (10%)^[1]
Identifiers
CAS Number	75330-75-5
ATC code	C10AA02 (WHO)
PubChem	CID 53232
IUPHAR/BPS	2739
DrugBank	DB00227
ChemSpider	48085
UNII	9LHU78OQFD
KEGG	D00359
ChEBI	CHEBI:40303
ChEMBL	CHEMBL503
Synonyms	Monacolin K, Mevinolin
Chemical data
Formula	C₂₄H₃₆O₅
Molar mass	404.54 g/mol

^{////////////////}

PAZOPANIB パゾパニブ塩酸塩 , Пазопаниба Гидрохлорид

Uncategorized Comments Off

Aug 052016

Pazopanib

パゾパニブ塩酸塩

Пазопаниба Гидрохлорид

5-[[4-[(2,3-Dimethyl-2H-indazol-6-yl)methylamino]-2-pyrimidinyl]amino]-2-methylbenzolsulfonamide

Pazopanib is a small molecule inhibitor of multiple protein tyrosine kinases with potential antineoplastic activity. It is developed by GlaxoSmithKline and was FDA approved on October 19, 2009.

Pazopanib is a potent and selective multi-targeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor of VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, VEGFR-3,
PDGFR-a/b, and c-kit that blocks tumor growth and inhibits angiogenesis. It was approved for renal cell carcinoma by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 2009 and is marketed under the trade name Votrient by the drug’s manufacturer, GlaxoSmithKline.

GW 786034

M.Wt: 437.53
C21H23N7O2S

Pazopanib CAS No.: 444731-52-6

CAS No.: 635702-64-6 (PAZOPANIB HYDROCHLORIDE)

ChemSpider 2D Image | Pazopanib Hydrochloride | C21H24ClN7O2S

Pazopanib Hydrochloride

CAS No.: 635702-64-6 (PAZOPANIB HYDROCHLORIDE)

MFC₂₁H₂₄ClN₇O₂S
MW473.979

GW786034;Votrient;Armala;GW 786034;GW-786034

GW786034GW786034, VOTRIENT

5-({4-[(2,3-Dimethyl-2H-indazol-6-yl)(methyl)amino]-2-pyrimidinyl}amino)-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide hydrochloride (1:1)

Antineoplastic; Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors, Protein Kinase Inhibitors; Renal Cell Carcinoma Therpay; Soft Tissue Sarcoma Therapy

パゾパニブ塩酸塩
Pazopanib Hydrochloride

C₂₁H₂₃N₇O₂S▪HCl : 473.98
[635702-64-6]

Pazopanib (trade name Votrient) is a potent and selective multi-targeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor that blocks tumour growth and inhibits angiogenesis. It has been approved for renal cell carcinoma and soft tissue sarcoma by numerous regulatory administrations worldwide.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

Pazopanib (Votrient®; GlaxoSmithKline, Brentford, U.K.) is currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency for the treatment of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC)

Medical uses

It is approved by numerous regulatory administrations worldwide (including the FDA (19 October 2009), EMA (14 June 2010), MHRA(14 June 2010) and TGA (30 June 2010)) for use as a treatment for advanced/metastatic renal cell carcinoma and advanced soft tissue sarcomas.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] In Australia and New Zealand, it is subsidised under the PBS and by Pharmac respectively, under a number of conditions, including:^[6]^[7]

The medication is used to treat clear cell variant renal cell carcinoma.
The treatment phase is continuing treatment beyond 3-months.
The patient has been issued an authority prescription for pazopanib
The patient must have stable or responding disease according to the Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumours (RECIST)
This treatment must be the sole tyrosine kinase inhibitor subsidised for this condition.

It has also demonstrated initial therapeutic properties in patients with ovarian and non-small cell lung cancer,^[8] though plans to apply to the EMA for a variation to include advanced ovarian cancer have been withdrawn and a license will not be sought in any country.^[9]^[10]

Pazopanib

SYNTHESIS

Pazopanib hydrochloride drug substance is manufactured by Glaxo Wellcome Manufacturing Pte. Limited, Jurong, Singapore

NDA 22-465 was submitted by GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) for VOTRIENT™ (pazopanib), an immediate release tablet for oral administration containing either 200 mg or 400 mg of pazopanib free base (GW786034X) as the hydrochloride salt (GW786034B). Pazopanib is a new molecular entity and is submitted for review pursuant to Section 505(b)(1) of the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act. Reference is made to one active Investigational New Drug application, IND 65,747.

Quality by Design (QbD) approach and risk management to increase their understanding of the process and drug substance properties. A number of Critical Quality Attributes (CQAs) were identified. These are: Identity by IR, Chloride Identity, Crystalline Form, Content by HPLC, Drug-related Impurities (including named impurities and genotoxic (b) (4) (b) (4) (b) (4) (b) (4) Executive Summary Section CMC Review #1 Page 9 of 262 CMC REVIEW OF NDA 22-465 impurities content), Residue on Ignition, Particle Size, Residual Solvents, Water Content by Karl Fischer, Description, Pd Content, and Heavy Metals.

CQA are mainly controlled by controlling starting material attributes, intermediate attributes (e.g. specifications of GW786034 quality process parameters, and by following the manufacturing process. A risk based method (e.g. failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA)) was used to identify the Quality Critical Process Parameters (QCPPs), Quality Process Parameters (QPPs), CQAs and Quality Attributes (QAs) for the pazopanib hydrochloride manufacturing process. The inputs to the FMEA were knowledge gained through the work to develop the impurity fate map, spiking and purging studies, the Design of Experiments (DOE) work to establish potential QCPPs/QPPs, one factor at a time experiments to establish parameter proven acceptable ranges, and 6 years of plant experience preparing over batches of pazopanib hydrochloride in 3 plants throughout the GSK network. It was concluded from this risk assessment that there are no QCPP but a few QPP in the drug substance (DS) manufacturing process. Stages 1 and 2 had no QPP, the few were only present in stages 3 and 4. All the QPP were scale invariant. A combination of multivariate DOE and univariate experimentation was used to determine the Proven acceptable Ranges (PAR) for the variables. The risks for combining univariate and multivariate experimentation were found to be minimal, on the basis of outcome from the robustness study. For this study, all the process parameters were all set at the lower limit of the PARs to create a worst-case scenario for impurity purging. Neither new impurities nor elevated levels of known impurities were detected. This data demonstrated that multivariate interactions will not lead to elevated levels of impurities.

Drug Product Pazopanib Tablets, 200 mg and 400 mg are film-coated IR oral tablets. The two strengths contain 216.7 mg and 433.4 mg pazopanib hydrochloride, respectively, which are equivalent to 200 mg and 400 mg pazopanib (free base), respectively. Excipients in the tablet core are: microcrystalline cellulose, sodium starch glycolate, povidone, and magnesium stearate. Pazopanib Tablets, 200 mg are modified capsule-shaped, gray film-coated tablets, one side plain and the opposite side debossed with an identifying code of ‘GS JT’. Pazopanib Tablets, 400 mg are modified capsule-shaped, yellow film-coated tablets, one side plain and the opposite side debossed with an identifying code of ‘GS UHL’. The tablets are manufactured at Glaxo Operations UK Limited, Priory Street, Ware, Hertfordshire SG12 0DJ, United Kingdom. Primary packaging of tablets will be performed by either Glaxo Operations UK Limited, Priory Street, Ware, Hertfordshire SG12 0DJ, United Kingdom or GlaxoSmithKline Inc, 1011 North Arendell Avenue, Zebulon, North Carolina 27597, USA.

Pazopanib hydrochloride is a new molecular entity of Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) Class 2 (poor solubility, high permeability) and a crystalline solid. Its solubility in pH 1.1 is 0.65 mg/mL. The conjugate acids of the basic nitrogens have the following acidity constants: pKa – pK1 = 2.1 (indazole), pK2 = 6.4 (pyrimidine), pK3 = 10.2 (sulfonamide).

“Synthetic approaches to the 2009 new drugs”
Kevin K.-C. Liua, Subas M. Sakyab, Christopher J. O’Donnellb, Andrew C. Flickb, Jin Lic,
Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, Volume 19, Issue 3, Pages 1136–1154

“An overview of the key routes to the best selling 5-membered ring heterocyclic pharmaceuticals”., Beilstein J. Org. Chem., 2011, 7, 442–495.

PATENT

https://www.google.com/patents/WO2015068175A2?cl=en

Pazopanib is marketed as hydrochloride salt by Glaxoshiithkline under the trade name VOTRIENT^® is tyrosine kinase inhibitor and indicated for the treatment of patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and treatment of patients with advanced soft tissue sarcoma (STS) who have received prior chemotherapy.

U.S. Patent No (s). US 7105530 (“the ‘530 patent”), US7262203 (“the ‘203 patent”) and US8114885 (“the ‘885 patent”) discloses a variety of pyrimidineamines and their derivatives such as Pazopanib, processes for their preparation, pharmaceutical compositions comprising the derivatives, and method of use thereof.

The process disclosed in the ‘530 patent is schematically represented as follows:

Patent publication No. WO 2011/050159 (“the Ί59 publication”) disclosed process for preparation of Pazopanib hydrochloride, which involves condensation of 2,3-dimethyl-2H-indazol-6-amine of Formula A and 2,4-dicMoropyrimidine of Formula B in a solvent like industrial methylated sprit and specific reaction conditions like, in presence of a base, sodium bicarbonate having a particle size distribution of > 250μηι or 50 to 150μηι selected to ensure that the pH of the reaction mixture is less than 7 for the reaction time period not more than 300 min to obtain N-(2-c oropyrimidin-4-yl)- 2,3-dimethyl-2H-indazol-6-amine of Formula II. The compound of Formula Π was methylated in presence of a methylating agent in an organic solvent like dimethylformamide by using specific reaction conditions like, in presence of a base i.e. Potassium carbonate having a particle size distribution D99 of > 300μηι or D99 of < 200μηι selected to ensure that the reaction time needs to reduce the starting material to less than 2% in less than 8 his to obtain N-(2-cMoropyrimidin-4-yl)-N-2,3-trimemyl-2H-mdazol-6-amine of Formula III. The resultant methylated compound was condensed with 5-amino-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide of Formula C in presence of 4M HC1 and methanol to yield Pazopanib hydrochloride.

WO Ί59 publication disclosed that use of sodium bicarbonate with specific particle size distribution of > 250μπι or 50 to 150μηι is key element in condensation of compound of Formula A and Formula B to niinimize the formation of Impurity of Formula 1 within

WO Ί59 publication also disclosed that use of potassium carbonate with specific particle size distribution D99 of > 300μπι or D99 of < 200μηι is key element in methylation of compound of Formula II to reduce the formation of Impurities of Formula 2, Formula 3 and Formula 4 within the range of about 0.05-3%.

Patent publication No. WO 2012/073254 (“the ‘254 publication”) disclosed a process for preparation of pazopanib hydrochloride, which involves condensation of 2,4-dicMoropyrimidine of Formula B with 5-amino-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide of Formula C in presence of a base like sodium bicarbonate and a solvent like ethanol to yield 5-(4-chloropyrimidm-2-yl-ammo)-2-memylbenzenesulfonamide The resultant compound was condensed with N-2,3-1rimethyl-2H-indazole-6-amine of Formula D in an alcoholic solvent like ethanol. WO ‘254 publication also discloses process for purification of pazopanib hydrochloride from alcoholic solvent and water. The process disclosed in the ‘254 publication is schematically represented as follows:

Patent publication No. IN 2505/CHE/2011 disclosed a process for preparation of pazopanib, which involves condensation of 2,3-dimethyl-2H-indazol-6-amine of Formula A and 2,4-dichloropyrimidine of Formula B in presence of sodium bicarbonate and a phase transfer catalyst like tetrabutyl ammonium bromide in a solvent like methanol to obtain N-(2-chloropyrimidin-4-yl)-2,3 -dimethyl -2H-indazol-6-amine of Formula II. The resultant compound was methylated in presence of methyl iodide, potassium carbonate in a solvent like dimethylformamide to obtain compound of Formula III. The obtained Formula III was condensed with 5-amino-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide of Formula C in presence of dimethylformamide and concentrated HC1 to yield pazopanib hydrochloride.

Patent publication No. CN 103373989 (“the ‘989 publication”) disclosed a process for preparation of Pazopanib intermediate of Formula III by condensation of N-2,3-trimethyl-2H-indazole-6-amine of Formula D with 2,4-dicWoropyrimidine of Formula B in

Patent publication No. WO 2014/97152 (“the Ί52 publication”) disclosed a process for preparation of Pazopanib hydrochloride starting from 2,3-dimethyl-6-nitro-2H-indazole.

The processes for preparation of pazopanib described in the above literature have certain drawbacks as it involves: a) use of specific predefined particles of bases like sodium bicarbonate and potassium carbonate, which involves additional process steps like milling, grinding etc, b) use of expensive phase transfer catalysts and c) multiple steps making the process quite expensive, particularly on large scale.

European Medicines Agency (EMA) public assessment report disclosed that pazopanib hydrochloride is a white to slightly yellow, non-hygroscopic, crystalline substance and the manufacturing process consistently produces pazopanib hydrochloride Form 1. However, the EMEA does not describe any particular characterization data for the disclosed polymorph Form 1.

PCT Publication No. WO 2011/058179 (“the Ί79 publication”) discloses pazopanib base crystalline Forms such as Form-I and Form-II and a process for its preparation; also disclosed characterization data of Form-I and Form-II by XRD, IR and melting point. –

PCT Publication No. WO 2011/069053 (“the ‘053 publication”) discloses crystalline pazopanib base and crystalline pazopanib hydrochloride Forms such as Form-II, Form-Ill, Form-TV, Form-V, Form- VI, Form- VIII, Form-IX, Form-X, Form-XI, Form-XII, Form-XIII, Form-A, Form-G and also discloses crystalline Pazopanib dihydrochloride Forms such as Form-I, Form-XIV, Form-XV. The crystalline Forms reported in the PCT publication characterized by its XRD pattern.

IN Publication No. 3023/CHE/2010 discloses crystalline pazopanib dihydrochloride Form-I and crystalline pazopanib mono hydrochloride, process for it preparation and characterization by XRD of the same.

IN Publication No. 1535/CHE/2012 discloses crystalline pazopanib hydrochloride Form-SP and a process for its preparation; also disclosed characterization data, of Form-SP by XRD, DSC and TR.

PCT Publication No (s): WO 2007/143483, WO 2007/064753, WO 2006/20564 and WO 2005/105094 as well as US Publication No. US 2008/0293691 disclose anhydrous and hydrated Forms of pazopanib hydrochloride and their process for preparation thereof. ‘

IP. Com journal disclosure Number IPCOM000207426D discloses crystalline Form of pazopanib hydrochloride Form-R, which is characterized by XRD pattern.

Further, IP.Com journal disclosure Number IPCOM000193076D discloses crystalline Forms of N-(2-cUoropyrirnidin-4-yl)-N-2,3-trimethyl-2H-indazol-6-amine of

Formula III such as Form I and Form II along with characteristic data of XRD pattern

PATENT

https://www.google.com/patents/WO2012073254A1?cl=en

Examples

Example 1:

Preparation of 5-(4-chloropyrimidin-2ylamino)-2-methyIbenzenesulfonamide

To a mixture of 5-amino-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide (20 gm) in ethanol (208 ml) and tetrahydrofuran (52 ml) was added 2,4-dichloropryrimidine (44 gm) and sodium bicarbonate (36 gm) at room temperature. The contents were heated to 70 to 75°C and maintained for 13 hours. The reaction mass was then cooled to 10°C and maintained for 2 hours. The reaction mass was filtered and the solvent was distilled off under vacuum at below 50 to 55°C to obtain a residual mass. To the residual mass was added ethyl acetate (100 ml) and stirred for 1 hour, filtered. The solid obtained was dried to give 15.5 gm of 5-(4-chloropyrimidin-2ylamino)-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide. Example 2:

Preparation of N,2,3-trimethyI-2H-indazol-6-amine

Sodium methoxide (19 gm) was dissolved in methanol (610 ml) and then added 2,3-dimethyl-2H-indazol-6-amine (13 gm). The reaction mixture was stirred for 15 minutes and then added paraformaldehyde (3.9 gm). The contents were heated to 60°C and stirred for 10 hours. The reaction mass was then cooled to room temperature and maintained for 4 hours 30 minutes. Sodium borohydride (2.8 gm) was added to the reaction mass slowly at room temperature and then heated to reflux. The reaction mass was maintained for 2 hours at reflux and then cooled to room temperature. The reaction mass was stirred for 14 hours at room temperature and then added sodium hydroxide solution (1M, 100 ml). The pH of the reaction mass was adjusted to 8.0 to 8.5 with hydrochloric acid solution (40 ml) and then added ethyl acetate (400 ml). Then the layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was dried with sodium sulfate and treated with carbon. The combined organic layers were washed with sodium chloride solution and dried with sodium sulfate. The organic layer was treated with carbon and filtered through hi-flow bed. The solvent was distilled off under vacuum at below 50°C to obtain a residual mass. To the residual mass was added diisopropyl ether (75 ml) and stirred for 1 hour, filtered. The solid obtained was dried to give 10 gm of N,2,3-trimethyl-2H-indazol-6-amine.

Example 3:

Preparation of pazopanib hydrochloride

5-(4-Chloropyrimidin-2ylamino)-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide (17 gm) as obtained in example 1, N,2,3-trimethyl-2H-indazol-6-amine (10 gm) as obtained in example 2 and ethanol (166 ml) were added at room temperature and then heated to reflux. The reaction mass was maintained for 3 hours at reflux and then added concentrated hydrochloric acid (1 ml). The reaction mass was maintained for 10 hours at reflux and then cooled to room temperature. The separated solid was filtered and dried to obtain 17 gm of pazopanib hydrochloride (HPLC Purity: 97.5%). Example 4:

Purification of pazopanib hydrochloride

Pazopanib hydrochloride (5 gm; HPLC Purity: 97.5%) as obtained in example 3 was dissolved in a mixture of methanol (100 ml) and water (10 ml) at room temperature and then heated to reflux. The reaction mass was maintained for 30 minutes at reflux and filtered. The filtrate obtained was cooled to room temperature and maintained for 2 hours at room temperature. The solid obtained was collected by filtration and dried to obtain 3.5 gm of pazopanib hydrochloride (HPLC Purity: 99.9%). Example 5:

Purification of pazopanib hydrochloride

Pazopanib hydrochloride (22 gm; HPLC Purity: 98%), methanol (528 ml), water (55 ml) and concentrated hydrochloric acid (0.2 ml) were added at room temperature. The contents were heated to reflux and maintained for 30 minutes, filtered. Take the filtrate and the solvent was distilled off under vacuum to obtain a residual mass. The residual mass was then cooled to room temperature and stirred for 30 minutes at room temperature. The contents were further cooled to 0 to 5°C, stirred for 1 hour and filtered. The solid obtained was dried to give 19 gm of pazopanib hydrochloride (HPLC Purity: 99.85%).

Example 6:

Purification of pazopanib hydrochloride

Pazopanib hydrochloride (10 gm; HPLC Purity: 96%), methanol (250 ml), water (25 ml) and concentrated hydrochloric acid (0.1 ml) were added at room temperature. The contents were heated to reflux and maintained for 30 minutes, filtered. The filtrate obtained was then cooled to room temperature and stirred for 30 minutes at room temperature. The contents further cooled to 0 to 10°C and stirred for 1 hour. The separated solid was filtered and dried to obtain 6.6 gm of pazopanib hydrochloride (HPLC Purity: 99.8%).

Example 7: Purification of pazopanib hydrochloride

Pazopanib hydrochloride (22 gm; HPLC Purity: 97%) was dissolved in a mixture of isopropanol (132 ml) and water (20 ml) at room temperature and then heated to reflux. The reaction mass was maintained for 1 hour at reflux and then cooled to room temperature. The reaction mass was stirred for 1 hour at room temperature and filtered. The solid obtained was dried to give 18 gm of pazopanib hydrochloride (HPLC Purity: 99.8%).

Paper

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/op400139z

Assessment of Predictivity of Semiquantitative Risk Assessment Tool: Pazopanib Hydrochloride Genotoxic Impurities

David P. Elder*†, George Okafo†, and Michael McGuire‡

^† GlaxoSmithKline, Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom SG12 0DP

^‡ GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States

Org. Process Res. Dev., 2013, 17 (8), pp 1036–1041

DOI: 10.1021/op400139z

Publication Date (Web): July 02, 2013

*E-mail: david.p.elder@gsk.com

Abstract

The recently developed semiquantitative assessment tool for the evaluation of carryover potential of mutagenic impurities (MIs) into the final API was applied to the five identified MIs within pazopanib hydrochloride (dimethyl sulfate (DMS) and compounds II, III, VI, and VIII). The theoretical and predicted purge factors were compared. The tool accurately predicted the purging capacity for the most reactive MI, DMS, giving a theoretical purge factor of 30000 versus an actual value of 29411 (for spiking at stage 1). For the other less reactive MIs, both measured and predicted values agreed reasonably well, and the high values for the purging factors were indicative of an effective process capability that could significantly reduce observed MI levels. The only exception was for compound VI, where although the measured and theoretical purge factors were in agreement, they were significantly lower (<200) than for the other MIs. In this case, a strategy was implemented including a requirement for control of this MI on API specification. The purge-factor assessment tool has the potential to play a key role in GRA (genotoxic risk assessment) processes and subsequent regulatory submissions. This tool could provide regulators with additional confidence to accept these purging arguments without resorting to testing. This could potentially significantly reduce the analytical testing burden for early clinical candidates.

PATENT

WO 2011058179

The compound 5-(4-(N-(2,3-dimethyl-2H-indazole-6-yl)-N-methylamino)pyrimidine-2- ylamino)-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide, also known as Pazopanib, is useful in the treatment of disorders associated with inappropriate or pathological angiogenesis, such as cancer, in mammals. Pazopanib has the following formula (I):

H CH,

NH₂

In WO 02/059110 the preparation of 5-(4-(N-(2,3-dimethyl-2H-indazole-6-yl)-N- methylamino)pyrimidine-2-ylamino)-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide hydrochloride as well as the uses of this compound have been disclosed. In particular, this compound is an inhibitor of tyrosine kinase enzymes, namely vascular endothelial growth factor receptors, and can be used for the treatment and/or prevention of diseases which are associated with tyrosine kinase enzymes such as vascular endothelial growth factor receptors, such as cancer, particularly breast cancer and colon cancer.

Alternative methods for the preparation of 5-(4-(N-(2,3-dimethyl-2H-indazole-6-yl)-N- methylamino)pyrimidine-2-ylamino)-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide hydrochloride are disclosed in WO 03/106416.

In WO 2007/064752 the use of Pazopanib for the treatment of age related macula degeneration is disclosed. WO 2007/064753 further discloses Pazopanib for the treatment of various types of cancer, e.g. brain cancer, glioblastoma multiforme, neuroendocrine cancer, prostate cancer, myeloma, lung cancer, liver cancer, gallbladder cancer or skin cancer.

Typically Pazopanib is administered orally, as this route provides great comfort and convenience of dosing. Although the hydrochloride form of Pazopanib is known in the art, as described above, this form is not optimal in regard to bioavailability, inter-patient variability, and safety. Further, the known form of Pazopanib hydrochloride is not optimal with regard to mechanical and chemical stability, which is in particular necessary for manufacturing tablets, as well as not optimal in regard to flow properties, compressibility, dissolution rate. Additionally, it is at least to some extent hygroscopic and shows electrostatic charging. These properties constitute disadvantages in the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions

PAPER

Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters

Volume 24, Issue 4, 15 February 2014, Pages 1108–1110

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960894X14000225

Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel pazopanib derivatives as antitumor agents

doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.01.003

Abstract

A series of novel pazopanib derivatives, 7a–m, were designed and synthesized by modification of terminal benzene and indazole rings in pazopanib. The structures of all the synthesized compounds were confirmed by ¹H NMR and MS. Their inhibitory activity against VEGFR-2, PDGFR-α and c-kit tyrosine kinases were evaluated. All the compounds exhibited definite kinase inhibition, in which compound 7l was most potent with IC₅₀ values of 12 nM against VEGFR-2. Furthermore, compounds 7c, 7d and 7mdemonstrated comparable inhibitory activity against three tyrosine kinases to pazopanib, and compound 7f showed superior inhibitory effects than that of pazopanib.

Figure 1.

Chemical structure of pazopanib.

Patent

https://www.google.co.in/patents/WO2002059110A1?cl=en

Example 69

5-({4-[(2,3-dimethyl-2r/-indazol-6-yl)(methyl)amino]pyrimidin-2-yl}amino)-2- methylbenzenesulfonamide

To a solution of Intermediate Example 13 (200 mg, 0.695 mmol) and 5-amino-2- ethylbenzenesulfonamide (129.4 mg, 0.695 mmol) in isopropanol (6 ml) was added 4 drops of cone. HCI. The mixture was heated to reflux overnight. The mixture was cooled to rt and diluted with ether (6 ml). Precipitate was collected via filtration and washed with ether. HCI salt of 5-({4-[(2,3-dimethyl-2H-indazol-6-yl)(methyl)amino]-pyrimidin-2- yl}amino)-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide was isolated as an off-white solid. Y\ NMR (400 MHz, deDMSO+NaHCOa) δ 9.50 (br s, 1 H), 8.55 (br s, 1 H), 7.81 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.75 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1 H), 7.69 (m, 1 H), 7.43 (s, 1 H), 7.23 (s, 2H), 7.15 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.86 (m, 1 H), 5.74 (d, J = 6.1 Hz, 1 H), 4.04 (s, 3H), 3.48 (s, 3H), 2.61 (s, 3H), 2.48 (s, 3H). MS (ES+, m/z) 438 (M+H).

Example 13

Preparation of Λ/-(2-chloropyrimidin-4-yl)-Λ/,2,3-trimethyl-2r/-indazol-6-amine

To a stirred solution of the Intermediate 12 (7.37 g) in DMF (50 ml) was added CS2CO3 (7.44 g, 2 eqv.) and Mel (1.84 ml, 1.1 eqv.) at room temperature. Mixture was stirred at rt for overnight The reaction mixture was poured into ice-water bath, and the precipitate was collected via filtration and washed with water. The precipitate was air- dried to afford Λ/-(2-chloropyrimidin-4-yl)-Λ/,2,3-trimethyl-2r/-indazol-6-amine as an off-white solid (6.43 g, 83%). ‘H NMR (400 MHz, dsDMSO) δ 7.94 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.80 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.50 (d, J = 1.0 Hz, 1 H), 6.88 (m, 1 H), 6.24 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, 1 H), 4.06 (s, 3H), 3.42 (s, 3H), 2.62 (s, 3H). MS (ES+, m/z) 288 (M+H).

Intermediate Example 12 Preparation of Λ/-(2-chloropyrimidin-4-yl)-2,3-dimethyl-2H-indazol-6-amine

to a stirred solution of Intermediate Example 11 (2.97 g, .015 mol) and NaHCOs (5.05 g, .06 mol) in THF (15 mL) and ethanol (60 mL) was added 2,4-dichloropyrimidine (6.70 g, .045 mol) at room temperature. After the reaction was stirred for four hours at 85 °C, the suspension was cooled to rt, filtered and washed thoroughly with ethyl acetate. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure, and the resulting solid was triturated with ethyl acetate to yield 3.84 g (89 % yield) of Λ/-(2-chloropyrimidin-4-yl)- 2,3-dimethyl-2tf-indazol-6-amine. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, deDMSO) δ 7.28 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1 H), 6.42 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1 H), 6.37 (s, 1 H), 5.18 (br s, 1 H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 2.43 (s, 3H). MS (ES+, m/z) 274 (M+H).

Intermediate Example 11

Preparation of 2,3-dimethyl-2r/-indazol-6-amine

To a stirred solution of 18.5 g (0.11 mol) of 3-methyl-6-nitro- 7W-indazole in 350 ml acetone, at room temperature, was added 20 g (0.14 mol) of trimethyloxonium tetraflouroborate. After the solution was allowed to stir under argon for 3 hours, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. To the resulting solid was added saturated aqueous NaHC03 (600 ml) and a 4:1 mixture of chloroform-isopropanol (200 ml), and the mixture was agitated and the layers were separated. The aqueous phase was washed with additional chloroform: isopropanol (4 x 200 ml) and the combined organic phase was dried (Na2S0₄). Filtration and removal of solvent gave a tan solid. The solid was washed with ether (200 ml) to afford 2,3-dimethyl-6-nitro-2r/-indazole as a yellow solid (15.85 g, 73 o/o). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, dβDMSO) δ 8.51 (s, I H), 7.94 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 1 H), 7.73 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1 H), 4.14 (s, 3H), 2.67 (s, 3H). MS (ES+, m/z) 192 (M+H).

To a stirred solution of 2,3-dimethyl-6-nitro-2V-indazole (1.13 g) in 2- methoxyethyl ether (12 ml), at 0 °C, was added a solution of 4.48 g of tin(ll) chloride in 8.9 ml of concentrated HCI dropwise over 5 min. After the addition was complete, the ice bath was removed and the solution was allowed to stir for an additional 30 min. Approximately 40 ml of diethyl ether was added to reaction, resulting in precipitate formation. The resulting precipitate was isolated by filtration and washed with diethyl ether, and afforded a yellow solid (1.1 g, 95 %), the HCI salt 2,3-dimethyl-2/7-indazol-6- amine. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, deDMSO) δ 7.77 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1 H), 7.18 (s, 1 H), 7.88 (m, 1 H), 4.04 (s, 3H), 2.61 (s, 3H). MS (ES+, m/z) 162 (M+H).

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Let’s Research !!!!!

https://ayurajan.blogspot.in/2014/12/pazopanib.html

WO2003106416A2 (same appears in Drug Future 2006, 31, 7, 585-589)

Pazopanib synthesis: J Med Chem 2008, 51, 4632-4640 (same appears in Beilstein J Org Chem 2011, 7, 442–495)

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LINK

PAPER

http://www.eurekaselect.com/97375

10.2174/157017812800233714

A Novel Practical Synthesis of Pazopanib: An Anticancer Drug

Author(s): YiCheng Mei, BaoWei Yang, Wei Chen, DanDan Huang, Ying Li, Xin Deng, BaoMing Liu, JingJie Wang, Hai Qian and WenLong Huang

Affiliation: Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China.

Abstract:

This paper reports a novel approach to synthesize pazopanib. In our synthetic route, the potently mutagenic alkylating agents such as dimethyl sulfate and methyl iodide are avoided. A novel regioselective methylation of the 2- position of 3-methyl-6-nitro-1H-indazole was reported. This novel route is one step shorter than the previously reported route.

PATENT

https://www.google.com/patents/WO2014097152A1?cl=en

Pazopanib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor of Formula la.

Formula la

Pazopanib is marketed as the hydrochloride salt, with the chemical name 5-[[4- [(2,3-dimethyl-2H-indazol-6-yl)methylamino]-2-pyrimidinyl]amino]-2- methylbenzenesulfonamide monohydrochloride, having the structure as depicted in Formula I:

Formula I

U.S. Patent No. 7,105,530 provides a process for the preparation of a hydrochloride salt of a compound of Formula II

Formula II involving the reduction of 2,3-dimethyl-6-nitro-2H-indazole with tin (II) chloride in concentrated hydrochloric acid in the presence of 2-methoxyethyl ether at 0°C. It also describes the preparation of a compound of Formula III

Formula III involving the reaction of a hydrochloride salt of compound of Formula II with 2,4- dichloropyrimidine in the presence of a base and solvent mixture of

tetrahydrofuran/ethanol followed by stirring for 4 hours at 85°C.

PCT Publication No. WO 2007/064752 provides a process for the preparation of a compound of Formula II comprising reducing 2,3-dimethyl-6-nitro-2H-indazole with 10% Palladium-carbon (50% wet) in the presence of methanol, followed by the addition of ammonium formate at a rate that ensures the reaction temperature is maintained at or between 25°C and 30°C. It also discloses the preparation of a compound of Formula III comprising heating the compound of Formula II with sodium bicarbonate in presence of tetrahydrofuran and ethanol at or between 75°C and 80°C followed by cooling to 20°C to

25°C.

The present invention provides a process for the preparation of a compound of Formula II which offers recycling of the Raney nickel catalyst used in the process, and an easy filtration work-up procedure. Further, the present invention offers selective reduction under mild conditions that is economical to use at an industrial scale.

The present invention also provides a process for the preparation of compound of Formula III which avoids the use of two or more solvents, and additionally, also circumvents heating and cooling procedures during the reaction. The aforesaid advantages yield a compound of Formula III with a lesser amount of N-(4-chloropyrimidin-2-yl)-2,3- dimethyl-2H-indazol-6-amine (CPDMI) impurity.

The compounds of Formula II and Formula III prepared by the present invention yield a compound of Formula la or its salts in comparable yield and suitable purity required for medicinal preparations.

EXAMPLES

Step 1: Synthesis of 2,3-dimcthyl-6-nitro-2H-indazole

Example 1 :

Trimethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate (125.2 g, 0.85 mol) was added to a stirred suspension of 3-methyl-6-nitro-indazole (100 g, 0.56 mol) in ethyl acetate (2000 mL) over a period of 4 hours in four equal lots at 1 hour time intervals. The reaction mixture was stirred at 25 °C to 30°C for 16 hours. The solvent was recovered under reduced pressure. A saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (3240 mL) was added to the mixture slowly, and the reaction mixture was extracted with 4: 1 mixture of dichloromethane:isopropyl alcohol (1080 mL x 5). The solvent was recovered under reduced pressure. Methyl fert-butyl ether (800 mL) was added to the residue, and the reaction mixture was stirred for 30 minutes at 45 °C to 50°C. The reaction mixture was cooled to 25 °C to 30°C and was stirred at this temperature for 30 minutes. The solid was filtered, washed with methyl tert- butyl ether (100 mL x 2), and dried in an air oven at 50°C for 12 hours to afford 2,3- dimethyl-6-nitro-2H-indazole as a yellow solid.

Yield: 82.4% w/w

Step 2: Synthesis of 2,3-dimethyl-2H-indazol-6-amine

Example 2a:

Raney nickel ( 12.50 g) was added to a suspension of 2,3-dimethyl-6-nitro-2H- indazole (50 g, 0.26 mol) in methanol (500 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred in an autoclave under hydrogen pressure of 3.5 kg/cm² – 4.0 kg/cm² at 25°C to 30°C for 5 hours. Further, the reaction mixture was filtered through a hyflo bed, and the catalyst was washed with methanol (100 mL x 2). The filtrates were combined, and the solvent was recovered completely. «-Heptane (250 mL) and dichloromethane (50 mL) were added to the residue, and the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hour at 25°C to 30°C. The solid was collected by filtration, washed with n-heptane (50 mL x 2), and dried under vacuum at 40°C to 45 °C to afford 2,3-dimethyl-2H-indazol-6-amine as a light brown solid.

Yield: 95% w/w

Example 2b:

Raney nickel (21.25 g) was added to a suspension of 2,3-dimethyl-6-nitro-2H- indazole (85 g, 0.45 mol) in methanol (850 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred in an autoclave under hydrogen pressure of 3.5 kg/cm² – 4.0 kg/cm² at 25°C to 30°C for 5 hours. Further, the reaction mixture was filtered through a hyflo bed, and the catalyst was washed with methanol (85 mL x 3). The filtrates were combined, and the solvent was recovered up to the volume of 850 mL. The 2,3-dimethyl-2H-indazol-6-amine in methanol was used as such in the next step. Step 3: Synthesis of N-(2-chloropyrimidin-4-yl)-2,3-dimethyl-2H-indazol-6-amine

Example 3 :

Sodium bicarbonate ( 112 g, 1.34 mol) was added to a stirred solution of 2,3- dimethyl-2H-indazol-6-amine (as obtained from step 2; Examples 2a and 2b) in methanol. 2,4-Dichloropyrimidine (99.35 g, 0.67 mol) was added to the reaction mixture followed by stirring of the reaction mixture for 24 hours at 25°C to 30°C. De-ionized water (850 mL) was added to the reaction mixture followed by stirring of the reaction mixture at 25 °C to 30°C for 1 hour. The solid was filtered. The wet solid was washed with de-ionized water (170 mL x 2) to obtain a wet material. De-ionized water (850 mL) was added to the wet material to obtain a slurry, and the slurry was stirred at 25°C to 30°C for 30 minutes. The solid was filtered, then washed with de-ionized water (170 mL x 2). The wet material obtained was treated with ethyl acetate (340 mL) to obtain a slurry. The slurry was stirred at 35°C to 40°C for 30 minutes and then cooled to 0°C to 5°C. The slurry was further stirred at 0°C to 5°C for 30 minutes. The solid was collected by filtration, then washed with cold ethyl acetate (170 mL x 2). The solid was dried in an air oven at 50°C for 16 hours to afford N-(2-chloropyrimidin-4-yl)-2,3 -dimethyl -2H-indazol-6-amine as an off- white solid.

Yield: 86.7% w/w

Step 4: Synthesis of pazopanib hydrochloride

Example 4a: Synthesis of N-(2-Chloropyrimidin-4-yl)-N.2.3-trimethyl-2H-indazol-6- amine

Cesium carbonate (238 g, 0.73 mol) and iodomethane (57 g, 0.40 mol) were added to a stirred suspension of N-(2-chloropyrimidin-4-yl)-2,3-dimethyl-2H-indazol-6-amine (lOOg, 0.37 mol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (300 mL) at 25°C to 30°C. The reaction mixture was further stirred at 25 °C to 30°C for 6 hours followed by cooling of the reaction mixture to 0°C to 5°C. De-ionized water (300 mL) was added drop-wise to the reaction mixture, then the reaction mixture was stirred at 5°C to 10°C for 30 minutes. The solid was collected by filtration, and washed with de-ionized water (100 mL x 2). The wet material so obtained was dried in an air oven at 50°C for 12 hours to obtain the title compound.

Yield: 90.4% w/w Example 4b: Synthesis of pazopanib hydrochloride

To a suspension of N-(2-chloropyrimidin-4-yl)-N-2,3-trimethyl-2H-indazol-6- amine (90 g, 0.312 mol) and 5-amino-2-methyl benzene sulfonamide (64.07 g, 0.344 mol) in isopropyl alcohol (900 mL) was added 4M hydrochloric acid solution in isopropyl alcohol (1.56 mL, 6.25 mol). The reaction mixture was heated to reflux temperature for 10 hours to 12 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to 25°C. The reaction mixture was further stirred at 25°C to 30°C for 30 minutes, then the solid was filtered. The wet solid was washed with isopropyl alcohol (180 mL x 2), and then dried under vacuum at 45 °C to 50°C for 12 hours to afford the hydrochloride salt of 5-({4-[(2,3-dimethyl-21-I-indazol-6- yl)(methyl) amino] pyrimidin-2-yl} amino-Z-methylbenzene sulfonamide as a light brown solid.

Yield: 97% w/w

PATENT

https://www.google.com/patents/CN104557881A?cl=en

pazopanib hydrochloride monohydrate prepared:

(1) chemical reaction formula

(2) Operation process

In the reaction flask pazopanib hydrochloride crude 100g, 700ml of acetonitrile was added under stirring and purified water 200ml, feeding is completed, begin heating to 75~80 ° C, until clear solvent filtration system, slowly dropped 10~20 ° C, keep stirring lh, filtered, and the filter cake washed with purified water and acetonitrile respectively, drained and the filter cake was dried at 60 ° C blast 5h, have pazopanib hydrochloride monohydrate solid 84g, yield 80.9%. For example, crystalline form pazopanib hydrochloride prepared the following examples.

pazopanib hydrochloride polymorph of preparation:

Example 1:

In the reaction flask pazopanib hydrochloride monohydrate 8. 0g, ethanol 50ml and purified water 0.Iml (the volume of water accounted for a mixed solution of 2% of the total volume of the square, ethanol – water mixture total volume was 6.26 times pazopanib hydrochloride monohydrate quality), heated to 75 ° C, stirred at reflux for about 5h, after cooling to 10~20 ° C, keep stirring lh, the filter cake washed with ethanol, then blast drying at 105 ° C 5h, to obtain ultrafine powder solid 6. 8g, yield of 81. 9%, HPLC purity was 99.8%, as measured crystal X- ray powder diffraction pattern of FIG. 1 the basic consistent, as measured with a DSC thermogram consistent FIG. 2, the particle size distribution measurement is basically the same as Fig 3 (D90 <10ym).

CLIP

Pazopanib is a highly bio-available, multi- tyrosine kinase inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-l, -2, -3, platelet-derived factor receptor (PDGFR) -α, -β, cytokine receptor (cKit), interleukin-2 receptor inducible T-cell kinase (Itk), leukocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (Lck), and transmembrane glycoprotein receptor tyrosine kinase (c-Fms). Pazopanib was recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma; thus adding to the other FDA-approved VEGF pathway inhibitors, sunitinib, bevacizumab (in combination with interferon) and sorafinib for this same indication.

Processes by which pazopanib and its intermediates can be synthesized have been described in US Patent No. 7,105,530 as well as in the published PCT application WO03/106416.

U.S. patent no. 7,105,530 disclosed pyrimidineamines and their derivatives thereof. These compounds are antineoplastic agents, and are useful in the treatment of various cancers and renal cell carcinoma. Among them pazopanib hydrochloride, chemically 5-[4-[N-(2,3-Dimethyl-2H-indazol-6-yl)-N-methylamino]pyrimidin-2- ylamino]-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide hydrochloride. Pazopanib hydrochloride is represented by the following structure:
Pazopanib hydrochloride is a potent and selective multi-targeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor of VEGFR (Vascular endothelial growth factor receptors)- 1, VEGFR-2, VEGFR-3, PDGFR (Platelet-derived growth factor receptors )-a/p, and c-kit that blocks tumor growth and inhibits angiogenesis. It has been approved for renal cell carcinoma by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Pazopanib hydrochloride may also be active in ovarian cancer and soft tissue sarcoma. Pazopanib hydrochloride also appears effective in the treatment of non-small cell lung carcinoma. Pazopanib hydrochloride is marketed under the brand name Votrient® by Glaxosmithkline in the form of tablet.

Processes for the preparation of pazopanib hydrochloride and related compounds were disclosed in U.S. patent no. 7,105,530 and U.S. patent no. 7,262,203.

According to U.S. patent no. 7,105,530, pazopanib hydrochloride can be prepared by reacting the N-(2-chloropyrimidin-4-yl)-N,2,3-trimethyl-2H-indazol-6-amine with 5- amino-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide in the presence of hydrochloric acid in isopropanol and ether.

U.S. patent application publication no. 2006/0252943 disclosed a process for the preparation of pazopanib hydrochloride. According to this patent, pazopanib hydrochloride can be prepared by reacting the N-(2-chloropyrimidin-4-yl)-N,2,3- trimethyl-2H-indazol-6-amine with 5-amino-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide in the presence of hydrochloric acid in ethanol or methanol or tetrahydrofuran or acetonitrile and dioxane.

Drugs of the Future, 2006, 31 (7): 585-589
WO0306416

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An overview of the key routes to the best selling 5-membered ring heterocyclic pharmaceuticals

Marcus Baumann

, Ian R. Baxendale

, Steven V. Ley

and Nikzad Nikbin

Innovative Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW Cambridge, UK

Corresponding author email

Editor-in-Chief: J. Clayden

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 442–495.

Pazopanib (246, Votrient) is a new potent multi-target tyrosine kinase inhibitor for various human cancer cell lines. Pazopanib is considered a promising replacement treatment to imatinib and sunitinib and was approved for renal cell carcinoma by the FDA in late 2009. The indazole system is built up via diazotisation and spontaneous cyclisation of 2-ethyl-5-nitroaniline (247) using tert-butyl nitrite. The resulting indazole structure 249 can be methylated entirely regioselectively with either Meerwein’s salt, trimethyl orthoformate or dimethyl sulfate. A tin-mediated reduction of the nitro group unmasks the aniline which undergoes nucleophilic aromatic substitution to introduce the pyrimidine system with the formation of 253. Methylation of the secondary amine function with methyl iodide prior to a second S_NAr reaction with a sulfonamide-derived aniline affords pazopanib .

Synthesis of pazopanib.

Pandite, A. N.; Whitehead, B. F.; Ho, P. T. C.; Suttle, A. B. Cancer Treatment Method. WO Patent 2007/064753, June 7, 2007.
Harris, P. A.; Boloor, A.; Cheung, M.; Kumar, R.; Crosby, R. M.; Davis-Ward, R. G.; Epperly, A. H.; Hinkle, K. W.; Hunter, R. N., III; Johnson, J. H.; Knick, V. B.; Laudeman, C. P.; Luttrell, D. K.; Mook, R. A.; Nolte, R. T.; Rudolph, S. K.; Szewczyk, J. R.; Truesdale, A. T.; Veal, J. M.; Wang, L.; Stafford, J. A. J. Med. Chem.2008,51,4632–4640. doi:10.1021/jm800566m

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Pazopanib hydrochloride (Votrient)
Pazopanib is a potent and selective multi-targeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor of VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, VEGFR-3, PDGFR-a/b, and c-kit that blocks tumor growth and inhibits angiogenesis. It was approved for renal cell carcinoma by the U.S. Food
and Drug Administration in 2009 and is marketed under the trade name Votrient by the drug’s manufacturer, GlaxoSmithKline. The
synthesis of pazopanib begins with methylation of 3-methyl-6-nitroindazole (82) with trimethyl orthoformate in the presence of BF3OEt to give indazole 83 in 65% yield (Scheme 14).65 Reduction of the nitro group was achieved via transfer hydrogenation to give 84 in 97% yield, and this was followed by coupling the aniline with 2,4-dichloropyrimidine in a THF-ethanol mixture at elevated
temperature to provide diarylamine 85 in 90% yield. The aniline nitrogen was then methylated using methyl iodide to give 86 in
83% yield prior to coupling with 5-amino-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide (87) and salt formation using an alcoholic solution of
HCl to furnish pazopanib hydrochloride (XIV) in 81% yield.

FDA Orange Book Patents

FDA Orange Book Patents: 1 of 3
Patent	7262203
Expiration	Dec 19, 2021
Applicant	NOVARTIS PHARMS CORP
Drug Application	N022465 (Discontinued Drug: VOTRIENT. Ingredients: PAZOPANIB HYDROCHLORIDE) N022465 (Prescription Drug: VOTRIENT. Ingredients: PAZOPANIB HYDROCHLORIDE)

FDA Orange Book Patents: 2 of 3
Patent	8114885
Expiration	Dec 19, 2021
Applicant	NOVARTIS PHARMS CORP
Drug Application	N022465 (Discontinued Drug: VOTRIENT. Ingredients: PAZOPANIB HYDROCHLORIDE) N022465 (Prescription Drug: VOTRIENT. Ingredients: PAZOPANIB HYDROCHLORIDE)

FDA Orange Book Patents: 3 of 3
Patent	7105530
Expiration	Oct 19, 2023
Applicant	NOVARTIS PHARMS CORP
Drug Application	N022465 (Discontinued Drug: VOTRIENT. Ingredients: PAZOPANIB HYDROCHLORIDE) N022465 (Prescription Drug: VOTRIENT. Ingredients: PAZOPANIB HYDROCHLORIDE)

VOTRIENT (pazopanib) is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI). Pazopanib is presented as the hydrochloride salt, with the chemical name 5-[[4-[(2,3-dimethyl-2H-indazol-6- yl)methylamino]-2-pyrimidinyl]amino]-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide monohydrochloride. It has the molecular formula C₂₁H₂₃N₇O₂S•HCl and a molecular weight of 473.99. Pazopanib hydrochloride has the following chemical structure:

VOTRIENT (pazopanib) Structural Formula Illustration

Pazopanib hydrochloride is a white to slightly yellow solid. It is very slightly soluble at pH 1 and practically insoluble above pH 4 in aqueous media.

Tablets of VOTRIENT are for oral administration. Each 200 mg tablet of VOTRIENT contains 216.7 mg of pazopanib hydrochloride, equivalent to 200 mg of pazopanib free base. The inactive ingredients of VOTRIENT are:Tablet Core: Magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, povidone, sodium starch glycolate. Coating: Gray film-coat: Hypromellose, iron oxide black, macrogol/polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400), polysorbate 80, titanium dioxide.

FierceBiotech. 2008-09-15. Retrieved 2010-08-10.

Country	Patent Number	Approved	Expires (estimated)
United States	7105530	2009-10-19	2023-10-19
United States	7262203	2009-10-19	2021-12-19
United States	8114885	2009-10-19	2021-12-19

JUNE 4 2013 old article cut paste

GlaxoSmithKline’s (GSK) Votrient (pazopanib) has met the primary objective of a statistically significant improvement in the time to disease progression or death that is the progression-free survival (PFS) against placebo in Phase III ovarian cancer..

http://clinicaltrials.pharmaceutical-business-review.com/news/gsks-votrient-meets-primary-objective-in-phase-iii-ovarian-cancer-trial-030613

Pazopanib shrinks lung cancers before surgery

Formulation

https://www.google.co.in/patents/US20140255505

Pazopanib is an angiogenesis inhibitor targeting vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFR)-1, -2, and -3, platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFR)-α/-β, and c-Kit. The hydrochloride salt of pazopanib (5-[[4-[(2,3-dimethyl-2H-indazol-6-yl)methylamino]-2-pyrimidinyl]amino]-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide) is marketed by GlaxoSmithKline as Votrient®, which is approved in the United States and other countries for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC).

Votrient® is currently prescribed to adults in the form of 200 mg tablets for oral administration, with each 200 mg tablet containing an amount of pazopanib hydrochloride equivalent to 200 mg of pazopanib free base.

Though the current tablets are acceptable of use in adults, the tablets are not preferred for use in potential future use for administering pazopanib to children. In pediatric populations, it is often desired that drug be available as a powder for reconstitution to an oral suspension. Manufacture of such a powder requires dry blending of various excipients with the active substance to provide good flow properties and content uniformity of the powder blend.

Several additional challenges exist concerning the use of pazopanib in a pediatric formulation. For instance, the nature of the drug substance favors conversion from the hydrochloride salt to the free base and hydrate forms in an aqueous environment such that standard formulations fail to provide adequate suspension stability at long term storage conditions of 25° C./65% RH or room temperature. Further, the drug has been found to have a bitter taste and, therefore, taste masking is critical.It is desired to invent a pediatric formulation of pazopanib hydrochloride suitable for administration to a pediatric population

References

“Votrient (pazopanib) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more”. Medscape Reference. WebMD. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
“VOTRIENT (pazopanib hydrochloride) tablet, film coated [GlaxoSmithKline LLC]”(PDF). DailyMed. GlaxoSmithKline LLC. November 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
“Votrient : EPAR – Product Information” (PDF). European Medicines Agency. Glaxo Group Ltd. 23 January 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
“Votrient 200 mg and 400 mg film coated tablets – Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC)”. electronic Medicines Compendium. GlaxoSmithKline UK. 20 December 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
“PRODUCT INFORMATION VOTRIENT® TABLETS” (PDF). TGA eBusiness Services. GlaxoSmithKline Australia Pty Ltd. 25 March 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
“Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) – Pazopanib”. Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme. Australian Government. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
“Pazopanib – Online Pharmaceutical Schedule”. Pharmaceutical Management Agency. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
^ “Pazopanib shows encouraging activity in several tumour types, including soft tissue sarcoma and ovarian cancer”. FierceBiotech. 2008-09-15. Retrieved 2010-08-10.
“GSK pulls bid to extend use of kidney drug to ovarian cancer”. Reuters. 31 March 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
“Regulatory update: Votrient (pazopanib) as maintenance therapy for advanced ovarian cancer in the EU”. GlaxoSmithKline. 31 March 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
Zivi, A; Cerbone, L; Recine, F; Sternberg, CN (September 2012). “Safety and tolerability of pazopanib in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma”. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety. 11 (5): 851–859. doi:10.1517/14740338.2012.712108. PMID 22861374.
Khurana V, Minocha M, Pal D, Mitra AK (March 2014). “Role of OATP-1B1 and/or OATP-1B3 in hepatic disposition of tyrosine kinase inhibitors.”. Drug Metabol Drug Interact. 0 (0): 1–11. doi:10.1515/dmdi-2013-0062. PMID 24643910.
Khurana V, Minocha M, Pal D, Mitra AK (May 2014). “Inhibition of OATP-1B1 and OATP-1B3 by tyrosine kinase inhibitors.”. Drug Metabol Drug Interact. 0 (0): 1–11.doi:10.1515/dmdi-2014-0014. PMID 24807167.
Verweij, J; Sleijfer, S (May 2013). “Pazopanib, a new therapy for metastatic soft tissue sarcoma”. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 14 (7): 929–935.doi:10.1517/14656566.2013.780030. PMID 23488774.
Schöffski, P (June 2012). “Pazopanib in the treatment of soft tissue sarcoma”. Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy. 12 (6): 711–723. doi:10.1586/era.12.41.PMID 22716487.
Pick, AM; Nystrom, KK (March 2012). “Pazopanib for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma”. Clinical Therapeutics. 34 (3): 511–520.doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2012.01.014. PMID 22341567.
Rimel, BJ (April 2015). “Antiangiogenesis agents in ovarian cancer”. Contemporary Oncology. 7 (2): 16–19. PMID 21638926.

WO2003106416A2 *	Jun 17, 2003	Dec 24, 2003	Smithkline Beecham Corporation	Chemical process
WO2005054212A2 *	Nov 26, 2004	Jun 16, 2005	Ciba Specialty Chemicals Holding Inc.	Electroluminescent device
WO2007064752A2	Nov 29, 2006	Jun 7, 2007	Smithkline Beecham Corporation	Treatment of ocular neovascular disorders such as macular degeneration, angiod streaks, uveitis and macular edema
WO2011069053A1	Dec 3, 2010	Jun 9, 2011	Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.	Process for the preparation of pazopanip hcl and crystalline forms of pazopanib hcl
WO2012051659A1 *	Oct 20, 2011	Apr 26, 2012	Biota Scientific Management Pty Ltd	Viral polymerase inhibitors
US7105530	Dec 19, 2001	Sep 12, 2006	Smithkline Beecham Corporation	Pyrimidineamines as angiogenesis modulators

Reference
1	*	DAVIES R R: “Indazole derivatives: the synthesis of various amino- and hydroxy-indazoles and derived sulphonic acids“, JOURNAL OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY, CHEMICAL SOCIETY, LETCHWORTH; GB, 1 January 1955 (1955-01-01), pages 2412-2423, XP009176650, ISSN: 0368-1769, DOI: 10.1039/JR9550002412

US20060252943 *	Jun 17, 2003	Nov 9, 2006	Amogh Boloor	Chemical process
US20080269170 *	Jan 9, 2008	Oct 30, 2008	Sanofi-Aventis	Novel 2,4-Dianilinopyrimidine Derivatives, the Preparation Thereof, Their Use as Medicaments, Pharmaceutical Compositions and, in Particular, as IKK Inhibitors

Reference
1	*	LUO G. ET AL.: “Microwave-assisted synthesis of aminopyrimidines“, TETRAHEDRON LETTERS, vol. 43, no. 33, 2002, pages 5739 – 5742, XP004372432
2	*	See also references of EP2646431A4

Citing Patent	Filing date	Publication date	Applicant	Title
WO2014085373A1 *	Nov 26, 2013	Jun 5, 2014	Glaxosmithkline Llc	Combination
CN103232443A *	Feb 1, 2013	Aug 7, 2013	天津药物研究院	Indazole derivative crystal and its preparation method and use
CN104557881A *	Dec 30, 2014	Apr 29, 2015	山东博迈康药物研究有限公司	Preparation method of pazopanib hydrochloride crystal form

Boloor, A.; et. al. Pyrimidineamines as angiogenesis modulators. US7105530B2

2. Boloor, A.; Harris, P. A.; et. al. Discovery of 5-[[4-[(2,3-Dimethyl-2H-indazol-6-yl)methylamino]-2-pyrimidinyl]amino]-2-methyl-benzenesulfonamide (Pazopanib), a Novel and Potent Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitor. J Med Chem 2008, 51(15), 4632–4640.

3. Bhanushali, D. S.; et. al. Compositions and processes. WO2011050159A1

4. Boloor, A.; et. al. Chemical Process. WO2003106416A2

5. Pandite, A. M.; et. al. Cancer treatment method. WO2007064753A2

European Medicines Agency, “CHMP assessment report: Votrient“, pages 1, 5, 6 (2010).

http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2009/022465s000_ChemR.pdf

Pazopanib
Systematic (IUPAC) name


5-[[4-[(2,3-Dimethyl-2H-indazol-6-yl)methylamino]-2-pyrimidinyl]amino]-2-methylbenzolsulfonamide
Clinical data
Trade names	Votrient
AHFS/Drugs.com	Monograph
MedlinePlus	a610013
License data	EU EMA: Votrient US FDA: Pazopanib
Pregnancy category	AU: D US: D (Evidence of risk)
Routes of administration	Oral
Legal status
Legal status	AU: S4 (Prescription only) CA: ℞-only UK: POM (Prescription only) US: ℞-only
Pharmacokinetic data
Protein binding	>99%^[1]
Metabolism	Hepatic (CYP3A4, 1A2 and2C8-mediated)^[1]
Biological half-life	31.9 hours^[1]
Excretion	Faeces (primary), urine (<4%)^[1]
Identifiers
CAS Number	444731-52-6
ATC code	L01XE11 (WHO)
PubChem	CID 11525740
ChemSpider	9700526
UNII	7RN5DR86CK
ChEMBL	CHEMBL477772
Chemical data
Formula	C₂₁H₂₃N₇O₂S
Molar mass	437.517 g/mol

////////////PAZOPANIB, GW786034, Votrient, Armala, GW 786034, GW-786034, GW786034GW786034, VOTRIENT, Pazopanib hydrochloride, FDA 2009, Antineoplastic, Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors, Protein Kinase Inhibitors, Renal Cell Carcinoma Therpay, Soft Tissue Sarcoma Therapy, パゾパニブ塩酸塩 , Пазопаниба Гидрохлорид

O=S(=O)(N)c1c(ccc(c1)Nc2nccc(n2)N(c4ccc3c(nn(c3C)C)c4)C)C

Older Entries Newer Entries

WO2010011812A1 *	Jul 23, 2009	Jan 28, 2010	Smithkline Beecham Corporation	Chemical compounds
WO2010011819A1 *	Jul 23, 2009	Jan 28, 2010	Smithkline Beecham Corporation	Chemical compounds

AUTHOR OF THIS BLOG

Synthesis of a Precursor to Sacubitril Using Enabling Technologies

Side Effects

Synthesis

Patent

PATENT

PATENT

J. Braz. Chem. Soc. vol.25 no.12 São Paulo Dec. 2014

http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/0103-5053.20140255

References

External links

J. Braz. Chem. Soc. vol.25 no.12 São Paulo Dec. 2014

http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/0103-5053.20140255

Dolutegravir

CLIP

Carbamoyl Pyridone HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitors 3. A Diastereomeric Approach to Chiral Nonracemic Tricyclic Ring Systems and the Discovery of Dolutegravir (S/GSK1349572) and (S/GSK1265744)

Dolutegravir

DRUG DEVELOPMENT SCIENCE – AAMC’S MEMBER PROFILE

DESCRIPTION

Miconazole

Miconazole Nitrate

2D [1H,1H]-TOCSY BELOW

1D DEPT90

1D DEPT135

2D [1H,13C]-HSQC

2D [1H,13C]-HMBC

2D [1H,1H]-COSY

2D [1H,13C]-HMQC

References

External links

Medical

Photographic

amcrasto@gmail.com

Medical uses

Cholesterol Biosynthetic Pathway

The HMG CoA reductase reaction

UV LOVASTATIN

The structure was confirmed by IR spectroscopy (Fig.1), mass spectroscopy (Fig. 2), NMR (Fig. 3) and UV spectroscopy (Fig. 4).

References

Pazopanib Hydrochloride

Medical uses

Assessment of Predictivity of Semiquantitative Risk Assessment Tool: Pazopanib Hydrochloride Genotoxic Impurities

Abstract

Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel pazopanib derivatives as antitumor agents

Abstract

A Novel Practical Synthesis of Pazopanib: An Anticancer Drug

Abstract:

FDA Orange Book Patents

Formulation

References