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Indigo

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Indigo dye - Wikipedia

INDIGO

File:Indigo Synthesis from Cinnamic Acid.svg - Wikimedia Commons

Baeyer–Drewson indigo synthesis - Wikipedia

Solved: Synthesis Of Indigo + 2 +2 CH3COOH Acetone O-nitro... | Chegg.com

Solved: 0 ??? ?? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Figure 6.3: Baeyer-Drewso... | Chegg.com

chemistry of dyes

Part:BBa K3633010 - parts.igem.org

Biosynthesis of indigo in Escherichia coli expressing self-sufficient  CYP102A from Streptomyces cattleya - ScienceDirect

Principles of Organic Synthesis in Pure Water - ppt download

Indigo dye is an organic compound with a distinctive blue color. Historically, indigo was a natural dye extracted from the leaves of some plants of the Indigofera genus, in particular Indigofera tinctoria; dye wielding Indigofera plants were commonly grown and used throughout the world, in Asia in particular, as an important crop, with the production of indigo dyestuff economically important due to the previous rarity of some blue dyestuffs historically.[1]

Most indigo dye produced today is synthetic, constituting several thousand tons each year. It is most commonly associated with the production of denim cloth and blue jeans, where its properties allow for effects such as stone washing and acid washing to be applied quickly.

Uses

Indigo dye

The primary use for indigo is as a dye for cotton yarn, mainly used in the production of denim cloth suitable for blue jeans; on average, a pair of blue jeans requires just 3 grams (0.11 oz) – 12 grams (0.42 oz) of dye to produce. Smaller quantities are used in the dyeing of wool and silk.

Indigo carmine, also known as indigo, is an indigo derivative which is also used as a colorant. About 20 thousand tons are produced annually, again mainly for the production of blue jeans.[1] It is also used as a food colorant, and is listed in the United States as FD&C Blue No. 2.

Sources

Natural sources

A variety of plants have provided indigo throughout history, but most natural indigo was obtained from those in the genus Indigofera, which are native to the tropics, notably the Indian subcontinent. The primary commercial indigo species in Asia was true indigo (Indigofera tinctoria, also known as I. sumatrana). A common alternative used in the relatively colder subtropical locations such as Japan’s Ryukyu Islands and Taiwan is Strobilanthes cusia.

Until the introduction of Indigofera species from the south, Polygonum tinctorum (Dyer’s knotweed) was the most important blue dyestuff in East Asia; however, the crop produced less dyestuff than the average crop of indigo, and was quickly surpassed in terms of favour for the more economical Indigofera tinctoria plant. In Central and South America, the species grown is Indigofera suffruticosa, also known as anil. In Europe, Isatis tinctoria, commonly known as woad, was used for dyeing fabrics blue, containing the same dyeing compounds as indigo, also referred to as indigo.

Several plants contain indigo, which, when exposed to an oxidising source such as atmospheric oxygen, reacts to produce indigo dye; however, the relatively low concentrations of indigo in these plants make them difficult to work with, with the color more easily tainted by other dye substances also present in these plants, typically leading to a greenish tinge.

The precursor to indigo is indican, a colorless, water-soluble derivative of the amino acid tryptophan. Indican readily hydrolyzes to release β-D-glucose and indoxylOxidation by exposure to air converts indoxyl to indigotin, the insoluble blue chemical that is the endpoint of indigo dye. Indican was obtained from the processing of the plant’s leaves, which contain as much as 0.2–0.8% of this compound. The leaves were soaked in water and fermented to convert the glycoside indican present in the plant to the blue dye indigotin.[2] They precipitate from the fermented leaf solution when mixed with a strong base[3] such as lye, pressed into cakes, dried, and powdered. The powder was then mixed with various other substances to produce different shades of blue and purple.

Natural sources of indigo also include mollusks; the Murex sea snail produces a mixture of indigo and 6,6′-dibromoindigo (red), which together produce a range of purple hues known as Tyrian purple. Light exposure during part of the dyeing process can convert the dibromoindigo into indigo, resulting in blue hues known as royal blue, hyacinth purple, or tekhelet.

Chemical synthesis

Heumann’s synthesis of indigo
Pfleger’s synthesis of indigo

Given its economic importance, indigo has been prepared by many methods. The Baeyer-Drewson indigo synthesis dates back to 1882. It involves an aldol condensation of o-nitrobenzaldehyde with acetone, followed by cyclization and oxidative dimerization to indigo. This route is highly useful for obtaining indigo and many of its derivatives on the laboratory scale, but proved impractical for industrial-scale synthesis. Johannes Pfleger[4] and Karl Heumann (de) eventually came up with industrial mass production synthesis.[5]

The first commercially practical route of producing indigo is credited to Pfleger in 1901. In this process, N-phenylglycine is treated with a molten mixture of sodium hydroxidepotassium hydroxide, and sodamide. This highly sensitive melt produces indoxyl, which is subsequently oxidized in air to form indigo. Variations of this method are still in use today. An alternative and also viable route to indigo is credited to Heumann in 1897. It involves heating N-(2-carboxyphenyl)glycine to 200 °C (392 °F) in an inert atmosphere with sodium hydroxide. The process is easier than the Pfleger method, but the precursors are more expensive. Indoxyl-2-carboxylic acid is generated. This material readily decarboxylates to give indoxyl, which oxidizes in air to form indigo.[1] The preparation of indigo dye is practised in college laboratory classes according to the original Baeyer-Drewsen route.[6]

History of indigo

Indigo, historical dye collection of the Technical University of Dresden, Germany

The oldest known fabric dyed indigo, dated to 6,000 years ago, was discovered in Huaca Prieta, Peru.[7] Many Asian countries, such as India, Japan, and Southeast Asian nations have used indigo as a dye (particularly silk dye) for centuries. The dye was also known to ancient civilizations in MesopotamiaEgyptBritainMesoamericaPeruIran, and West Africa. Indigo was also cultivated in India, which was also the earliest major center for its production and processing.[8] The I. tinctoria species was domesticated in India.[8] Indigo, used as a dye, made its way to the Greeks and the Romans, where it was valued as a luxury product.[8]

India was a primary supplier of indigo to Europe as early as the Greco-Roman era. The association of India with indigo is reflected in the Greek word for the dye, indikón (Ἰνδικόν, Indian).[9] The Romans latinized the term to indicum, which passed into Italian dialect and eventually into English as the word indigo.

Cake of indigo, about 2 cm

In Mesopotamia, a neo-Babylonian cuneiform tablet of the seventh century BC gives a recipe for the dyeing of wool, where lapis-colored wool (uqnatu) is produced by repeated immersion and airing of the cloth.[9] Indigo was most probably imported from India. The Romans used indigo as a pigment for painting and for medicinal and cosmetic purposes. It was a luxury item imported to the Mediterranean from India by Arab merchants.

Indigo remained a rare commodity in Europe throughout the Middle Ages. A chemically identical dye derived from the woad plant (Isatis tinctoria) was used instead. In the late 15th century, the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama discovered a sea route to India. This led to the establishment of direct trade with India, the Spice Islands, China, and Japan. Importers could now avoid the heavy duties imposed by PersianLevantine, and Greek middlemen and the lengthy and dangerous land routes which had previously been used. Consequently, the importation and use of indigo in Europe rose significantly. Much European indigo from Asia arrived through ports in Portugal, the Netherlands, and England. Many indigo plantations were established by European powers in tropical climates. Spain imported the dye from its colonies in Central and South America, and it was a major crop in Haiti and Jamaica, with much or all of the labor performed by enslaved Africans and African Americans. In the Spanish colonial era, intensive production of indigo for the world market in the region of modern El Salvador entailed such unhealthy conditions that the local indigenous population, forced to labor in pestilential conditions, was decimated.[10] Indigo plantations also thrived in the Virgin Islands. However, France and Germany outlawed imported indigo in the 16th century to protect the local woad dye industry.

Man wearing an indigo-dyed tagelmust

Indigo was the foundation of centuries-old textile traditions throughout West Africa. From the Tuareg nomads of the Sahara to Cameroon, clothes dyed with indigo signified wealth. Women dyed the cloth in most areas, with the Yoruba of Nigeria and the Mandinka of Mali particularly well known for their expertise. Among the Hausa male dyers, working at communal dye pits was the basis of the wealth of the ancient city of Kano, and they can still be seen plying their trade today at the same pits.[11]

In Japan, indigo became especially important during the Edo period. This was due to a growing textiles industry,[12] and because commoners had been banned from wearing silk,[13] leading to the increasing cultivation of cotton, and consequently indigo – one of the few substances that could dye it.[14]

Newton used “indigo” to describe one of the two new primary colors he added to the five he had originally named, in his revised account of the rainbow in Lectiones Opticae of 1675.[15]

In North America indigo was introduced into colonial South Carolina by Eliza Lucas, where it became the colony’s second-most important cash crop (after rice).[16] As a major export crop, indigo supported plantation slavery there.[17] In the May and June 1755 issues of The Gentleman’s Magazine there appeared a detailed account of the cultivation of indigo, accompanied by drawings of necessary equipment and a prospective budget for starting such an operation, authored by South Carolina planter Charles Woodmason. It later appeared as a book. [18] [19] By 1775, indigo production in South Carolina exceeded 1,222,000 pounds. [20] When Benjamin Franklin sailed to France in November 1776 to enlist France’s support for the American Revolutionary War, 35 barrels of indigo were on board the Reprisal, the sale of which would help fund the war effort.[21] In colonial North America, three commercially important species are found: the native I. caroliniana, and the introduced I. tinctoria and I. suffruticosa.[22]

Because of its high value as a trading commodity, indigo was often referred to as blue gold.[23]

Peasants in Bengal revolted against unfair treatment by the East India Company traders/planters in what became known as the Indigo revolt in 1859, during the British Raj of India. The play Nil Darpan by Dinabandhu Mitra is based on the slavery and forced cultivation of indigo.

The demand for indigo in the 19th century is indicated by the fact that in 1897, 7,000 km2 (2,700 sq mi) were dedicated to the cultivation of indican-producing plants, mainly in India. By comparison, the country of Luxembourg is 2,586 km2 (998 sq mi).[1]

Synthetic development

Production of Indigo dye in a BASF plant (1890)

In 1865 the German chemist Adolf von Baeyer began working on the synthesis of indigo. He described his first synthesis of indigo in 1878 (from isatin) and a second synthesis in 1880 (from 2-nitrobenzaldehyde). (It was not until 1883 that Baeyer finally determined the structure of indigo.[24]) The synthesis of indigo remained impractical, so the search for alternative starting materials at Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik (BASF) and Hoechst continued. Johannes Pfleger[4] and Karl Heumann eventually came up with industrial mass production synthesis.[5]

The synthesis of N-(2-carboxyphenyl)glycine from the easy to obtain aniline provided a new and economically attractive route. BASF developed a commercially feasible manufacturing process that was in use by 1897, at which time 19,000 tons of indigo were being produced from plant sources. This had dropped to 1,000 tons by 1914 and continued to contract. By 2011 50,000 tons of synthetic indigo were being produced worldwide.[25]

Dyeing technology

Indigo white (leuco-indigo)

Yarn dyed with indigo dye

Indigo white

Indigo is a challenging dye because it is not soluble in water. To be dissolved, it must undergo a chemical change (reduction). Reduction converts indigo into “white indigo” (leuco-indigo). When a submerged fabric is removed from the dyebath, the white indigo quickly combines with oxygen in the air and reverts to the insoluble, intensely colored indigo. When it first became widely available in Europe in the 16th century, European dyers and printers struggled with indigo because of this distinctive property. It also required several chemical manipulations, some involving toxic materials, and had many opportunities to injure workers. In the 19th century, English poet William Wordsworth referred to the plight of indigo dye workers of his hometown of Cockermouth in his autobiographical poem The Prelude. Speaking of their dire working conditions and the empathy that he felt for them, he wrote:

Doubtless, I should have then made common cause
With some who perished; haply perished too
A poor mistaken and bewildered offering
Unknown to those bare souls of miller blue

A pre-industrial process for production of indigo white, used in Europe, was to dissolve the indigo in stale urine, which contains ammonia. A more convenient reductive agent is zinc. Another pre-industrial method, used in Japan, was to dissolve the indigo in a heated vat in which a culture of thermophilicanaerobic bacteria was maintained. Some species of such bacteria generate hydrogen as a metabolic product, which convert insoluble indigo into soluble indigo white. Cloth dyed in such a vat was decorated with the techniques of shibori (tie-dye), kasurikatazome, and tsutsugaki. Examples of clothing and banners dyed with these techniques can be seen in the works of Hokusai and other artists.

Direct printing

Two different methods for the direct application of indigo were developed in England in the 18th century and remained in use well into the 19th century. The first method, known as ‘pencil blue’ because it was most often applied by pencil or brush, could be used to achieve dark hues. Arsenic trisulfide and a thickener were added to the indigo vat. The arsenic compound delayed the oxidation of the indigo long enough to paint the dye onto fabrics.

Pot of freeze-dried indigo dye

The second method was known as ‘China blue’ due to its resemblance to Chinese blue-and-white porcelain. Instead of using an indigo solution directly, the process involved printing the insoluble form of indigo onto the fabric. The indigo was then reduced in a sequence of baths of iron(II) sulfate, with air-oxidation between each immersion. The China blue process could make sharp designs, but it could not produce the dark hues possible with the pencil blue method.

Around 1880, the ‘glucose process’ was developed. It finally enabled the direct printing of indigo onto fabric and could produce inexpensive dark indigo prints unattainable with the China blue method.

Since 2004, freeze-dried indigo, or instant indigo, has become available. In this method, the indigo has already been reduced, and then freeze-dried into a crystal. The crystals are added to warm water to create the dye pot. As in a standard indigo dye pot, care has to be taken to avoid mixing in oxygen. Freeze-dried indigo is simple to use, and the crystals can be stored indefinitely as long as they are not exposed to moisture.[26]

Chemical properties

Indigo, space-filling

Indigo dye is a dark blue crystalline powder that sublimes at 390–392 °C (734–738 °F). It is insoluble in water, alcohol, or ether, but soluble in DMSOchloroformnitrobenzene, and concentrated sulfuric acid. The chemical formula of indigo is C16H10N2O2.

The molecule absorbs light in the orange part of the spectrum (λmax = 613 nm).[27] The compound owes its deep color to the conjugation of the double bonds, i.e. the double bonds within the molecule are adjacent and the molecule is planar. In indigo white, the conjugation is interrupted because the molecule is non-planar.

Indigo derivatives

Structure of Tyrian purple

Structure of indigo carmine.

The benzene rings in indigo can be modified to give a variety of related dyestuffs. Thioindigo, where the two NH groups are replaced by S atoms, is deep red. Tyrian purple is a dull purple dye that is secreted by a common Mediterranean snail. It was highly prized in antiquity. In 1909, its structure was shown to be 6,6′-dibromoindigo (red). 6-bromoindigo (purple) is a component as well.[28] It has never been produced on a commercial basis. The related Ciba blue (5,7,5′,7′-tetrabromoindigo) is, however, of commercial value.

Indigo and its derivatives featuring intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonding have very low solubility in organic solvents. They can be made soluble using transient protecting groups such as the tBOC group, which suppresses intermolecular bonding.[29] Heating of the tBOC indigo results in efficient thermal deprotection and regeneration of the parent H-bonded pigment.

Treatment with sulfuric acid converts indigo into a blue-green derivative called indigo carmine (sulfonated indigo). It became available in the mid-18th century. It is used as a colorant for food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics.

Indigo as an organic semiconductor

Indigo and some of its derivatives are known to be ambipolar organic semiconductors when deposited as thin films by vacuum evaporation.[30]

Safety and the environment

Indigo has a low oral toxicity, with an LD50 of 5000 mg/kg in mammals.[1] In 2009, large spills of blue dyes had been reported downstream of a blue jeans manufacturer in Lesotho.[31]

The compound has been found to act as an agonist of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor.[32]

Indigo color water pollution in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 2005

Indigo
Lump of Indian indigo dye
Skeletal formula of indigo dye
Ball-and-stick model of the indigo dye molecule
Names
Other names

2,2′-Bis(2,3-dihydro-3- oxoindolyliden), Indigotin
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.006.898 Edit this at Wikidata
PubChem CID
RTECS number
  • DU2988400
UNII
Properties
C16H10N2O2
Molar mass 262.27 g/mol
Appearance dark blue crystalline powder
Density 1.199 g/cm3
Melting point 390 to 392 °C (734 to 738 °F; 663 to 665 K)
Boiling point decomposes
990 µg/L (at 25 °C)
Hazards
207-586-9
R-phrases (outdated) R36/37/38
S-phrases (outdated) S26S36
Related compounds
Related compounds
Indoxyl
Tyrian purple
Indican
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
check verify (what is check☒ ?)
Infobox references

References

  1. Jump up to:a b c d e Steingruber, Elmar (2004). “Indigo and Indigo Colorants”. Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a14_149.pub2.
  2. ^ Schorlemmer, Carl (1874). A Manual of the Chemistry of the Carbon compounds; or, Organic Chemistry. London. Quoted in the Oxford English Dictionary, second edition, 1989
  3. ^ “Indigo Dyeing”Coyuchi Inc. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
  4. Jump up to:a b “Johannes Pfleger – Das Evonik Geschichtsportal – Die Geschichte von Evonik Industries”history.evonik.com. Retrieved Jun 7, 2020.
  5. Jump up to:a b “The Synthesis of Indigo”. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-01-05.
  6. ^ McKee, James R.; Zanger, Murray (1991). “A microscale synthesis of indigo: Vat dyeing”. Journal of Chemical Education68 (10): A242. Bibcode:1991JChEd..68..242Mdoi:10.1021/ed068pA242.
  7. ^ Splitstoser JC, Dillehay TD, Wouters J, Claro A (2016-09-14). “Early pre-Hispanic use of indigo blue in Peru”Science Advances2 (9): e1501623. Bibcode:2016SciA….2E1623Sdoi:10.1126/sciadv.1501623PMC 5023320PMID 27652337.
  8. Jump up to:a b c Kriger & Connah, page 120
  9. Jump up to:a b St. Clair, Kassia (2016). The Secret Lives of Colour. London: John Murray. p. 189. ISBN 9781473630819OCLC 936144129.
  10. ^ Fowler, Walter (6 August 1991). The Formation of Complex Society in Southeastern Mesoamerica. CRC Press.
  11. ^ Kriger, Colleen E. & Connah, Graham (2006). Cloth in West African History. Rowman Altamira. ISBN 0-7591-0422-0.
  12. ^ Eiko Ikegami (28 February 2005). Bonds of Civility: Aesthetic Networks and the Political Origins of Japanese Culture. Cambridge University Press. p. 284. ISBN 978-0-521-60115-3.
  13. ^ John H. Sagers (20 July 2018). Confucian Capitalism: Shibusawa Eiichi, Business Ethics, and Economic Development in Meiji Japan. Springer. p. 27. ISBN 978-3-319-76372-9.
  14. ^ Trudy M. Wassenaar (3 November 2011). Bacteria: The Benign, the Bad, and the Beautiful. John Wiley & Sons. p. 105. ISBN 978-1-118-14338-4.
  15. ^ Quoted in Hentschel, Klaus (2002). Mapping the spectrum: techniques of visual representation in research and teaching. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-19-850953-0.
  16. ^ Eliza Layne Martin. “Eliza Lucas Pinckney:Indigo in the Atlantic World” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-07. Retrieved 2013-08-24.
  17. ^ Andrea Feeser, Red, White, and Black Make Blue: Indigo in the Fabric of Colonial South Carolina Life (University of Georgia Press; 2013)
  18. ^ Jones, Claude E. (1958). “Charles Woodmason as a Poet”. The South Carolina Historical Magazine59 (4): 189–194.
  19. ^ David S. Shields. Oracles of Empire: Poetry, Politics, and Commerce in British America, 1690-1750. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010), pp. 69, 249
  20. ^ Walter B. Edgar, ed. The South Carolina Encyclopedia. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 2006), p. 9.
  21. ^ Schoenbrun, David (1976). Triumph in Paris: The Exploits of Benjamin Franklin. New York: Harper & Row. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-06-013854-7.
  22. ^ David H. Rembert, Jr. (1979). “The indigo of commerce in colonial North America”. Economic Botany33 (2): 128–134. doi:10.1007/BF02858281S2CID 2488865.
  23. ^ “History of Indigo & Indigo Dyeing”wildcolours.co.uk. Wild Colours and natural Dyes. Retrieved 30 December 2015Indigo was often referred to as Blue Gold as it was an ideal trading commodity; high value, compact and long lasting
  24. ^ Adolf Baeyer (1883) “Ueber die Verbindungen der Indigogruppe” [On the compounds of the indigo group], Berichte der Deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin16 : 2188-2204 ; see especially p. 2204.
  25. ^ “Chemists go green to make better blue jeans”Nature553 (7687): 128. 2018. Bibcode:2018Natur.553..128.doi:10.1038/d41586-018-00103-8. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
  26. ^ Judith McKenzie McCuin. “Directions for Instant Indigo”. Archived from the original on 2004-11-16. Retrieved 2008-05-06.
  27. ^ Wouten, J.; Verhecken, A. (1991). “High-performance liquid chromatography of blue and purple indigoid natural dyes”. Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists107: 266–269.
  28. ^ Ramig, Keith; Lavinda, Olga; Szalda, David J.; Mironova, Irina; Karimi, Sasan; Pozzi, Federica; Shah, Nilam; Samson, Jacopo; Ajiki, Hiroko; Massa, Lou; Mantzouris, Dimitrios; Karapanagiotis, Ioannis; Cooksey, Christopher (June 2015). “The nature of thermochromic effects in dyeings with indigo, 6-bromoindigo, and 6,6′-dibromoindigo, components of Tyrian purple”. Dyes and Pigments117: 37–48. doi:10.1016/j.dyepig.2015.01.025.
  29. ^ Głowacki, Eric Daniel; Voss, Gundula; Demirak, Kadir; Havlicek, Marek; Sünger, Nevsal; et al. (2013). “A facile protection–deprotection route for obtaining indigo pigments as thin films and their applications in organic bulk heterojunctions”. Chemical Communications49 (54): 6063–6065. doi:10.1039/C3CC42889CPMID 23723050.
  30. ^ Irimia-Vladu, Mihai; Głowacki, Eric D.; Troshin, Pavel A.; Schwabegger, Günther; Leonat, Lucia; Susarova, Diana K.; Krystal, Olga; Ullah, Mujeeb; Kanbur, Yasin; Bodea, Marius A.; Razumov, Vladimir F.; Sitter, Helmut; Bauer, Siegfried; Sarıçiftçi, Niyazi Serdar (2012). “Indigo – A Natural Pigment for High Performance Ambipolar Organic Field Effect Transistors and Circuits”. Advanced Materials24 (3): 375–80. doi:10.1002/adma.201102619PMID 22109816.
  31. ^ “Gap alarm”The Sunday Times. 2009-08-09. Retrieved 2011-08-16.
  32. ^ Denison MS, Nagy SR (2003). “Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor by structurally diverse exogenous and endogenous chemicals”. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol43: 309–34. doi:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.43.100901.135828PMID 12540743.

Further reading[edit]

External links

Indigo is a deep and rich color close to the color wheel blue (a primary color in the RGB color space), as well as to some variants of ultramarine, based on the ancient dye of the same name. The word “indigo” comes from the Latin for Indian as the dye was originally exported to Europe from India.

It is traditionally regarded as a color in the visible spectrum, as well as one of the seven colors of the rainbow: the color between blue and violet; however, sources differ as to its actual position in the electromagnetic spectrum.

The first known recorded use of indigo as a color name in English was in 1289.[3]

History

Extract of natural indigo applied to paper

Indigofera tinctoria and related species were cultivated in East AsiaEgypt, India, and Peru in antiquity. The earliest direct evidence for the use of indigo dates to around 4000 BC and comes from Huaca Prieta, in contemporary Peru.[4] Pliny the Elder mentions India as the source of the dye after which it was named.[5] It was imported from there in small quantities via the Silk Road.[6]

The Ancient Greek term for the dye was Ἰνδικὸν φάρμακον (“Indian dye“), which, adopted to Latin (second declension case) as indicum or indico and via Portuguese, gave rise to the modern word indigo.[7]

Spanish explorers discovered an American species of indigo and began to cultivate the product in Guatemala. The English and French subsequently began to encourage indigo cultivation in their colonies in the West Indies.[8]

In North America, indigo was introduced by Eliza Lucas into colonial South Carolina, where it became the colony’s second-most important cash crop (after rice).[9] Before the Revolutionary War, indigo accounted for more than one-third of the value of exports from the American colonies.[10]

Blue dye can be made from two different types of plants: the indigo plant, which produces the best results, and from the woad plant Isatis tinctoria, also known as pastel.[11] For a long time, woad was the main source of blue dye in Europe. Woad was replaced by true indigo as trade routes opened up, and both plant sources have now been largely replaced by synthetic dyes.

Classification as a spectral color

Indigo is one of the colors on Newton’s color wheel.

The Early Modern English word indigo referred to the dye, not to the color (hue) itself, and indigo is not traditionally part of the basic color-naming system.[12] Modern sources place indigo in the electromagnetic spectrum between 420 and 450 nanometers,[1][13][14] which lies on the short-wave side of color wheel (RGB) blue, towards (spectral) violet.

The correspondence of this definition with colors of actual indigo dyes, though, is disputed. Optical scientists Hardy and Perrin list indigo as between 445[15] and 464 nm wavelength,[16] which occupies a spectrum segment from roughly the color wheel (RGB) blue extending to the long-wave side, towards azure.

Isaac Newton introduced indigo as one of the seven base colors of his work. In the mid-1660s, when Newton bought a pair of prisms at a fair near Cambridge, the East India Company had begun importing indigo dye into England,[17] supplanting the homegrown woad as source of blue dye. In a pivotal experiment in the history of opticsthe young Newton shone a narrow beam of sunlight through a prism to produce a rainbow-like band of colors on the wall. In describing this optical spectrum, Newton acknowledged that the spectrum had a continuum of colors, but named seven: “The originall or primary colours are Red, yellow, Green, Blew, & a violet purple; together with Orang, Indico, & an indefinite varietie of intermediate gradations.”[18] He linked the seven prismatic colors to the seven notes of a western major scale,[19] as shown in his color wheel, with orange and indigo as the semitones. Having decided upon seven colors, he asked a friend to repeatedly divide up the spectrum that was projected from the prism onto the wall:

Newton’s observation of prismatic colors: Comparing this to a color image of the visible light spectrum shows that indigo corresponds to blue, while blue corresponds to cyan.

I desired a friend to draw with a pencil lines cross the image, or pillar of colours, where every one of the seven aforenamed colours was most full and brisk, and also where he judged the truest confines of them to be, whilst I held the paper so, that the said image might fall within a certain compass marked on it. And this I did, partly because my own eyes are not very critical in distinguishing colours, partly because another, to whom I had not communicated my thoughts about this matter, could have nothing but his eyes to determine his fancy in making those marks.[20]

Traditional seven colors of the rainbow

Indigo is therefore counted as one of the traditional colors of the rainbow, the order of which is given by the mnemonics “Richard of York gave battle in vain” and Roy G. BivJames Clerk Maxwell and Hermann von Helmholtz accepted indigo as an appropriate name for the color flanking violet in the spectrum.[21]

Later scientists concluded that Newton named the colors differently from current usage.[22][23] According to Gary Waldman, “A careful reading of Newton’s work indicates that the color he called indigo, we would normally call blue; his blue is then what we would name blue-greencyan or light blue.”[24] If this is true, Newton’s seven spectral colors would have been:

Red: Orange: Yellow: Green: Blue:  Indigo: Violet: 
The human eye does not readily differentiate hues in the wavelengths between what are now called blue and violet. If this is where Newton meant indigo to lie, most individuals would have difficulty distinguishing indigo from its neighbors. According to Isaac Asimov, “It is customary to list indigo as a color lying between blue and violet, but it has never seemed to me that indigo is worth the dignity of being considered a separate color. To my eyes, it seems merely deep blue.”[25]

Modern color scientists typically divide the spectrum between violet and blue at about 450 nm, with no indigo.[26][27]

Distinction among the four major tones of indigo

Like many other colors (orangerose, and violet are the best-known), indigo gets its name from an object in the natural world—the plant named indigo once used for dyeing cloth (see also Indigo dye).

The color “electric indigo” is a bright and saturated color between the traditional indigo and violet. This is the brightest color indigo that can be approximated on a computer screen; it is a color located between the (primary) blue and the color violet of the RGB color wheel.

The web color blue violet or deep indigo is a tone of indigo brighter than pigment indigo, but not as bright as electric indigo.

The color pigment indigo is equivalent to the web color indigo and approximates the color indigo that is usually reproduced in pigments and colored pencils.

The color of indigo dye is a different color from either spectrum indigo or pigment indigo. This is the actual color of the dye. A vat full of this dye is a darker color, approximating the web color midnight blue.

Below are displayed these four major tones of indigo.

Electric indigo

Electric Indigo
About these coordinates    Color coordinates
Hex triplet #6F00FF
HSV       (hsv) (266°, 100%, 100[28]%)
sRGBB  (rgb) (111, 0, 255)
Source [1]
ISCC–NBS descriptor Vivid purplish blue
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

“Electric indigo” is brighter than the pigment indigo reproduced below. When plotted on the CIE chromaticity diagram, this color is at 435 nanometers, in the middle of the portion of the spectrum traditionally considered indigo, i.e., between 450 and 420 nanometers. This color is only an approximation of spectral indigo, since actual spectral colors are outside the gamut of the sRGB color system.

Deep indigo (web color blue-violet)

Blue-Violet
About these coordinates    Color coordinates
Hex triplet #8A2BE2
HSV       (hsv) (271°, 81%, 89%)
sRGBB  (rgb) (138, 43, 226)
Source X11
ISCC–NBS descriptor Vivid violet
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)

At right is displayed the web color “blue-violet”, a color intermediate in brightness between electric indigo and pigment indigo. It is also known as “deep indigo”.

Web color indigo

Web color Indigo
About these coordinates    Color coordinates
Hex triplet #4B0082
HSV       (hsv) (275°, 100%, 51%)
sRGBB  (rgb) (75, 0, 130)
Source [2]
ISCC–NBS descriptor Vivid violet
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)

The color box on the right displays the web color indigo, the color indigo as it would be reproduced by artists’ paints as opposed to the brighter indigo above (electric indigo) that is possible to reproduce on a computer screen. Its hue is closer to violet than to indigo dye for which the color is named. Pigment indigo can be obtained by mixing 55% pigment cyan with about 45% pigment magenta.

Compare the subtractive colors to the additive colors in the two primary color charts in the article on primary colors to see the distinction between electric colors as reproducible from light on a computer screen (additive colors) and the pigment colors reproducible with pigments (subtractive colors); the additive colors are significantly brighter because they are produced from light instead of pigment.

Web color indigo represents the way the color indigo was always reproduced in pigments, paints, or colored pencils in the 1950s. By the 1970s, because of the advent of psychedelic art, artists became accustomed to brighter pigments. Pigments called “bright indigo” or “bright blue-violet” (the pigment equivalent of the electric indigo reproduced in the section above) became available in artists’ pigments and colored pencils.

Tropical indigo

Tropical Indigo
About these coordinates    Color coordinates
Hex triplet #9683EC
HSV       (hsv) (251°, 44%, 93%)
sRGBB  (rgb) (150, 131, 236)
Source Gallego and Sanz[29]
ISCC–NBS descriptor Vivid violet
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)

‘Tropical Indigo’ is the color that is called añil in the Guía de coloraciones (Guide to colorations) by Rosa Gallego and Juan Carlos Sanz, a color dictionary published in 2005 that is widely popular in the Hispanophone realm.

Indigo dye

Indigo Dye
About these coordinates    Color coordinates
Hex triplet #00416A
HSV       (hsv) (203°, 100%, 42%)
sRGBB  (rgb) (0, 65, 106)
Source [3]
ISCC–NBS descriptor Dark blue
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)

Indigo dye is a greenish dark blue color, obtained from either the leaves of the tropical Indigo plant (Indigofera), or from woad (Isatis tinctoria), or the Chinese indigo (Persicaria tinctoria). Many societies make use of the Indigofera plant for producing different shades of blue. Cloth that is repeatedly boiled in an indigo dye bath-solution (boiled and left to dry, boiled and left to dry, etc.), the blue pigment becomes darker on the cloth. After dyeing, the cloth is hung in the open air to dry.

A Native American woman described the process used by the Cherokee Indians when extracting the dye:

We raised our indigo which we cut in the morning while the dew was still on it; then we put it in a tub and soaked it overnight, and the next day we foamed it up by beating it with a gourd. We let it stand overnight again, and the next day rubbed tallow on our hands to kill the foam. Afterwards, we poured the water off, and the sediment left in the bottom we would pour into a pitcher or crock to let it get dry, and then we would put it into a poke made of cloth (i.e. sack made of coarse cloth) and then when we wanted any of it to dye [there]with, we would take the dry indigo.[30][31]

In Sa Pa, Vietnam, the tropical Indigo (Indigo tinctoria) leaves are harvested and, while still fresh, placed inside a tub of room-temperature to lukewarm water where they are left to sit for 3 to 4 days and allowed to ferment, until the water turns green. Afterwards, crushed limestone (pickling lime) is added to the water, at which time the water with the leaves are vigorously agitated for 15 to 20 minutes, until the water turns blue. The blue pigment settles as sediment at the bottom of the tub. The sediment is scooped out and stored. When dyeing cloth, the pigment is then boiled in a vat of water; the cloth (usually made from yarns of hemp) is inserted into the vat for absorbing the dye. After hanging out to dry, the boiling process is repeated as often as needed to produce a darker color.

Imperial blue

Imperial Blue
About these coordinates    Color coordinates
Hex triplet #002395
HSV       (hsv) (226°, 100%, 58%)
sRGBB  (rgb) (0, 35, 149)
Source [Unsourced]
ISCC–NBS descriptor Vivid blue
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

In nature

Birds

Male indigobirds are a very dark, metallic blue.

The indigo bunting, native to North America, is mostly bright cerulean blue with an indigo head.
The related blue grosbeak is, ironically, more indigo than the indigo bunting.
Fungi
An upturned Lactarius indigo mushroom

An upturned Lactarius indigo mushroom

Lactarius indigo is one of the very few species of mushrooms colored in tones of blue.

Snakes

The eastern indigo snakeDrymarchon couperi, of the southeastern United States, is a dark blue/black.

In culture

Literature

Marina Warner’s novel Indigo (1992) is a retelling of Shakespeare’s The Tempest and features the production of indigo dye by Sycorax.

Computer graphics

  • Electric indigo is sometimes used as a glow color for computer graphics lighting, possibly because it seems to change color from indigo to lavender when blended with white.

Dyes

Indigo is created in potholes carved in pumice “tufgrond” in Karoland, Sumatra

  • Indigo dye was used to dye denim, giving the original ‘blue jeans‘ their distinctive colour.
  • Guatemala, as of 1778, was considered one of the world’s foremost providers of indigo.[34]
  • In Mexico, indigo is known as añil.[35] After silver, and cochineal to produce red, añil was the most important product exported by historical Mexico.[36]
  • The use of añil is survived in the Philippines, particularly in the Visayas and Mindanao. The powder dye is mixed with vinegar to be applied to the cheek of a person suffering from mumps.[citation needed]

Food

  • Scientists discovered in 2008 that when a banana becomes ripe, it glows bright indigo under a black light. Some insects, as well as birds, see into the ultraviolet, because they are tetrachromats and can use this information to tell when a banana is ready to eat. The glow is the result of a chemical created as the green chlorophyll in the peel breaks down.[37]

Military

The French Army adopted dark blue indigo at the time of the French Revolution, as a replacement for the white uniforms previously worn by the Royal infantry regiments. In 1806, Napoleon decided to restore the white coats because of shortages of indigo dye imposed by the British continental blockade. However, the greater practicability of the blue color led to its retention, and indigo remained the dominant color of French military coats until 1914.

Spirituality

The spiritualist applications use electric indigo, because the color is positioned between blue and violet on the spectrum.[38]

Indigo synthesis

Aims of the experiment  Synthesis of the organic product indigo  Explanation of the chromaticity of indigo.  Folloing the Bayer-Drewsen reaction mechanism.  Calculation of yield.

Principles Indigo synthesis was discovered in 1870 by Adolph von Bayer. It made it possible, for the first time, to synthetically produce indigo, one of the oldest and most important natural dyes. Today, dyeing of jeans is still the main use of indigo. With an annual worldwide production of 30,000 tons,indigo is still the most used textile dye

The chromaticity of indigo can be explained by the formation of a conjugated π system with a total of 22 π electrons. In addition, there are 18 electrons from 9 double bonds and 4 electrons from free electron pairs at the nitrogen atoms. In organic dyes, it is the P orbitals which run perpendicular to the core bond axis that form the conjugated π systems if they lie in a common plane and are adjacent to one another. The electrons distribute across the bonding molecular orbitals and are delocalised over the entire π system.

Through electromagnetic radiation, electrons can be lifted from the bonding molecular orbitals to antibonding molecular orbitals if the energy of the irradiating light quanta corresponds to the energy of the orbital transition. This process is called absorption. The wavelength at which a substance absorbs the most light is determined by the energy difference between the highest occupied and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital. The more orbitals involved in a π system, the more the energy states that exist vary and the lower the energetic gap is between the highest occupied and the lowest unoccupied orbital. As the size of the π system increases, the absorption maximum of a dye shifts to the longer-wave spectral range. The absorbed portion of light is removed from the spectrum of emitted light. Indigo absorbs light in the yellow spectral range. The emitted light appears to us in the complementary colour blue. Through structural modification of indigo, other colour shades than blue, which is characteristic of indigo, can be generated. The group of substances derived from indigo is called indigoid dyes. In the experiment presented here, indigo will be produced according to the Bayer-Drewsen reaction from 2-nitrobenzaldehyde. In the evaluation, the reaction mechanism will be elucidated and the yield is calculated. The use of indigo in dyeing is presented in experiment C5.2.4.1.

str1

Risk assessment When carrying out the experiment, wear goggles, an apron and gloves. Be careful in particular when adding the sodium hydroxide pellets, as they are very corrosive. Keep the bottles of organic solvent away from possible flame sources.

str1 str2 str3

str1 str2

Set-up and preparation of the experiment Synthesis of indigo In a 100 ml Erlenmeyer flask, 1 g of 2-nitrobenzaldehyde is weighed out. Acetone, 1 N sodium hydroxide and distilled water are prepared. Also, a 5 ml graduated pipette with a pipetting ball is provided and a 10 ml measuring cylinder. The porcelain Büchner funnel is inserted in to the suction flask with the rubber collar. The suction flask is then connected to the water jet pump through a tube. A type 595 round filter is placed in the Büchner funnel in such a way that all holes of the funnel are covered. A 100 ml beaker is prepared with 50 ml of ethanol.

Dying with indigo To dye the material, a 150 ml beaker is filled with 100 ml of distilled water and placed on a magnetic stirrer with hotplate. 2 g of sodium dithionite is weighed out onto a watch glass. Sodium hydroxide pellets and ethanol are also needed.

Performing the experiment

Synthesis of indigo The weighed out 2-nitrobenzaldehyde is dissolved in 3 ml of acetone. Then, 3 ml of distilled water and 1 ml of 1N soda lye are added. The solution changes colour to dark brown in the process. After 5 minutes, the solution is filtered. To do so, the water jet pump is first turned on. The filter is made wet with a bit of ethanol. Note: Check to see that the filter is situated correctly! All holes of the funnel must be covered by filter paper. Only then are the contents of the Erlenmeyer flask poured over the filter in small steps. Contents remaining in the Erlenmeyer flask are flushed out with ethanol and also added to the Büchner funnel. After the liquid in the Erlenmeyer flask is filtered, the residue in the Büchner funnel is washed again with a bit of ethanol. Then the pump is turned off. The residue obtained will still look a bit brown, but can be used for dying.

Observation 1. After adding the sodium hydroxide to 2-nitrobenzaldehyde and acetone, the solution turns dark brown. 2. During nutsch filtering, a blue-brown mixture is obtained. 3. The dried indigo weighs about 1.1 g.

Result of the experiment

Indigo synthesis mechanism In indigo synthesis 2 molecules of acetone formally react with 2 molecules of 2-nitrobenzaldehyde with splitting of 2 molecules of acetic acid and 2 molecules of water to form indigo. molecules of acetic acid and 2 molecules of water to form indigo.

str1

The first step of the mechanism is an aldol addition. The sodium hydroxide causes an acidic proton to split off. The acetone can then attack the carbonyl group of the 2-nitrobenzaldehyde as a nucleophile. The result of the aldol reaction is an aldol (Fig. 4).

str1

Another acidic proton can be split off. In the second step, the free electron pair at the carbon atom attacks the nitro group nucleophilically in an intramolecular reaction. The splitting of the third acidic proton leads to the formation of a double bond at the nitrogen and enables the splitting of one of the oxygens as water. After the formation of the double bond, a fourth acidic proton can be split off. A double bond is generated next to the hydroxide group. The electron pair of the double bond at the nitrogen travels to the previously formally positively charged nitrogen (Fig. 5). The third step is a tautomeric conversion of the enol to the keto form (Fig. 6). In the fourth step, a hydroxide ion nucleophilically attacks one of the carbonyl groups. Acetic acid and water are split off. The instabile orange indolone is produced as an intermediate synthesis product (Fig. 7).

str1 str2

The brownish colour after addition of sodium hydroxide is explained as a mixed colour of orange indolone and blue indigo since the dimerisation does not initially proceed to completion. Determination of Yield For the calculation of yield the theoretically possible amount of indigo is compared to the actual isolated amount. Limited starting material in this case I 2-Nitrobenzaldehyde. The other substances are present in excess. 2 g Nitrobenzaldehyde (M = 151,12 g/mol) are 13,2 mmol. Looking at the reaction equation (Fig 2), 2 molecules of 2-Nitrobenzaldehyde yield 1 molecule of indigo. The maximal amount is thus 13,2 / 2 mmol = 6,6 mmol Indigo (M = 262,27 g/mol). In the filter, a maximum of 6,6 mmol ∙ 262,27 g/mol = 1,7 g indigo can be present. In the experiment, 1.1 g Indigo were isolated. Thus, the yield is 65%. Cleaning and disposal The wash water contains ethanol, therefore, it must be added to the container for organic solvent waste. The rest of the vat can be added to the container for inorganic solvent waste.

See also

References

  1. Jump up to:a b Rosen, Joe (26 June 2017). Encyclopedia of Physics. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 9781438110134 – via Google Books.
  2. ^ W3C TR CSS3 Color Module, SVG color keywords. W3C. (May 2003). Retrieved on 14 December 2007.
  3. ^ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 197; Color Sample of Indigo: Page 117 Plate 47 Color Sample E10
  4. ^ Splitstoser, Jeffrey C.; Dillehay, Tom D.; Wouters, Jan; Claro, Ana (September 2016). “Early pre-Hispanic use of indigo blue in Peru”Science Advances2 (9): e1501623. Bibcode:2016SciA….2E1623Sdoi:10.1126/sciadv.1501623PMC 5023320PMID 27652337.
  5. ^ “Night of the Indigo”harappa.com. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  6. ^ Robin J. H. Clark, Christopher J. Cooksey, Marcus A. M. Daniels, Robert Withnall: “Indigo, woad, and Tyrian Purple: important vat dyes from antiquity to the present”, Endeavour 17/4 (1993), 191–199.
  7. ^ Ἰνδικός in Henry George Liddell. Robert Scott. A Greek-English Lexicon. revised and augmented throughout by. Sir Henry Stuart Jones. with the assistance of. Roderick McKenzie. Oxford. Clarendon Press. 1940; English indigo since the 17th century, changed from 16th-century indico.
  8. ^ Pritchard, James (2004). In Search of Empire: The French in the Americas, 1670–1730. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 127.
  9. ^ Eliza Layne Martin. “Eliza Lucas Pinckney:Indigo in the Atlantic World” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 June 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
  10. ^ “Eliza Lucas Pinckney” Archived November 21, 2008, at the Wayback MachineBiographies, National Women’s History Museum, 2007, accessed December 7, 2008.
  11. ^ “Getting the blues: the pastel trade in southwest France”Life on La Lune. 22 May 2011. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
  12. ^ Ottenheimer, Harriet Joseph (2009). The anthropology of language: an introduction to linguistic anthropology (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-495-50884-7.
  13. ^ Group, The HURIS. “Spectrum of Electromagnetic Radiation ( EMR )”www.huris.com.
  14. ^ “VIBGYOR Color Segmentation – File Exchange – MATLAB Central”www.mathworks.com.
  15. ^ “Archived copy”. Archived from the original on 24 November 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
  16. ^ Arthur C. Hardy and Fred H. Perrin. The Principles of Optics.McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York. 1932.
  17. ^ Allen, O.N. Allen & Ethel K. (1981). The Leguminosae: a source book of characteristics, uses, and nodulation (null ed.). Madison, Wisc.: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 343. ISBN 978-0-299-08400-4.
  18. ^ Newton’s draft of A Theory Concerning Light and Colors on newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk
  19. ^ “Archived copy”. Archived from the original on 29 September 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2010.
  20. ^ Brewster, David (1855). Memoirs of the life, writings and discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton, Volume 1. p. 408.
  21. ^ Ronchi, Lucia R.; Jodi Sandford (2009). The Excentric Blue. An Abridged Historical Review. Fondazione Giorgio Ronchi. ISBN 978-88-88649-19-1.
  22. ^ Evans, Ralph M. (1974). The perception of color (null ed.). New York: Wiley-Interscience. ISBN 978-0-471-24785-2.
  23. ^ McLaren, K. (March 2007). “Newton’s indigo”. Color Research & Application10 (4): 225–∠229. doi:10.1002/col.5080100411.
  24. ^ Waldman, Gary (2002). Introduction to light : the physics of light, vision, and color (Dover ed.). Mineola: Dover Publications. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-486-42118-6.
  25. ^ Asimov, Isaac (1975). Eyes on the universe : a history of the telescope. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 59ISBN 978-0-395-20716-1.
  26. ^ J. W. G. Hunt (1980). Measuring Color. Ellis Horwood Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7458-0125-4.
  27. ^ Craig F. Bohren and Eugene E. Clothiaux (2006). Fundamentals of Atmospheric Radiation. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3-527-40503-9.
  28. ^ Forret, Peter. “RGB Color converter – toolstudio”web.forret.com.
  29. ^ Gallego, Rosa; Sanz, Juan Carlos (2005). Guía de coloraciones(Gallego, Rosa; Sanz, Juan Carlos (2005). Guide to Colorations) Madrid: H. Blume. ISBN 84-89840-31-8
  30. ^ Knight, Oliver (1956–57), “History of the Cherokees, 1830–1846”, Chronicles of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City: Oklahoma Historical Society, p. 164, OCLC 647927893
  31. ^ Foreman, Grant (1934). The Five Civilized Tribes. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 283. ISBN 978-0-8061-0923-7.
  32. ^ “It’s New and It’s Blue” (Indigo advertisement), The Globe and Mail, Toronto, 1 October 1999, p. A3
  33. ^ “Indigo Bookstore had a ‘Think Blue’ campaign back in 1999” according to: “Think Blue 2008: a Before and After Tale of Silly Turf Battles and Redemptive Communication”. Retrieved 4 February2013.[better source needed]
  34. ^ Kitchin, Thomas (1778). The Present State of the West-Indies: Containing an Accurate Description of What Parts Are Possessed by the Several Powers in Europe. London: R. Baldwin. p. 30.
  35. ^ Gallego, Rosa; Sanz, Juan Carlos (2001). Diccionario Akal del color. Akal. ISBN 978-84-460-1083-8.
  36. ^ Article „añil“ in: Enciclopedia de México, vol 1, Mexiko-City: Secretaría de Educacion Pública, 1987
  37. ^ Zurer, Rachel. “Three Smart Things About Banana Peels”Wired. Retrieved February 28, 2020.
  38. ^ Tansley, David W. Subtle Body: Essence and Shadow 1984 (Art and Cosmos Series–Jill Purce, editor)
  39. ^ Stevens, Samantha. The Seven Rays: a Universal Guide to the Archangels. City: Insomniac Press, 2004. ISBN 1-894663-49-7 pg. 24
  40. ^ Graham, Lanier F. (editor) The Rainbow Book Berkeley, California:1976 Shambala Publishing and The Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco (Handbook for the Summer 1976 exhibition The Rainbow Art Show which took place primarily at the De Young Museum, but also at other museums) Indigo Pages 152–153 The color indigo is stated to represent intuition.
  41. ^ Bailey, Alice A. (1995). The Seven Rays of Life. New York: Lucis Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-85330-142-4.
  42. ^ Oslie, Pamalie Life Colors: What the Colors in Your Aura RevealNovato, California:2000–New World Library Indigo Auras: Pages 161–174
  43. ^ “Magical Properties of Colors”Wicca Living. Retrieved 28 January 2021.

External links

Indigo
Indian indigo dye lump.jpg

A piece of indigo plant dye from India,
about 6 cm (2.5 in) square
Wavelength 450–420[1](disputednm
About these coordinates    Color coordinates
Hex triplet #3F00FF
HSV       (hsv) (255°, 100%, 100%)
sRGBB  (rgb) (63, 0, 255)
Source HTML/CSS[2]
ISCC–NBS descriptor Vivid blue
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)

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AGGARWWAL EXPORTS (agexpharma.com): S-Epichlorohydrin manufacturer in India

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Sep 162020
 

 

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OPINION FROM PRANJAL VARSHNEY …….

AGGARWWAL EXPORTS (agexpharma.com): S-Epichlorohydrin manufacturer in India
Aggarwwal Exports (www.agexpharma.com) leads the way to become first company in India to manufacture S- Epichlorohydrin (CAS No.: 67843-74-7) in India.

The company holds a cGMP and ISO 9001 registration for the product with an audit ready plant. Aggarwwal Exports – Specialty chemical division’s core strength is Chiral Molecules and S-Epichlorohydrin has various applications such as Rivaroxaban, Linezolid and Brivaracetam. These drugs are being developed quite rapidly all over India.

As China’s reliablility due to Trade War, COVID and pollution problems have arisen; more companies are looking to develop Indian Manufacturers to ensure longevity and robustness of Raw Material Supply.
The company has developed a process from the base level of Racemic Epichlorohydrin and is utilizing a precious metal catalyst to create chirally pure S-Epichlorohydrin and R-Glycidol, which is further processed to make R-Glycidyl Butyrate and S-Glycidyl
Phathalimide
Benefits of purchasing S-Epichlorohydrin from Aggarwwal Exports-
1) 99.5% GC purity and 99.9% Chiral Purity
2) Importing from China and Japan is a tedious process as import duty needs to be
made, lead time is around 2 months as S-Epichlorohydrin is under Hazardous cargo
which is expensive to ship.
3) Pricing is slightly lower than imports but quality is improved.
4) Lead time is 1 week from order confirmation.
5) Most importantly, Make in India.
For any inquiry please contact Aggarwwal Exports:
Email ID: Pranjal@agexpharma.com
Cell no.: +91-9837035981

Pranjal Varshney, V.P. Operations

Aggarwwal Exports    

Aggarwwal Exports, B-8 Roshan Bagh, Rampur 244901 (UP) India

Cell: +91-9837035981 | Email: Pranjal@agexpharma.com

Website: www.agexpharma.com

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///////////AGGARWWAL EXPORTS, S-Epichlorohydrin, pranjal varshney

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World List of pharmacy schools

 Uncategorized  Comments Off on World List of pharmacy schools
Feb 272020
 

A

Albania

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
University of Tirana Department of Pharmacy Tirana [1]

Algeria

Affiliated institution School Location Ref
Batna 2 University Department of Pharmacy. Batna

Argentina

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
John F. Kennedy University of Argentina Department of Biology Buenos Aires [2]
Maimónides University Department of Pharmacy Buenos Aires [3]
University of Buenos Aires Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry Buenos Aires
National University of Córdoba Faculty of Chemical Sciences Córdoba
National University of La Plata Department of Biological Sciences La Plata
National University of San Luis Faculty of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacy San Luis [4]

Australia

The University of Sydney Faculty of Pharmacy building

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Charles Darwin University School of Psychological and Clinical Sciences multiple [5]
Charles Sturt University School of Biomedical Science multiple
Curtin University of Technology School of Pharmacy Bentley
Griffith University School of Pharmacy multiple
James Cook University School of Pharmacy multiple
La Trobe University School of Pharmacy Melbourne
Monash University Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Parkville
Queensland University of Technology School of Life Science Brisbane
RMIT University School of Medical Sciences Melbourne
University of Canberra Faculty of Health Bruce
University of Newcastle School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy Callaghan
University of New England Discipline of Pharmacy Armidale
University of Queensland School of Pharmacy Brisbane
University of South Australia School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences Adelaide
University of Sydney Faculty of Pharmacy Sydney
University of Tasmania Tasmanian School of Pharmacy Tasmania
University of Technology, Sydney Graduate School of Health Sydney
University of Western Australia School of Medicine and Pharmacology Perth

Austria

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
University of Graz Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Graz
University of Innsbruck Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacology Innsbruck
University of Vienna Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Vienna

B

Bangladesh

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
ASA University Bangladesh Department of Pharmacy Shyamoli
Atish Dipankar University of Science and Technology Department of pharmacy Banani
Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University Department of Pharmacy Gopalganj
Bangladesh University Department of Pharmacy Dhaka
BGC Trust University Department of Pharmacy Chandanaish
BRAC University Department of Pharmacy Dhaka
Chittagong University Department of Pharmacy Hathazari Upazila
Daffodil International University Department of Pharmacy Dhanmondi
Dhaka International University Department of Pharmacy Dhaka
East West University Department of Pharmacy Dhaka
Gono University Department of Pharmacy Savar Upazila
International Islamic University Department of Pharmacy Chittagong
Jagannath University Department of Pharmacy Sadarghat
Jahangirnagar University Department of Pharmacy Savar Upazila
Jessore University of Science & Technology Department of Pharmacy Jessore
Khulna University Pharmacy Discipline Khulna
Leading University Department of Pharmacy Sylhet
Manarat International University Department of Pharmacy Dhaka [6]
Noakhali Science and Technology University Department of Pharmacy Noakhali
North South University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Dhaka
Northern University Department of Pharmacy Dhaka
Primeasia University Department of Pharmacy Banani
Southeast University Department of Pharmacy Banani
Southern University Department of Pharmacy Chittagong
Stamford University Department of Pharmacy Dhaka
State University of Bangladesh School of Health Science Dhaka
University of Asia Pacific Department of Pharmacy Dhaka
University of Dhaka Faculty of Pharmacy Dhaka
University of Development Alternative Department of Pharmacy Dhaka
University of Rajshahi Department of Pharmacy Rajshahi
University of Science and Technology Department of Pharmacy Chittagong
Varendra University Department of Pharmacy

Belgium

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Catholic University of Leuven (Dutch) Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Leuven
Catholic University of Leuven (French) Faculty of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences Louvain-la-Neuve
Free University of Brussels (Dutch) Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy Brussels
Free University of Brussels (French) Institute of Pharmacy Brussels
Ghent University Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology Ghent
University of Antwerp Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Antwerp
University of Liège Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Liège
University of Mons Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy Mons

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
University of Banja Luka School of Pharmacy Banja Luka
University of Mostar Faculty of Pharmacy Mostar [7]
University of Sarajevo Faculty of Pharmacy Sarajevo
University of Tuzla Faculty of Pharmacy Tuzla

Brazil

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Centro Universitário Estadual da Zona Oeste Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Campo Grande, Rio de Janeiro
Federal University of Bahia Faculty of Pharmacy Salvador
Federal University of Juiz de Fora Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry Juiz de Fora
Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry Campo Grande
Federal University of Minas Gerais Faculty of Pharmacy Belo Horizonte
Federal University of Ouro Preto School of Pharmacy Ouro Preto
Federal University of Pará Department of Pharmacy multiple
Federal University of Paraíba Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences João Pessoa
Federal University of Paraná Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Curitiba
Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Faculty of Pharmacy Rio de Janeiro
Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul State School of Pharmacy Porto Alegre
Federal University of Santa Maria Health Sciences Centre Santa Maria
Federal University of São Paulo Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Diadema
Fluminense Federal University Faculty of Pharmacy
Lutheran University of Brazil School of Pharmacy multiple
Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas School of Pharmacy Campinas
Pontifical Catholic University of Parana Faculty of Pharmacy Curitiba
University of Blumenau School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry
University of Cuiaba Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
University of Estadual Paulista Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
University of Estadual de Ponta Grossa School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry
University of Passo Fundo Faculty of Pharmacy Passo Fundo
University of São Paulo School of Pharmaceutical Sciences São Paulo
University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Ribeirão Preto

Bulgaria

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Medical University of Plovdiv Faculty of Pharmacy Plovdiv
Medical University of Sofia Faculty of Pharmacy Sofia
Medical University of Varna Faculty of Pharmacy Varna
Sofia University Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy Sofia

C

Cambodia

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
University of Health Sciences Faculty of Pharmacy Phnom Penh
University of Puthisastra Department of Pharmacy Phnom Penh

Canada

University of Toronto’s Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy building

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Dalhousie University College of Pharmacy Halifax, Nova Scotia
Laval University Faculty of Pharmacy Quebec City, Quebec
Memorial University of Newfoundland School of Pharmacy St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador
University of Alberta Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences Edmonton, Alberta
University of British Columbia Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Vancouver, British Columbia
University of Manitoba Faculty of Pharmacy Winnipeg, Manitoba
University of Montreal Faculty of Pharmacy Montreal, Quebec
University of Saskatchewan College of Pharmacy and Nutrition Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
University of Toronto Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy Toronto, Ontario
University of Waterloo School of Pharmacy Waterloo, Ontario

China

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
China Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nanjing
Central South University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Changsha
Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine College of Pharmacy Fuzhou
Guangdong College of Pharmacy Department of Pharmacy Guangzhou
Guilin Medical University College of Pharmacy Guilin
Guiyang Medical University Department of Pharmacy Guiyang
Hebei Medical University Department of Pharmacy Shijiazhuang
Inner Mongolia Medical University Department of Pharmacy Hohhot
Jiamusi Medical College Department of Pharmacy
Jinan University College of Pharmacy Guangzhou
Kaifeng Medical Specific School Department of Pharmacy
Lanzhou Medical College Department of Pharmacy
Naval Medical Specific School Department of Pharmacy
Second Tianjin Medical College Department of Pharmacy
Shandong Medical University Department of Pharmacy
Shanxi Medical College Department of Pharmacy
Shenyang College of Pharmacy
Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
Shihezi Medical College Department of Pharmacy
Sichuan University West China School of Pharmacy Chengdu
Tongji Medical College School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Wuhan University College of Pharmacy
Xian Medical University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Xinjiang Medical College Department of Pharmacy Urumqi
Yanbian Medical College Department of Pharmacy Yanbian
Zhejiang University Department of Pharmacy Hangzhou
Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College Department of Pharmacy Ningbo

Beijing

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Peking University Health Science Center School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Beijing

Hong Kong

Li La Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Chinese University of Hong Kong School of Pharmacy Sha Tin
University of Hong Kong Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine Pok Fu Lam [8]

Jiangsu

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing

Macau

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Macau Polytechnic Institute School of Health Sciences

Shanghai

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Second Military Medical University Department of Pharmacy Shanghai
Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy Shanghai
Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University School of Pharmacy Shanghai

Chile

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Arturo Prat University Faculty of Health Sciences Iquique
Catholic University of the North School of Pharmacy Antofagasta
Pontifical Catholic University of Chile Department of Pharmacy Santiago
University of Chile Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Santiago
University of Concepción Faculty of Pharmacy Concepción
University of Valparaíso Faculty of Pharmacy Valparaíso

Colombia

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
ICESI University Department of Chemical Sciences Cali
National University of Colombia Department of Pharmacy Bogotá
University of Antioquia Faculty of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Medellín
University of Applied and Environmental Sciences Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Bogotá
University of Atlantico Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy Barranquilla
University of Cartagena Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Cartagena

Costa Rica

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Medical Sciences University San José
University of Costa Rica Faculty of Pharmacy San Pedro
University of Iberoamerica San José

Czech Republic

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy Hradec Kralove
University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno Faculty of Pharmacy Brno

D

Democratic Republic of Congo

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
University of Kinshasa Faculty of Pharmacy Kinshasa
University of Lubumbashi Faculty of Pharmacy Lubumbashi

Denmark

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Pharmakon Danish College of Pharmacy Practice Hillerød [9]
University of Copenhagen School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Copenhagen [10]
University of Southern Denmark Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy Odense [11]

Dominican Republic

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Eastern Central University School of Pharmacy San Pedro de Macorís

E

Egypt

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Ahram Canadian University Faculty of Pharmacy 6th of October City
Ain Shams University Faculty of Pharmacy Cairo
Al-Azhar University Faculty of Pharmacy Cairo
Alexandria University Faculty of Pharmacy Alexandria
Arab Academy for science and Technology and Maritime transport Faculty of Pharmacy Alexandria
Assiut University Faculty of Pharmacy Asyut
Beni-Suef University Faculty of Pharmacy Beni Suef
British University in Egypt Faculty of Pharmacy Al Shorouk
Cairo University Faculty of Pharmacy Giza
Delta University for Science and Technology Faculty of Pharmacy Mansoura
Egyptian Russian University Faculty of Pharmacy Cairo
Future University in Egypt Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Pharmaceutical Industries New Cairo [12]
German University in Cairo Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology New Cairo
Helwan University Faculty of Pharmacy Helwan
Kafrelsheikh University Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Industries Kafr el-Sheikh
Mansoura University Faculty of Pharmacy Mansoura
Minia University Faculty of Pharmacy Minya
Misr International University School of Pharmacy Cairo
Misr University for Science and Technology Faculty of Pharmacy and Drug Manufacturing 6th of October City
Modern Sciences and Arts University Faculty of Pharmacy Cairo
Nahda University Faculty of Pharmacy Beni Suef
October 6 University Faculty of Pharmacy 6th of October City
Pharos University in Alexandria Faculty of Pharmacy and Drug Manufacturing Alexandria
Sinai University Faculty of Pharmacy Arish
Suez Canal University Faculty of Pharmacy Ismaïlia
Tanta University Faculty of Pharmacy Tanta
Zagazig University Faculty of Pharmacy Zagazig

Estonia

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
University of Tartu Department of Pharmacy Tartu

Ethiopia

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Addis Ababa University School of Pharmacy Addis Ababa
Wollega University Department of Pharmacy Nekemte

Wachemo University |Department of Pharmacy |Hossana | |} University of Gondar |School of Pharmacy |Gondar

F

Fiji

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Fiji School of Medicine Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics Suva

Finland

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Åbo Akademi University Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacy Turku
University of Eastern Finland Faculty of Pharmacy multiple
University of Helsinki Faculty of Pharmacy Helsinki

France

Location Affiliated institution School[13].
Amiens University of Picardie Jules Verne UFR de pharmacie
Angers University of Angers Faculté de Santé
Besançon University of Franche-Comté Faculté de médecine et de pharmacie
Bordeaux University of Bordeaux UFR Sciences pharmaceutiques
Caen University of Caen Normandy UFR Santé
Châtenay-Malabry University of Paris-Sud (a.k.a. Paris XI, Paris-Saclay) Faculté de pharmacie
Clermont-Ferrand University of Clermont Auvergne UFR de pharmacie
Dijon University of Burgundy UFR sciences de santé
Grenoble Université Grenoble Alpes Faculté de pharmacie
Lille Lille 2 University of Health and Law Faculté de pharmacie
Limoges University of Limoges Faculté de pharmacie
Lyon Claude Bernard University Lyon 1 Faculté de pharmacie de Lyon
Marseille Aix-Marseille University Faculté de pharmacie
Montpellier University of Montpellier Faculté de pharmacie
Nancy University of Lorraine Faculté de pharmacie
Nantes University of Nantes UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques
Paris Paris Descartes University (aka Paris V, or University of Paris (2019)) Faculté de pharmacie de Paris
Poitiers University of Poitiers Faculté de médecine et de pharmacie
Reims University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne UFR de pharmacie
Rennes University of Rennes 1 Faculté des Sciences pharmaceutiques et biologiques
Rouen University of Rouen UFR santé
Strasbourg University of Strasbourg Faculté de pharmacie
Toulouse Paul Sabatier University Faculté de pharmacie de Toulouse
Tours University of Tours Faculté de pharmacie de Tours

G

Georgia

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
University of Tsodna Faculty of Pharmacy Tbilisi

Germany

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Braunschweig University of Technology Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology Braunschweig
Free University of Berlin Faculty of Pharmacy Berlin
Goethe University Frankfurt Department of Pharmacy Frankfurt
Heidelberg University Faculty of Pharmacy Heidelberg
Leipzig University Institute of Pharmacy Leipzig
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich Institute of Pharmacy Munich
Saarland University Faculty of Pharmacy Saarbrücken
University of Bonn Faculty of Pharmacy Bonn
Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf Faculty of Pharmacy Düsseldorf
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry ErlangenNuremberg
University of Freiburg Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy Freiburg im Breisgau
University of Greifswald Institute of Pharmacy Greifswald
Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg College of Pharmacy Halle
University of Hamburg Pharmacy Institute Hamburg
University of Jena Faculty of Pharmacy Jena
University of Kiel Institute of Pharmacy Kiel
University of Mainz Institute of Pharmacy Mainz
University of Marburg Department of Pharmacy Marburg
University of Münster Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy Münster
University of Regensburg Institute of Pharmacy Regensburg
University of Tübingen Institute of Pharmacy Tübingen
University of Würzburg Institute of Pharmacy Würzburg

Ghana

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Kumasi

Greece

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Department of Pharmacy Thessaloniki
University of Athens Department of Pharmacy Athens
University of Patras Department of Pharmacy Patras

Guyana

 
Affiliated institution[edit]
School[edit]

Location[edit]

Ref[edit]
Texila American University School of Allied Health Sciences Gerogetown

H

Hungary

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Semmelweis University Faculty of Pharmacy Budapest
University of Debrecen Medical and Health Science Center Debrecen
University of Pécs Faculty of Pharmacy Pécs
University of Szeged Faculty of Pharmacy Szeged

I

Iceland

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
University of Iceland Faculty of Pharmacy Reykjavík

India

Andhra Pradesh

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Acharya Nagarjuna University Malineni Lakshmaiah College of Pharmacy Namburu
Andhra University Andhra University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Visakhapatnam
Andhra University Sir CR Reddy College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Eluru
Andhra University Raghu College of Pharmacy
Andhra University Shri Vishnu College of Pharmacy Bhimavaram
Andhra University Yalamarty College of Pharmacy
Avanthi College of Pharmacy
Geethanjali College of Pharmacy Cheeriyal
GIET School of Pharmacy Rajahmundry
GITAM University Gitam Institute of Pharmacy Visakhapatnam
Gokaraju Rangaraju College of Pharmacy Hyderabad
Gurunanak Institute of Pharmacy Hyderabad
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Anwarul Uloom College of Pharmacy Hyderabad
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Bharat Institute of Pharmacy Ibrahimpatnam
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Nalanda College of Pharmacy Nalgonda
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University QIS College of Pharmacy Ongole
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Samskruti College of Pharmacy Ghatkesar
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University St. Mary’s College of Pharmacy Secunderabad
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Sri Indu Institute of Pharmacy
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Vignan College of Pharmacy Duvvada
Kakatiya University University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Warangal
Maharaja College of Pharmacy
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University MAK College of Pharmacy Telangana
Osmania University G.Pulla Reddy College of Pharmacy Hyderabad
Osmania University Malla Reddy College of Pharmacy
Osmania University M.N.R College of Pharmacy Sangareddy
Osmania University Mother Theresa College of Pharmacy Hyderabad
Osmania University Priyadarshini College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Osmania University Sri Venkateswara College of Pharmacy Hyderabad
Sarada College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Guntur
Shadan College of Pharmacy Hyderabad
SLC’s College of Pharmacy Hyderabad
Srikrishnadevaraya University College of Pharmacy

Chhattisgarh

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya Department of Pharmacy Bilaspur
Chouksey Engineering College School of Pharmacy
Ravatpura Sarkar Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University Institute of Pharmacy Raipur

Dadra and Nagar Haveli

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
SSR College of Pharmacy Silvassa [14]

Delhi

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Pushp Vihar
Jamia Hamdard Faculty of Pharmacy New Delhi
Maharaja Surajmal Institute of Pharmacy
University of Delhi New Delhi

Gujarat

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Indukaka Ipcowala College of Pharmacy Vallabh Vidyanagar [15]
Ganpat University Shree S. K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education & Research Kherva
K.B. Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Gandhinagar [16]
National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Thaltej

Haryana

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Hisar [17]
Hindu College Of Pharmacy Sonipat
Maharishi Dayanand University Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Rohtak
Pt. B.D. Sharma PGIMS Rohtak Department of Pharmacology Rohtak [18]
R.K.College of Pharmacy Rajkot
Kurukshetra University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Kurukshetra

Himachal Pradesh

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Jaypee University of Information Technology Department of Pharmacy Waknaghat

Jammu and Kashmir

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
University of Kashmir Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Srinagar

Karnataka

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Acharya and B M Reddy College of Pharmacy Bangalore [19]
Oxbridge College of Pharmacy Bangalore
Al-Ameen College of Pharmacy Bangalore
Gautham Institute of Pharmacy Bangalore
Government College of Pharmacy Bangalore
Hillside College of Pharmacy and Research Centre Bangalore
The Oxford College of Pharmacy Bangalore
JSS College of Pharmacy Mysore [20]
K.L.E College of Pharmacy BelgaumHubli, Bangalore
Karnataka College of Pharmacy Bidar
Luqman College of Pharmacy Gulbarga
M.M.U.College of Pharmacy Ramanagar
Manipal University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Manipal
National College of Pharmacy Shimoga [21]
Nitte Gulabi Shetty Memorial Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Paneer, Mangalore
PES College of Pharmacy Bangalore [22]
Ssree Sdevi College of Pharmacy Mangalore

Kerala

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pariyaram Kannur district
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University Amrita School of Pharmacy Cochin
Calicut Medical College College of Pharmaceutical Science Kozhikode
College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Kottayam
Devaki Amma Memorial College Of Pharmacy Kozhikode

Madhya Pradesh

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Bansal College of Pharmacy Bhopal
Bhagyoday Tirth Pharmacy College Sagar
Dr. Hari Singh Gour University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Millennium College of Pharmacy Bhopal
Rajiv Gandhi Technical University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Bhopal
Shri Govindram Seksaria Institute of Technology and Science (Govt. Aided Autonomous Institute Estd. In 1952), Department of Pharmacy,(Industrial Pharmacy Research Laboratory) Indore
RKDF College of Pharmacy Bhopal
Sagar Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sagar
Vikram University Institute of Pharmacy
VNS College of Pharmacy Bhopal

Maharashtra

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy Mumbai [23]
Gahlot Institute of Pharmacy Kopar Khairane [24]
Government College of Pharmacy Karad
H.R.Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research Shirpur
Jayawantrao Sawant College of Pharmacy and Research Hadapsar, Pune
Maharashtra University of Health Sciences Pravara Rural College of Pharmacy
NDMVP College of Pharmacy Nashik
Poona College of Pharmacy
Prin K.M Kundnani College of Pharmacy Mumbai [25]
Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nagpur
Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy New Kamptee, Nagpur
Savitribai Phule Pune University College of Pharmacy Narhe
Savitribai Phule Pune University AISSMS College of Pharmacy Pune [26]
Sinhgad Technical Education Society Sinhgad College of Pharmacy
Sterling Institute of Pharmacy Navi Mumbai
Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai [27]
kampala international university school of Health Sciences Department of pharmacy Bushenyi ishaka [[Principal K. M. Kundnani College of Pharmacy[28]]]

Mumbai

}

Punjab

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research Mohali
Panjab University, Chandigarh Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Chandigarh
Punjabi University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Drug Research Patiala
Sri Sai University Sri Sai College of Pharmacy Pathankot
Sri Sai University Sai Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research Amritsar

Rajasthan

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Ranchi
Birla Institute of Technology and Science Department of Pharmacy Pilani
Central University of Rajasthan Department of Pharmacy Ajmer

Sikkim

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Sikkim University Himalayan Pharmacy Institute Gangtok [29]

Tamil Nadu

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Anna University Chennai Department of Pharmaceutical Technology Tiruchirappalli [30]
Annamalai University Department of Pharmacy Annamalai Nagar [31]
Dr. M.G.R. Medical University Chennai
J.S.S. College of Pharmacy Ooty
KMCH College of Pharmacy Coimbatore
K.M.R. College of Pharmacy Perundurai
Madras College of Pharmacy
Periyar College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tiruchirappalli
PSG college of Pharmacy Coimbatore
Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Paramedical Sciences College of Pharmacy Coimbatore
SRM university SRM College of Pharmacy

Telangana

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
[[ CDC University, Hanamkonda
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University CVM College of Pharmacy Karimnagar
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University SVS School of Pharmacy Hanamakonda
St.Peters Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Hanamakonda
Vaagdevi College of Pharmacy Hanamakonda
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Moonray Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Shadnagar
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Bhaskar Pharmacy College

Uttar Pradesh

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Barhmanand Group of Institutions Centre for Pharmacy Bulandshahr
Indian Institute of Technology, BHU Department of Pharmaceutics Varanasi [32]
Muzaffarpur Institute of Technology Department of Pharmacy Muzaffarpur [33]
Rajiv Academy for Pharmacy Mathura
Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences Christian School of Pharmacy Allahabad [34]
Shri Ram Murti Smarak College of Engineering & Technology Bareilly
Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University Institute of Pharmacy Kanpur [35]
Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences Pharmacy College Saifai SaifaiEtawah district [36]

Uttarakhand

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Gurukula Kangri Vishwavidyalaya Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Haridwar [37]
Siddhartha Institute of Pharmacy, Dehradun [38]
Gyani Inder Singh Institute of Professional Studies Dehradun [39]
Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Srinagar [40]
Kumaun University Pharmacy Department Nainital [41]

West Bengal

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Jadavpur University Department of Pharmaceutical Technology Kolkata [42]
West Bengal University of Technology B.C.D.A. College of Pharmacy & Technology Kolkata [43]
West Bengal University of Technology Bengal School of Technology Hooghly [44]
West Bengal University of Technology Bharat Technology Howrah
West Bengal University of Technology Calcutta Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology & Allied Health Sciences Howrah
West Bengal University of Technology Dr.B.C.Roy College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Sciences Durgapur [45]
West Bengal University of Technology Gupta College of Technological Science Asansol [46]
West Bengal University of Technology Gurunanak Institute of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology Kolkata [47]
West Bengal University of Technology Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Institute of Pharmacy Nadia [48]
West Bengal University of Technology NSHM Knowledge Campus Kolkata [49]

Indonesia

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Ahmad Dahlan University Faculty of Pharmacy Yogyakarta [50]
Andalas University Faculty of Pharmacy Padang [51]
Gadjah Mada University Faculty of Pharmacy Yogyakarta
Hasanuddin University Faculty of Pharmacy Makassar
Bandung Institute of Technology School of Pharmacy Bandung
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta Faculty of Pharmacy Surakarta
Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta School of Pharmacy Yogyakarta
Padjadjaran University Faculty of Pharmacy Bandung
Pancasila University Faculty of Pharmacy [52]
Sanata Dharma University Faculty of Pharmacy Yogyakarta
Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta Department of Pharmacy Ciputat
Udayana University Department of Pharmacy Denpasar [53]
University of Airlangga Faculty of Pharmacy Surabaya
University of Anna White School of Pharmacy
University of Indonesia Faculty of Pharmacy Depok
University of Jenderal Soedirman Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Surabaya Faculty of Pharmacy Surabaya
University of Sumatera Utara Faculty of Pharmacy [54]
Widya Mandala Catholic University Surabaya Faculty of Pharmacy [55]

Iran

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences Faculty of Pharmacy Ahvaz
Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences Faculty of Pharmacy Bandar Abbas
Gilan University of Medical Sciences School of Pharmacy Gilan
Isfahan University of Medical Sciences School of Pharmacy Isfahan
Islamic Azad University Faculty of Pharmacy multiple
Kerman University of Medical Sciences School of Pharmacy Kerman
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences School of Pharmacy Kermanshah
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences School of Pharmacy Mashhad
Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences School of Pharmacy Sari
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences School of Pharmacy Tehran
Shiraz University of Medical Sciences School of Pharmacy Shiraz
Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Faculty of Pharmacy Tabriz
Tehran University of Medical Sciences Faculty of Pharmacy Tehran
Zabol Medical Science University School of Pharmacy Zabol
Urmia University of Medical Sciences Faculty of Pharmacy Urmia
Zanjan University of Medical Sciences School of Pharmacy Zanjan
Alborz University of Medical Sciences School of Pharmacy Alborz

Iraq

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Al-Mustansiriya University Faculty of Pharmacy Baghdad
Al Yarmouk University College Al-yarmook College of Pharmacy Baghdad
Baghdad Pharmacy College Department of Pharmacy Baghdad
Hawler Medical University Faculty of Pharmacy Erbil
Salahaddin University Faculty of Pharmacy Erbil
University of Anbar Faculty of Pharmacy Ramadi
University of Babylon Faculty of Pharmacy Hillah
University of Baghdad Faculty of Pharmacy Baghdad
University of Basrah Faculty of Pharmacy Basra
University of Duhok Faculty of Pharmacy Duhok
University of Karbala Faculty of Pharmacy Karbala
University of Kufa Faculty of Pharmacy Najaf
University of Mosul Faculty of Pharmacy Mosul
University of Sulaymaniyah Faculty of Pharmacy Sulaymaniyah
University of Tikrit Faculty of Pharmacy Tikrit
Uruk University College of Pharmacy Baghdad

Ireland

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland School of Pharmacy Dublin
Trinity College School of Pharmacy Dublin
University College Cork School of Pharmacy Cork

Israel

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev School of Pharmacy Beersheba
Hebrew University of Jerusalem School of Pharmacy JerusalemRehovot

Italy

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Magna Græcia University Faculty of Pharmacy Catanzaro
Sapienza University of Rome Faculty of Pharmacy Rome
University of Bari Faculty of Pharmacy Bari
University of Bologna Faculty of Pharmacy Bologna
University of Cagliari Faculty of Pharmacy Cagliari
University of Camerino Faculty of Pharmacy Camerino
University of Catania Faculty of Pharmacy Catania
D’Annunzio University of Chieti–Pescara Faculty of Pharmacy Chieti
University of Ferrara Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Ferrara
University of Florence Faculty of Pharmacy Florence
University of Genoa Faculty of Pharmacy Liguria
University of Messina Faculty of Pharmacy Messina
University of Milan Faculty of Pharmacy Milan
University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Faculty of Pharmacy ModenaReggio Emilia
University of Naples Federico II Faculty of Pharmacy Naples
University of Padua Faculty of Pharmacy Padua
University of Palermo Faculty of Pharmacy Palermo
University of Parma Faculty of Pharmacy Parma
University of Pavia Faculty of Pharmacy Pavia
University of Perugia Faculty of Pharmacy Perugia
University of Pisa Faculty of Pharmacy Pisa
University of Salerno Faculty of Pharmacy Salerno
University of Sassari Faculty of Pharmacy Sassari
University of Siena Faculty of Pharmacy Sienna
University of Trieste Faculty of Pharmacy Trieste
University of Turin Faculty of Pharmacy Turin
University of Urbino Faculty of Pharmacy Urbino

J

Jamaica

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
University of Technology School of Pharmacy and Health Science Kingston
University of the West Indies School of Pharmacy Mona

Japan

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Chiba University Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science Chiba
Gifu Pharmaceutical University Gifu
Fukuyama University Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmeutical Sciences Fukuyama
Hiroshima University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences HigashihiroshimaHiroshima
Hokkaido University Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sapporo
Hokuriku University Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Kanazawa
Hoshi University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Shinagawa
Josai University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sakado
Kanazawa University Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Kanazawa
Kumamoto University Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Kumamoto
Kitasato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Minato
Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Kyoto
Kyushu University Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Fukuoka
Meiji Pharmaceutical University Kiyose
Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences Nigata
Okayama University Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Okayama
Osaka University Faculty and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Osaka
Showa University School of Pharmacy Tokyo
Showa Pharmaceutical University Machida
Teikyo University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Itabashi
Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sendai
Tokushima Bunri University Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tokushima
Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences Hachiōji
Tokyo University Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Bunkyō
University of Shizuoka School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Shizuoka
University of Toyama Department of Hospital Pharmacy Toyama

Jordan[edit]

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
American University of Madaba Department of Pharmacy Madaba
Al-Ahliyya Amman University Amman
Al-Isra University Faculty of Pharmacy Amman
Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan Faculty of Pharmacy Amman
Jordan University of Science and Technology Faculty of Pharmacy Ar Ramtha
Petra University Faculty of Pharmacy Amman
Philadelphia University Faculty of Pharmacy Amman
University of Jordan Faculty of Pharmacy Amman
Zarqa University Faculty of Pharmacy Zarqa

K

Kenya

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Kenya Methodist University Department of Pharmacy Meru [56]
Kenyatta University Department of Pharmacy Kahawa
University of Nairobi School of Pharmacy Nairobi

Kuwait

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Kuwait University Faculty of Pharmacy Kuwait City

L

Latvia

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Riga Stradiņš University Faculty of Pharmacy Riga
University of Latvia Faculty of Pharmacy Riga

Lebanon

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Beirut Arab University Faculty of Pharmacy Beirut
Lebanese American University School of Pharmacy Byblos, Beirut
Lebanese International University Faculty of Pharmacy Beqaa Valley
Lebanese University Faculty of Pharmacy Beirut
Saint Joseph University Faculty of Pharmacy Beirut

Libya

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Elmergib University Faculty of Pharmacy Alkhoms
University of Tripoli Faculty of Pharmacy Tripoli
University of Benghazi Faculty of Pharmacy Benghazi
University of Zawia Faculty of Pharmacy Alzawia
University of Misurata Faculty of Pharmacy Misurata
Omar Al-Mukhtar University Faculty of Pharmacy Al-bayda
Al-Assmaria University Faculty of Pharmacy Zliten
Sebha University Faculty of Pharmacy Sebha

Lithuania

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Faculty of Pharmacy Kaunas

M

Malaysia

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
AIMST University Faculty of Pharmacy Semeling [57]
Cyberjaya University College of Medical Sciences Faculty of Pharmacy Cyberjaya [58]
International Islamic University Malaysia Kulliyyah of Pharmacy Gambang [59]
International Medical University Faculty of Pharmacy & Health Sciences Kuala Lumpur
MAHSA University Faculty of Pharmacy Kuala Lumpur [60]
Management and Science University School of Pharmacy Shah Alam
MARA University of Technology Faculty of Pharmacy Puncak Alam [61]
Masterskill University College Cheras [62]
Monash University Malaysia Campus School of Pharmacy Bandar Sunway [63]
National University of Malaysia Faculty of Pharmacy Bangi
University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus School of Pharmacy Semenyih [64]
SEGi University Faculty of Pharmacy & Health Sciences Kota Damansara [65]
Taylor’s University Faculty of Pharmacy Subang Jaya
UCSI University Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences multiple
University of Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak Kuala Lumpur
University of Malaya Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine Kuala Lumpur
University of Science, Malaysia School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Pulau Pinang

Malta

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
University of Malta Department of Pharmacy Msida

Mexico

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Autonomous University of Nuevo León Faculty of Chemical Sciences Nuevo León
Meritorious Autonomous University of Puebla Faculty of Chemical Sciences Puebla
National Autonomous University of Mexico Chemistry Faculty Mexico City
University of Guanajuato School of Pharmacy Guanajuato

Moldova

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Nicolae Testemiţanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy Department of Pharmacy Chisinau [66]

Montenegro

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
University of Montenegro Faculty of Pharmacy Podgorica

Morocco

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Mohammed V University at Souissi Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy Rabat
University of Hassan II Casablanca Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy Casablanca

Myanmar

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
University of Pharmacy Mandalay
University of Pharmacy North Okkalapa

N

Namibia

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
University of Namibia School of Pharmacy Windhoek [67]

Nepal

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Crimson College of Technology Department of Pharmacy Devinagar [68]
Kathmandu University Department of Pharmacy Dhulikhel [69]
Pokhara University Department of Pharmacy Pokhara
Purbanchal University Department of Medical and Allied science Biratnagar [70]
Tribhuvan University Department of Pharmacy Kirtipur [71]

Netherlands

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Leiden University Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research Leiden
University of Groningen Department of Pharmacy Groningen
Utrecht University Faculty of Pharmacy Utrecht

New Zealand

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
University of Auckland Department of Pharmacy Auckland
University of Otago School of Pharmacy Dunedin

North Korea

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Sariwon Pharmaceutical College of Koryo Sariwon [72]

North Macedonia[edit]

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Goce Delčev University of Štip Faculty of Medical Sciences Štip
Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje Faculty of Pharmacy Skopje

Norway

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
University of Tromsø Institute of Pharmacy Tromsø

P

Pakistan

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Bahauddin Zakariya University Faculty of Pharmacy Multan
Baqai Medical University Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nazimabad
COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus Department of Pharmacy Abbottabad Campus [73]
Federal Urdu University Faculty of Pharmacy Gulshan
Government College University (Faisalabad) College of Pharmacy Faisalabad
Gomal University Faculty of Pharmacy D.I. Khan
Hajvery University School of Pharmacy Lahore
Hamdard University Faculty of Pharmacy Karachi, Islamabad
Islamia University Faculty of Pharmacy Bahawalpur
Jinnah Medical and Dental College Faculty of Pharmacy Karachi
Jinnah University for Women Faculty of Pharmacy Karachi
Lahore College of Pharmaceutical Sciences School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Lahore [74]
Kohat University of Science and Technology Facualty of Pharmacy Kohat
Lahore College for Women University Department of Pharmacy Lahore
Quaid-i-Azam University Department of Pharmacy Islamabad
Riphah International University Department of Pharmacy Islamabad
Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology Department of Pharmacy Hayatabad
University of Balochistan Faculty of Pharmacy Quetta
University of Central Punjab Faculty of Pharmacy Lahore
University of Faisalabad Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Faisalabad
University of Karachi Faculty of Pharmacy Gulshan
University of Lahore Department of Pharmacy Lahore
University of Malakand Department of Pharmacy Malakand Division
University of Peshawar Department of Pharmacy Peshawar [75]
University of the Punjab University College of Pharmacy Lahore [76]
University of Sargodha Faculty of Pharmacy Sargodha
University of Sindh Faculty of Pharmacy Jamshoro
University of Swabi Department of Pharmacy Swabi
University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Department of Pharmacy Lahore
Ziauddin University Ziauddin College of Pharmacy, Karachi North Nazimabad
Lahore College of Pharmaceutical Sciences School of Pharmacy(Uos) Lahore

Palestine

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Al-Azhar University – Gaza Faculty of Pharmacy Gaza City
An-Najah National University Faculty of Pharmacy Nablus
Al-Quds University Faculty of Pharmacy multiple
Hebron University Faculty of Pharmacy Hebron

Peru

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Catholic University of Santa María Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry Arequipa
Cayetano Heredia University Faculty of Science and Philosophy Lima
National University of San Marcos Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry Lima

Philippines

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Adamson University College of Pharmacy Manila
Angeles University Foundation Department of Pharmacy Angeles
Cebu Doctors’ University College of Pharmacy Mandaue
Centro Escolar University School of Pharmacy Manila
Emilio Aguinaldo College College of Pharmacy Manila
Lyceum-Northwestern University College of Pharmacy Dagupan
Manila Central University College of Pharmacy Caloocan
Mariano Marcos State University Department of Pharmacy multiple, Ilocos Norte
National University Department of Pharmacy Manila
Negros Oriental State University College of Pharmacy Negros Oriental
Nueva Ecija College College of Pharmacy Nueva Ecija
Our Lady of Fatima University College of Pharmacy multiple
Philippine Women’s University School of Pharmacy Manila [77]
Saint Louis University Department of Pharmacy Baguio
Saint Paul University Philippines College of Pharmacy Tuguergaro
San Pedro College College of Pharmacy Mindanao [78]
Southwestern University College of Pharmacy Cebu City
University of Bohol College of Pharmacy Tagbilaran
University of Luzon College of Pharmacy Dagupan
University of Perpetual Help System JONELTA College of Pharmacy Biñan
University of Perpetual Help System DALTA College of Pharmacy multiple
University of San Agustin College of Pharmacy and Medical Technology Iloilo City
University of San Carlos College of Pharmacy Cebu City
University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Pharmacy Manila
University of Southern Philippines Foundation College of Pharmacy Cebu City
University of the Immaculate Conception College of Pharmacy Davao City
University of the Philippines Manila College of Pharmacy Manila
University of the Visayas College of Pharmacy Cebu City
University of Zamboanga Department of Pharmacy Zamboanga City
Virgen Milagrosa University Foundation College of Pharmacy San Carlos

Poland

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Medical University of Gdańsk Faculty of Pharmacy Gdańsk
Jagiellonian University Faculty of Pharmacy and Division of Medical Analytics Kraków
Medical University of Białystok Faculty of Pharmacy Białystok
Medical University of Lublin Faculty of Pharmacy Lublin
Medical University of Łódź Faculty of Pharmacy Łódź
Medical University of Silesia Faculty of Pharmacy Katowice
Medical University of Warsaw Faculty of Pharmacy with Laboratory Medicine Division Warsaw
Nicolaus Copernicus University Medical College in Bydgoszcz, Faculty of Pharmacy Toruń
Poznan University of Medical Sciences Faculty of Pharmacy Poznań
Wrocław Medical University Faculty of Pharmacy Wrocław

Portugal

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Egas Moniz Health Sciences Institute Department of Pharmacy Almada
Fernando Pessoa University Faculty of Health Sciences PortoPonte de Lima
Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies Department of Health Sciences Lisbon
Northern Health Sciences Institute Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Paredes
University of Algarve Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacy Faro
University of Beira Interior Faculty of Health Sciences Covilhã
University of Coimbra Faculty of Pharmacy Coimbra
University of Lisbon Faculty of Pharmacy Lisbon
University of Porto Faculty of Pharmacy Porto

Q

Qatar

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Qatar University College of Pharmacy Doha

R

Romania

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy Faculty of Pharmacy Bucharest
Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Faculty of Pharmacy Iași
Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy Faculty of Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca
University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova Faculty of Pharmacy Craiova
Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy Faculty of Pharmacy Timișoara

Russia

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Altai Medical Institute Pharmaceutical Faculty
Bashkirski Medical Institute Pharmaceutical Faculty
Belgorod State University Pharmaceutical Faculty Belgorod
Irkutsk Medical Institute Pharmaceutical Faculty
Kazan State Medical University Pharmaceutical Faculty Kazan
Kemerovo Medical Institute Pharmaceutical Faculty
Khabarovsk Pharmaceutical Institute
Kursk Medical Institute Pharmaceutical Faculty
Moscow Medical Academy Pharmaceutical Faculty Moscow
Perm Pharmaceutical Institute
Pyatigorsk State Pharmaceutical Academy
Rjazan Medical Institute Pharmaceutical Faculty
Samara Medical Institute Pharmaceutical Faculty
Sibir Medical University Pharmaceutical Faculty
St. Petersburg State Chemical-Pharmaceutical Academy
St. Petersburg State Pharmaceutical College
Tumen Medical Institute Pharmaceutical Faculty
Yaroslavl Medical Institute Pharmaceutical Faculty

Rwanda

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
University of Rwanda Department of Pharmacy multiple

S

Saudi Arabia

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Al Baha University Faculty of Clinical Pharmacy Al Bahah
Al Jouf University College of Pharmacy Sakakah
Islamic University of Madinah Faculty of Pharmacy Medina IBNSINA National Pharmacy College Faculty of Pharmacy Jeddah
Jazan University College of Pharmacy Jizan
King Abdulaziz University Faculty of Pharmacy Jeddah
King Faisal University Faculty of Pharmacy Hofuf
King Khalid University Faculty of Pharmacy ‘Asir Region
King Saud University Faculty of Pharmacy Riyadh
Najran University Faculty of Pharmacy Najran
Northern Borders University Faculty of Pharmacy Rafha
Princess Nora bint Abdul Rahman University Faculty of Pharmacy Riyadh
Qassim University Faculty of Pharmacy Al-Qassim Region
Salman bin Abdulaziz University Faculty of Pharmacy Al-Kharj
Shaqra University Faculty of Pharmacy Shaqraa
Taibah University Faculty of Pharmacy Medina
Taif University Faculty of Pharmacy Ta’if
Riyadh College of Dentistry and Pharmacy Faculty of Pharmacy Riyadh
Umm al-Qura University Faculty of Pharmacy Mecca

Serbia

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
University of Belgrade Faculty of Pharmacy Belgrade
University of Kragujevac Department of Pharmacy Kragujevac
University of Niš Department of Pharmacy Niš
University of Novi Sad Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering Novi Sad

Singapore

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Nanyang Polytechnic School of Chemical & Life Sciences Yio Chu Kang
National University of Singapore Department of Pharmacy Singapore
Ngee Ann Polytechnic School of Life Sciences & Chemical Technology Clementi
Republic Polytechnic School of Applied Science Woodlands
Temasek Polytechnic School of Applied Science Tampines

Slovakia

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Comenius University Faculty of Pharmacy Bratislava
University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy Department of Pharmacy Košice [79]

Slovenia

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
University of Ljubljana Faculty of Pharmacy Ljubljana

South Africa

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University Department of Pharmacy Port Elizabeth [80]
North-West University School of Pharmacy Potchefstroom [80]
Rhodes University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Grahamstown [80]
University of KwaZulu–Natal School of Pharmacy Westville [80]
University of LimpopoTshwane University of Technology School of Pharmacy Medunsa [80]
University of Limpopo School of Pharmacy Sovenga [80]
University of Pretoria Pretoria College of Pharmacy Pretoria [81]
University of the Western Cape School of Pharmacy Bellville [80]
University of the Witwatersrand Department of Pharmacy Johannesburg [80]

South Korea

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Ajou University College of pharmacy Suwon
Pusan National University College of Pharmacy Busan
Catholic University of Daegu College of Pharmacy Daegu
CHA University College of Pharmacy Pocheon
Chonnam National University College of Pharmacy Gwangju
Chosun University College of Pharmacy Gwangu
Chung-Ang University College of Pharmacy Seoul
Chungbuk National University College of Pharmacy Cheongju
Chungnam National University College of Pharmacy Daejeon
Dongduk Women’s University College of Pharmacy Seoul
Duksung Women’s University College of Pharmacy Seoul
Ewha Womans University College of Pharmacy Seoul
Gyeongsang National University College of Pharmacy Jinju
Inje University College of Pharmacy Gimhae
Kangwon National University College of Pharmacy Chuncheon
Korea University College of Pharmacy Seoul
Kyung Hee University College of Pharmacy Seoul
Kyungpook National University College of Pharmacy Daegu
Kyungsung University College of Pharmacy Busan
Sahmyook University College of Pharmacy Seoul
Seoul National University College of Pharmacy Seoul
Sookmyung Women’s University College of Pharmacy Yongsan-gu
Sungkyunkwan University College of Pharmacy Seoul, Suwon
Wonkwang University College of Pharmacy Iksan
Woosuk University College of Pharmacy Wanju-gun
Yeungnam University College of Pharmacy Gyeongsan
Yonsei University College of Pharmacy Seoul

Spain

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Complutense University of Madrid Faculty of Pharmacy Madrid
Miguel Hernández University of Elche Faculty of Pharmacy Alicante
University of Alcalá Faculty of Pharmacy Alcalá de Henares
University of Barcelona Faculty of Pharmacy Barcelona
University of the Basque Country Faculty of Pharmacy multiple
University of Granada Faculty of Pharmacy Granada
University of La Laguna Faculty of Pharmacy San Cristóbal de La Laguna
University of Navarra Faculty of Pharmacy Pamplona
University of Salamanca Faculty of Pharmacy Salamanca
University of Santiago de Compostela Faculty of Pharmacy Santiago de Compostela
University of Seville Faculty of Pharmacy Seville
University of Valencia Faculty of Pharmacy Valencia

Sri Lanka

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
University of Jaffna Faculty of Medicine Jaffna
University of Peradeniya Department of Pharmacy Peradeniya
University of Ruhuna Faculty of Medicine Matara
University of Sri Jayewardenepura Department of Allied Health Sciences Gangodawila

Sudan

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Ahfad University for Women Omdurman
Khartoum College of Medical Sciences Khartoum
Omdurman Islamic University Omdurman
University of Khartoum Khartoum
University of Medical Sciences and Technology Khartoum
University of Gezira Madani
Neelain University Khartoum
Razi University Khartoum
Ribat University Khartoum
Karari University Omdurman

Sweden

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Lund University Faculty of Medicine Lund
Umeå University Faculty of Medicine Umeå
University of Gothenburg Sahlgrenska akademin Gothenburg
Uppsala University Faculty of Pharmacy Uppsala

Switzerland

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
ETH Zurich Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zürich
Geneva-Lausanne School of Pharmacy Department of Pharmacy Geneva
University of Basel Department of Pharmacy Basel
University of Lausanne Department of Pharmacy Lausanne

Syria

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Al-Baath University Faculty of Pharmacy Homs
Arab International University Faculty of Pharmacy Ghabaghib
Damascus University Faculty of Pharmacy Damascus
Ebla Private University School of Pharmacy Idlib
International University for Science and Technology Oum el Qusur
Kalmoon University School of Pharmacy Deir Attiya
Syrian Private University Damascus
Tishreen University Faculty of Pharmacy Latakia
University of Aleppo Faculty of Pharmacy Aleppo
Al-Andalus University for Medical Sciences Faculty of Pharmacy Al-Qadmus
Al-Rasheed International Private University Faculty of Pharmacy Damascus

T

Tajikistan

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Tajik Medical Institute Pharmaceutical Faculty

Taiwan (Republic of China)

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science College of Pharmacy and Science Rende District
China Medical University Department of Pharmacy Taichung
Kaohsiung Medical University School of Pharmacy Kaohsiung
National Defense Medical Center School of Pharmacy Taipei
National Taiwan University School of Pharmacy Daan District
Taipei Medical University School of Pharmacy Xinyi District
Tajen University Department of Pharmacy Yanpu

Tanzania

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences School of Pharmacy Mwanza
Kampala International University Dar es Salaam College Dar es Salaam
Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences School of Pharmacy Dar es Salaam
St. John’s University of Tanzania School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Dodoma

Thailand

The Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Burapha University Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Chonburi
Chiang Mai University Faculty of Pharmacy Chiang Mai
Chulalongkorn University Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Bangkok
Eastern Asia University School of Pharmacy Pathum Thani [82]
Huachiew Chalermprakiet University Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Bangkok
Khon Kaen University Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Khon Kaen
Mahasarakham University Faculty of Pharmacy Maha Sarakham
Mahidol University Faculty of Pharmacy Bangkok
Naresuan University Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Phitsanulok [83]
University of Phayao School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Phayao [84]
Payap University Faculty of Pharmacy Chiang Mai
Prince of Songkla University Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Songkhla
Rangsit University Faculty of Pharmacy Pathum Thani
Siam University Faculty of Pharmacy Bangkok
Silpakorn University Faculty of Pharmacy Nakhon Pathom
Srinakharinwirot University Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nakhon Nayok
Thammasart University School of Pharmacy Pathum Thani
Ubon Ratchathani University Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Ubon Ratchathani
Walailak University School of Pharmacy Nakhon Si Thammarat

Trinidad and Tobago

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
University of the West Indies School of Pharmacy Mt. Hope

Tunisia

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
University of Monastir Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir Monastir

Turkey

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Anadolu University Faculty of Pharmacy Eskişehir
Ankara University Faculty of Pharmacy Ankara
Atatürk University Faculty of Pharmacy Erzurum
Ege University Faculty of Pharmacy İzmir
Erciyes University Faculty of Pharmacy Kayseri
Gazi University Faculty of Pharmacy Ankara
Hacettepe University Faculty of Pharmacy Ankara
Istanbul University Faculty of Pharmacy Istanbul
İnönü University Faculty of Pharmacy Malatya
Karadeniz Teknik University Faculty of Pharmacy Trabzon
Marmara University Faculty of Pharmacy Istanbul
Mersin University Faculty of Pharmacy Mersin Province
Yeditepe University Faculty of Pharmacy Istanbul
Trakya University Faculty of Pharmacy Edirne
Çukurova University Faculty of Pharmacy Adana
Dicle University Faculty of Pharmacy Diyarbakır
Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Pharmacy Sivas
Yüzüncü Yıl University Faculty of Pharmacy Van
Bülent Ecevit University Faculty of Pharmacy Erciyes
Adıyaman University Faculty of Pharmacy Adıyaman
Erzincan University Faculty of Pharmacy Erzincan
Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University Faculty of Pharmacy Ağrı
Selçuk University Faculty of Pharmacy Konya
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University Faculty of Pharmacy Rize
Akdeniz University Faculty of Pharmacy Antalya
Harran University Faculty of Pharmacy Şanlıurfa
Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University Faculty of Pharmacy Tokat
Bezmiâlem University Faculty of Pharmacy Istanbul
Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University Faculty of Pharmacy Istanbul
Medipol University Faculty of Pharmacy Istanbul
Biruni University Faculty of Pharmacy Istanbul
Yeni Yüzyıl University Faculty of Pharmacy Istanbul
Kemerburgaz University Faculty of Pharmacy Istanbul
Istinye University Faculty of Pharmacy Istanbul

U

Ukraine

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University Department of Pharmacy Lviv [85]
National University of Pharmacy Kharkiv [86]
Odessa National Medical University Department of Pharmacy Odessa [87]

Uganda

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Makerere University School of Health Sciences Department of Pharmacy Mulago
Mbarara University of Science and Technology Mbarara
Soroti Pharmaceutical Training College Soroti District

United Arab Emirates

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Al Ain University of Science and Technology Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences Al Ain
Ajman University of Science and Technology Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences AjmanFujairah
Dubai Pharmacy College Muhaisnah
Gulf Medical University College of Pharmacy Ajman
RAK Medical and Health Sciences University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Ras al Khaimah
University of Sharjah College of Pharmacy University City of Sharjah

United Kingdom

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Aston University Birmingham School of Pharmacy Gosta Green
Cardiff University Welsh School of Pharmacy Cardiff
De Montfort University School of Pharmacy Leicester
Keele University School of Pharmacy Newcastle-under-Lyme
King’s College London Department of Pharmacy London
Kingston University Department of Pharmacy Kingston
Liverpool John Moores University School of Pharmacy and Chemistry Liverpool
Queen’s University Belfast School of Pharmacy Belfast
Robert Gordon University School of Pharmacy Aberdeen
University of Bath Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Bath
University of Birmingham School of Pharmacy Birmingham
University of Bradford School of Life Sciences Bradford
University of Brighton School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences Moulsecoomb
University of Central Lancashire School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Preston
University College London UCL School of Pharmacy London
University of East Anglia School of Pharmacy Norwich
University of Greenwich/University of Kent Medway School of Pharmacy Medway
University of Hertfordshire School of Pharmacy multiple
University of Huddersfield Division of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Huddersfield
University of Lincoln Lincoln School of Pharmacy Lincoln
University of Manchester School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Manchester
University of Nottingham School of Pharmacy Nottingham
University of Portsmouth School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences Portsmouth
University of Reading School of Pharmacy Reading
University of Strathclyde Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences Glasgow
University of Sunderland School of Health, Natural and Social Sciences Sunderland
University of Sussex School of Life Sciences Falmer
Ulster University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences multiple
University of Wolverhampton School of Applied Sciences multiple

United States of America

Alabama

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Auburn University Harrison School of Pharmacy Auburn
Samford University McWhorter School of Pharmacy Birmingham

Arizona

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Midwestern University College of Pharmacy Glendale
University of Arizona College of Pharmacy Tucson

Arkansas

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Harding University College of Pharmacy Searcy
University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences College of Pharmacy Little Rock

California

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
California Health Sciences University School of Pharmacy Clovis
California Northstate University College of Pharmacy Sacramento
Chapman University School of Pharmacy Irvine
Keck Graduate Institute School of Pharmacy Claremont
Loma Linda University School of Pharmacy Loma Linda
Marshall B. Ketchum University College of Pharmacy Fullerton
Touro University California College of Pharmacy Vallejo
University of California, San Diego Skaggs School of Pharmacy La Jolla
University of California, San Francisco School of Pharmacy San Francisco
University of the Pacific Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy & Health Science Stockton
University of Southern California School of Pharmacy Los Angeles
West Coast University College of Pharmacy Los Angeles
Western University of Health Sciences College of Pharmacy Pomona

Colorado

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Regis University Rueckert-Hartman School for Health Professions Denver
University of Colorado Denver School of Pharmacy Denver

Connecticut

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Saint Joseph University School of Pharmacy West Hartford
University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy Storrs

District of Columbia

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Howard University School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Nursing & AHS Washington, D.C.

Florida

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Tallahassee
Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine LECOM School of Pharmacy Bradenton Campus Bradenton
Nova Southeastern University College of Pharmacy Davie
Palm Beach Atlantic University School of Pharmacy West Palm Beach
University of Florida College of Pharmacy Gainesville
University of South Florida College of Pharmacy Tampa

Georgia

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Mercer University College of Pharmacy Atlanta
Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine School of Pharmacy, Georgia campus Suwanee
South University School of Pharmacy Savannah
University of Georgia College of Pharmacy Athens

Hawaii

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
University of Hawaii at Hilo Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy Hilo

Idaho

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Idaho State University College of Pharmacy Pocatello

Illinois

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Chicago State University College of Pharmacy Chicago
Midwestern University Chicago College of Pharmacy Downers Grove
Roosevelt University College of Pharmacy Schaumburg
Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science College of Pharmacy North Chicago
Southern Illinois University Edwardsville School of Pharmacy Edwardsville
University of Illinois at Chicago College of Pharmacy Chicago

Indiana

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Butler University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences Indianapolis
Manchester University College of Pharmacy North Manchester
Purdue University College of Pharmacy West Lafayette
Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis College of Pharmacy Indianapolis

Iowa

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Drake University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences Des Moines
University of Iowa University of Iowa College of Pharmacy Iowa City

Kansas

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
University of Kansas School of Pharmacy Lawrence

Kentucky

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Sullivan University College of Pharmacy Louisville
University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy Lexington

Louisiana

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
University of Louisiana at Monroe College of Pharmacy Monroe
Xavier University of Louisiana College of Pharmacy New Orleans

Maine

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Husson University School of Pharmacy Bangor
University of New England School of Pharmacy Portland

Maryland

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Notre Dame of Maryland University School of Pharmacy Baltimore
University of Maryland School of Pharmacy Baltimore

Massachusetts

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
MCPHS University School of Pharmacy-Boston Boston
MCPHS University School of Pharmacy-Worcester Worcester
Northeastern University School of Pharmacy Boston
Western New England University School of Pharmacy Springfield

Michigan

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Ferris State University College of Pharmacy Big Rapids
University of Michigan College of Pharmacy Ann Arbor
Wayne State University Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences Detroit

Minnesota

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy Minneapolis
University of Minnesota Duluth College of Pharmacy Duluth

Mississippi

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy Oxford

Missouri

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
St. Louis College of Pharmacy St. Louis
University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Pharmacy Kansas City

Montana

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
University of Montana Skaggs School of Pharmacy Missoula

Nebraska

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Creighton University School of Pharmacy and Health Professions Omaha
University of Nebraska College of Pharmacy Omaha

Nevada

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Roseman University of Health Sciences College of Pharmacy Henderson

New Jersey

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Fairleigh Dickinson University School of Pharmacy Florham Park
Rutgers University Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy Piscataway

New Mexico

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy Albuquerque

New York

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
D’Youville College School of Pharmacy Buffalo
Long Island University Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences Brooklyn
St. John Fisher College Wegmans School of Pharmacy Rochester
St. John’s University College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions New York City
State University of New York School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Binghamton
State University of New York School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Buffalo
Touro College College of Pharmacy New York City
Union University Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences Albany

North Carolina

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Campbell University College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences Buies Creek
High Point University School of Pharmacy High Point
University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy Chapel Hill
Wingate University School of Pharmacy Wingate

North Dakota

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
North Dakota State University College of Pharmacy, Nursing, and Allied Sciences Fargo

Ohio

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Cedarville University School of Pharmacy Cedarville
Northeast Ohio Medical University College of Pharmacy Rootstown
Ohio Northern University Rudolph H. Raabe College of Pharmacy Ada
Ohio State University College of Pharmacy Columbus
University of Cincinnati James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy Cincinnati
University of Findlay College of Pharmacy Findlay
University of Toledo College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences Toledo

Oklahoma

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Southwestern Oklahoma State University College of Pharmacy Weatherford
University of Oklahoma College of Pharmacy Norman

Oregon

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Oregon Health & Science University Portland
Oregon State University College of Pharmacy Corvallis
Pacific University College of Pharmacy Hillsboro

Pennsylvania

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Duquesne University School of Pharmacy Pittsburgh
Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine LECOM School of Pharmacy Erie
Temple University School of Pharmacy Philadelphia
Thomas Jefferson University Jefferson School of Pharmacy Philadelphia
University of the Sciences in Philadelphia Philadelphia College of Pharmacy Philadelphia
University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy Pittsburgh
Wilkes University Nesbitt School of Pharmacy Wilkes-Barre

Puerto Rico

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
University of Puerto Rico School of Pharmacy San Juan

Rhode Island

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
University of Rhode Island College of Pharmacy Kingston

South Carolina

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Medical University of South Carolina South Carolina College of Pharmacy Charleston
Presbyterian College College of Pharmacy Clinton
South University School of Pharmacy Columbia
University of South Carolina South Carolina College of Pharmacy Columbia

South Dakota

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
South Dakota State University College of Pharmacy Brookings

Tennessee

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Belmont University College of Pharmacy Nashville
East Tennessee State University College of Pharmacy Johnson City
Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy Nashville
South College School of Pharmacy Knoxville
Union University College of Pharmacy Jackson
University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy Memphis

Texas

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Texas A&M University Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy Kingsville [88]
Texas Southern University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences Houston [88]
Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy Amarillo [88]
University of Houston College of Pharmacy Houston [88]
University of Texas at Austin College of Pharmacy Austin [88]
University of Texas at Tyler Fische College of Pharmacy Tyler [89]
University of the Incarnate Word Feik School of Pharmacy San Antonio [88]
University of North Texas Health Science Center College of Pharmacy Fort Worth [88]

Utah

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Roseman University of Health Sciences College of Pharmacy South Jordan
University of Utah College of Pharmacy Salt Lake City

Vermont

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences Albany College of Pharmacy Colchester

Virginia

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Appalachian College of Pharmacy Oakwood
Hampton University School of Pharmacy Hampton
Shenandoah University Bernard J. Dunn School of Pharmacy Winchester
Virginia Commonwealth University School of Pharmacy Richmond

Washington

Magnuson Building, University of Washington School of Pharmacy

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
University of Washington School of Pharmacy Seattle
Washington State University College of Pharmacy Spokane

West Virginia

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Marshall University School of Pharmacy Huntington
University of Charleston School of Pharmacy Charleston
West Virginia University School of Pharmacy Morgantown

Wisconsin

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
Concordia University Wisconsin School of Pharmacy Mequon
University of Wisconsin–Madison School of Pharmacy Madison

Wyoming

Affiliated institution School Location Ref.
University of Wyoming School of Pharmacy Laramie

Uruguay

Affiliated institution School Location
University of the Republic Faculty of Chemistry Montevideo

Uzbekistan

Affiliated institution School Location
Tashkent Pharmaceutical Institute Tashkent

V

Venezuela

Affiliated institution School Location
Central University of Venezuela Faculty of Pharmacy Caracas
Universidad Santa María Faculty of Pharmacy Caracas
University of the Andes Faculty of Pharmacy Mérida

Vietnam

Affiliated institution School Location
Ha Noi University of Pharmacy Hanoi
Ho Chi Minh City Medicine and Pharmacy University Faculty of Pharmacy Ho Chi Minh City
Hue College of Medicine and Pharmacy – University of Huế Faculty of Pharmacy Huế
Cần Thơ University of Medicine and Pharmacy Faculty of Pharmacy Cần Thơ

Z

Zambia

Affiliated institution School Location
University of Zambia Department of Pharmacy Lusaka
Texila American University Zambia School of Allied Health Sciences Lusaka

Zimbabwe

Affiliated institution School Location
Harare Institute of Technology Department of Pharmaceutical Technology Harare
University of Zimbabwe Department of Pharmacy Harare
 

References

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  89. ^ “College of Pharmacy”. Retrieved 19 September 2015.

External links

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An efficient way for the N-formylation of amines by inorganic-ligand supported iron catalysis

 organic chemistry, SYNTHESIS  Comments Off on An efficient way for the N-formylation of amines by inorganic-ligand supported iron catalysis
Jan 162020
 

Graphical abstract: An efficient way for the N-formylation of amines by inorganic-ligand supported iron catalysis

 

An efficient way for the N-formylation of amines by inorganic-ligand supported iron catalysis

Green Chem., 2020, Advance Article

DOI: 10.1039/C9GC03564H, Paper
Zhikang Wu, Yongyan Zhai, Wenshu Zhao, Zheyu Wei, Han Yu, Sheng Han, Yongge Wei
A green and highly efficient N-formylation of amines using formic acid as the acylating agent by iron catalysis with excellent selectivity and yields.
To cite this article before page numbers are assigned, use the DOI form of citation above.
The content of this RSS Feed (c) The Royal Society of Chemistry

An efficient way for the N-formylation of amines by inorganic-ligand supported iron catalysis

 Author affiliations

Abstract

The first example of an inorganic-ligand supported iron(III) catalysed coupling of formic acid and amines to form formamides is reported. The pure inorganic catalyst (NH4)3[FeMo6O18(OH)6] (1), which consists of a central FeIII single-atomic core supported within a cycle-shaped inorganic ligand consisting of six MoVIO6 octahedra, shows excellent activity and selectivity, and avoids the use of complicated/commercially unavailable organic ligands. Various primary amines and secondary amines have been successfully transformed into the corresponding formamides under mild conditions, and the formylation of primary diamines has also been achieved for the first time. The Fe catalyst 1 can be reused several times without appreciable loss of activity.

STR1

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Panthera Deluxe, Polymeric spe products from Orochem

 Uncategorized  Comments Off on Panthera Deluxe, Polymeric spe products from Orochem
Nov 302019
 

Capture 1

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Polymer-based Solid Phase Extraction Products

Orochem synthesizes a full range of polymer-based, solid phase extraction (SPE) sorbents. Every sorbent batch must pass a series of quality control tests to ensure batch-to-batch reproducibility and performance.  Orochem’s Panthera Deluxe and Agility Deluxe products provide high performance at an affordable price.  Sorbents are available in cartridges, 96-well plates, and microelute plate format. Combined method development 96-well plates can be custom made upon request.

Panthera Deluxe Polymeric SPE Products

The Panthera Deluxe sorbent is based on poly-DVB and provides both hydrophobic and hydrophilic retention. It demonstrates high capacity and retention for a full range of neutral, basic, and acidic compounds and is particularly suitable for pain management drugs and other pharmaceuticals.

Technical Specifications:

Mode: Reversed phase

Average Particle Size: 15 µm

Average Pore Size: 39 Å

Sorbent Substrate: Polymeric DVB

Water Wettable: Yes

Mass Spec Compatible:  Yes

pH Range: 0-14

 

Orochem customers have used Panthera Deluxe to separate the following examples in various matrices:

  • Reloxifene
  • Albendazole
  • Topiramate
  • Pregabalin
  • Dolutegravir
  • Dapagliflozine
  • Ibuprofen
  • Loratidine
  • Bile Acids
  • Paliperidon
  • Sofosbuuvir
  • Chlorozoxazone
  • Pramipexole
  • Hydroxychloroquine
  • Isosorbide Mononitrate
  • Bupivacaine Liposomal
  • Amphotericine B Liposomal

 

General Extraction Method

(based on 30 mg/cc cartridge)

Stationary phase: Reversed phase

(Panthera Deluxe )

Condition(optional): 1 ml of methanol followed by 1 ml of water

Loading step: 0.1-0.5 ml of plasma or other sample

Washing step: 1 ml of water followed by 1 ml of 5% methanol (depending on analyte)

Elution step: 1 ml of methanol (depending on analyte, other common solvents are acetonitrile, ethanol)

 

 

A PRESENTATION

untitled-6-110

Dr. June Zang
Orochem Technologies Inc. , USA
Tel: 001 -630 210 8300
Dr. Ganesh Metangale
Orochem India Pvt. Ltd.
Tel: 022-20873568/70/71
Orochem Technologies Inc.
Nepervill

Established in 1996, Orochem Technologies Inc. started as a Biotech and Chromatography company to manufacture unique Sample Prep Technology “Products” for the Bioanalysis, Drug Discovery, and the Genomics and Proteomics markets.

Established in 1996, Orochem Technologies Inc. started as a Biotech and Chromatography company to manufacture unique Sample Prep Technology Products for the Bioanalysis, Drug Discovery, and the Genomics and Proteomics markets. Backed with unique expertise in high throughput formats, membranes and surface chemistries, Orochem was one of the first companies to translate the concept of pre-filters from single to high throughput formats, a concept now widely implemented for sample prep plates in the biotech and analytical markets. In the year 2001 Orochem manufactured the first commercially available Protein Crash and Precipitation 96-well plate for Bioanalytical processes. By the year 2006, with the acquisition of Column Engineering Inc, Orochem evolved to become a “full-service” provider for silica manufacturing utilized for analytical and preparatory chromatography. Orochem invests heavily into R&D in-house and owns strong intellectual property in stationary phases for achiral and Chiral Chromatography.

Orochem’s is globally recognized as an organization that conceives, develops, and installs some of the most technologically viable solutions for “highest purities” for industrial or “metric ton” scale purification for API’s, nutritional supplements, fatty acids, and specialty sugars. Orochem provides Simulated Moving Bed (SMB) Chromatography technology for the laboratory scale, pilot scale and large-scale purification of commercially viable molecules for its customers around the world. Orochem’s products and services for Simulated Moving Bed Chromatography include Synthesis and manufacture of stationary phases “tailored for specific separations”, a uniquely engineered SMB system and the installation and commissioning of the SMB systems at customer sites with well-trained Orochem technical service engineers.

Orochem owns several manufacturing facilities around the world. The  Naperville, Illinois, USA site has about 84,000 square feet of manufacturing area where most of the Membrane Filter Plates, Silica manufacturing, Silica bonding, Solid Phase Extraction products and HPLC Columns are manufactured. Orochem India, Mumbai has 20,000 square feet facility and manufactures Sample prep products for the Discovery & Clinical Research organizations in Asia. Simulated Moving Bed chromatography systems are designed, built and assembled completely at our US locations in Naperville in Illinois.

USA (HQ)

Orochem Technologies Inc.
   630 210 8300
   630 210 8315
   info@orochem.com
   340 Shuman Blvd., Naperville, 60563, IL.

Orochem Molecular Purification by Design

https://orochem.com/

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AGGARWWAL EXPORTS : R-Glycidyl Butyrate first in India

 MANUFACTURING, SYNTHESIS, Uncategorized  Comments Off on AGGARWWAL EXPORTS : R-Glycidyl Butyrate first in India
Nov 222019
 

 

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Aggarwwal Exports becomes first company in India  to manufacture R-Glycidyl Butyrate (CAS No. :  60456-26-0) in India. The company holds a GMP and US FDA registration for the product with an audit ready plant.

Aggarwwal Exports – Specialty chemical division’s core strength is Chiral Molecules. R-Glycidyl Butyrate is a Linezolid intermediate that is either imported from China or South Korea, until now.  As China’s reliablility due to Trade War and pollution problems have arisen, more companies are looking to develop Indian Manufacturers to ensure longevity and robustness of Raw Material Supply.

The company has developed a process from the base level of Racemic Epichlorohydrin and is utilizing precious metal to create chirally pure S-Epichlorohydrin and R-Epichlorohydrin, which is further processd to make R-Glycidyl Butyrate and R-Glycidol.

Benefits of purchasing from Aggarwwal Exports-

1) 99% GC purity and 99% Chiral Purity

2) Importing from China and Japan is a tedious process as import duty needs to be made, lead time is around 2 months as R-GB is under Hazardous cargo which is expensive to ship.

3) Pricing is slightly lower than imports but quality is improved.

4) Lead time is 10 days from order confirmation.

5) Most importantly, Make in India.str1.JPG str2 str3 str4

Pranjal Varshney, V.P. Operations

www.agexpharma.com                                        

Aggarwwal Exports, B-8 Roshan Bagh, Rampur 244901 (UP) India

Cell: +91-9837035981 | Email: Pranjal@agexpharma.com

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Catalyst- and additive-free Baeyer–Villiger-type oxidation of α-iodocyclopentenones to α-pyrones: using air as the oxidant

 green chemistry, spectroscopy, SYNTHESIS, Uncategorized  Comments Off on Catalyst- and additive-free Baeyer–Villiger-type oxidation of α-iodocyclopentenones to α-pyrones: using air as the oxidant
Oct 152019
 

Graphical abstract: Catalyst- and additive-free Baeyer–Villiger-type oxidation of α-iodocyclopentenones to α-pyrones: using air as the oxidant

An efficient synthetic approach for the synthesis of α-pyrones via Baeyer–Villiger-type oxidation of α-iodocyclopentenones through a catalyst- and additive-free system using air as an environmentally benign oxidant is described. The reaction exhibits excellent functional group compatibility and provides a simple and efficient protocol for the construction of highly functionalized α-pyrones under mild reaction conditions.

Catalyst- and additive-free Baeyer–Villiger-type oxidation of α-iodocyclopentenones to α-pyrones: using air as the oxidant

 Author affiliations

http://www.rsc.org/suppdata/c9/gc/c9gc02725d/c9gc02725d1.pdf

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Catalyst- and Additive-Free Baeyer−Villiger-type Oxidation of α-Iodocyclopentenones to α-Pyrones: Using Air as the Oxidant

 ANTHONY CRASTO, organic chemistry, spectroscopy, SYNTHESIS  Comments Off on Catalyst- and Additive-Free Baeyer−Villiger-type Oxidation of α-Iodocyclopentenones to α-Pyrones: Using Air as the Oxidant
Sep 112019
 

Catalyst- and Additive-Free Baeyer−Villiger-type Oxidation of α-Iodocyclopentenones to α-Pyrones: Using Air as the Oxidant

Abstract

An efficient synthetic approach for the synthesis of α-pyrones via Baeyer−Villiger-type oxidation of α-iodocyclopentenones through a catalyst- and additive-free system using air as an environmentally benign oxidant is described. The reaction exhibits excellent functional group compatibility and provides a simple and efficient protocol for the construction of highly functionalized α-pyrones under mild reaction conditions.

Ethyl 4-(4-cyclopropyl-2-oxo-2H-pyran-6-yl)butanoate (2aa) Product 2aa was obtained as yellow oil in 50% yield (38 mg) following the general procedure; 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ 5.84 (s, 1H), 5.61 (s, 1H), 4.13-4.09 (m, 2H), 2.48 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 2H), 2.33 (td, J = 7.3, 2.3 Hz, 2H), 1.97-1.94 (m, 2H), 1.66-1.63 (m, 1H), 1.26-1.22 (m, 3H), 1.07-1.05 (m, 2H), 0.80-0.79 (m, 2H); 13C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl3) δ 172.8, 163.9, 163.0, 162.8, 106.7, 102.1, 60.5, 33.2, 33.0, 22.1, 15.4, 14.2, 10.0; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C14H18O4Na [M+Na]+ : 273.1097, found: 273.1101

 

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https://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2019/GC/C9GC02725D?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+rss%2FGC+%28RSC+-+Green+Chem.+latest+articles%29#!divAbstract

http://www.rsc.org/suppdata/c9/gc/c9gc02725d/c9gc02725d1.pdf

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