Cheap and sensitive test for a key prostate cancer marker

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Sep 162015

The cavitand-coated micro-beads are able to sweep up the amino acid sarcosine from urine samples

Cheap and sensitive test for a key prostate cancer marker

Supramolecular-coated magnetic beads offer a cheap alternative to current early-stage monitoring techniques

Scientists in Italy have developed a cheap and disposable sensor that can detect the presence of the prostate cancer biomarker sarcosine in urine.

http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/2015/09/cheap-sensor-prostate-cancer

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An introduction to the Prequalification of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients

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Sep 052015

An introduction to the Prequalification of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients

The WHO Prequalification of Medicines Programme (PQP) facilitates access to quality medicines through assessment of products and inspection of manufacturing sites. Since good-quality active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are vital to the production of good-quality medicines, PQP has started a pilot project to prequalify APIs.

WHO-prequalified APIs are listed on the WHO List of Prequalified Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients. The list provides United Nations agencies, national medicines regulatory authorities (NMRAs) and others with information on APIs that have been found to meet WHO-recommended quality standards. It is believed that identification of sources of good-quality APIs will facilitate the manufacture of good-quality finished pharmaceutical products (FPP) that are needed for procurement by UN agencies and disease treatment programmes.

Details of the API prequalification procedure are available in the WHO Technical Report Series TRS953, Annex 4. Key elements of this document are given below.

What is API prequalification?

API prequalification provides an assurance that the API concerned is of good quality and manufactured in accordance with WHO Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP).

API prequalification consists of a comprehensive evaluation procedure that has two components: assessment of the API master file (APIMF) to verify compliance with WHO norms and standards and assessment of the sites of API manufacture to verify compliance with WHO GMP requirements.

Prequalification of an API is made with specific reference to the manufacturing details and quality controls described in the APIMF submitted for assessment. Therefore, for each prequalified API, the relevant APIMF version number will be included in the WHO List of Prequalified Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients.

Steps in the process

The WHO prequalification procedure for medicines and active pharmaceutical ingredients

Steps API prequalification

Initially, an application is screened to determine whether it is covered by the relevant expression of interest (EOI). It is also screened for completeness; in particular, the formatting of the submitted APIMFs is reviewed. Once the application has been accepted, a WHO reference number is assigned to it.

A team of assessors then reviews the submitted APIMF, primarily at bimonthly meetings in Copenhagen. Invariably, assessors raise questions during assessment of the APIMF that require revision of the information submitted and/or provision of additional information, and/or replacementof certain sections within the APIMF. Applicants are contacted to resolve any issues raised by the assessors.

It is important that any prequalified API can be unambiguously identified with a specific APIMF. Therefore, once any and all issues regarding its production have been resolved, the applicant will be asked to submit an updated APIMF that incorporates any changes made during assessment. The version number of the revised and up-to-date APIMF will be included on the WHO List of Prequalified Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, to serve as a reference regarding the production and quality control of that API.

For APIMFs that have already been accepted in conjunction with the prequalification of an FPP, full assessment is generally not required. Such APIMFs are reviewed only for key information and conformity with administrative requirements. Nonetheless, a request for further information may be made, to ensure that the APIMF meets all current norms and standards; PQP reserves the right to do so.

An assessment is also undertaken of WHO GMP compliance at the intended site(s) of API manufacture. Depending on the evidence of GMP supplied by the applicant, this may necessitate on-site inspection by WHO. If a WHO inspection is conducted and the site is found to be WHO GMP-compliant, the API will be recommended for prequalification. Additionally, a WHO Public Inspection Report (WHOPIR) will be published on the PQP web site.

When the APIMF and the standard of GMP at the intended manufacturing site(s) have each been found to be satisfactory, the API is prequalified and listed on the WHO List of Prequalified Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients.

The successful applicant will also be issued a WHO Confirmation of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Prequalification document. This document contains the accepted active ingredient specifications and copies of the assay and related substances test methodology. This document may be provided by the API manufacturers to interested parties at their discretion.

Maintenance of API prequalification status

Applicants are required to communicate to WHO any changes that have been made to the production and control of a WHO-prequalified API. This can either be in the form of an amendment, or as a newly-issued version of the APIMF. It is the applicant’s responsibility to provide WHO with the appropriate documentation (referring to relevant parts of the dossier), to prove that any intended or implemented change will not have or has not had a negative impact on the quality of the prequalified API. This may necessitate the updating of the information published on the WHO List of Prequalified Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients.

The decision to prequalify an API is based upon information available to WHO at that time, i.e. information in the submitted APIMF, and on the status of GMP at the facilities used in the manufacture and control of the API. The decision to prequalify an API is subject to change, should new information become available to WHO. For example, if serious safety and/or quality concerns arise in relation to a prequalified API, WHO may suspend the API until the investigative results have been evaluated by WHO and the issues resolved, or delist the API in the case of issues that are not resolved to WHO’s satisfaction.

Who can participate?

Any manufacturer of any active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) that is included on an Invitation to Submit an Expression of Interest for Product Evaluation can submit an application for product evaluation.

If an applicant is acting on behalf of a manufacturer, the actual manufacturer(s) of the API and any contract manufacturers, must be clearly listed in the cover letter

To manufacturers of medicinal products

The vision of the WHO Prequalification of Medicines Programme (PQP) is of a world in which good-quality medicines are available to all those who need them. PQP facilitates access to good-quality medicines through assessment of products and inspection of manufacturing facilities. Since good-quality active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are vital to the production of good-quality medicines, PQP has started a project to prequalify APIs.

APIs that meet assessment criteria will be added to the WHO List of Prequalified Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients. Manufacturers and National Regulatory Authorities (NRAs) can use the List to help them identify APIs of assured quality, while UN agencies and others can use the List to supplement the information found on the WHO List of Prequalified Medicines Products.

The issuing of an invitation to submit an expression of interest (EOI) is the first step in the prequalification process. Each invitation is developed in consultation with WHO disease programmes, other UN agencies (including UNAIDS and UNICEF) and UNITAID. The 1st Invitation to manufacturers of APIs to submit a request for an evaluation of an API was issued in October 2010.

The current EOI is:

8 ^th invitation to manufacturers of APIs to submit an EOI for product evaluation

In applying for evaluation of an API, manufacturers are requested to submit a covering letter, application form, API master file (APIMF), site master file (SMF), and evidence of current GMP certification to PQP. Thereafter, PQP will undertake a comprehensive evaluation of the APIMF and review the GMP status of the manufacturing site(s). In some cases, PQP will request additional information and may also inspect the manufacturing site(s).

Prequalification of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) – Procedural Guidance

Any applicant who is unclear over any aspect of the API prequalification procedure should contact PQT prior to submission, since incorrect submissions will be rejected.

read at

http://apps.who.int/prequal/

Applying Flow Chemistry: Methods, Materials, and Multistep Synthesis

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Sep 052015

Abstract Image

The synthesis of complex molecules requires control over both chemical reactivity and reaction conditions. While reactivity drives the majority of chemical discovery, advances in reaction condition control have accelerated method development/discovery. Recent tools include automated synthesizers and flow reactors. In this Synopsis, we describe how flow reactors have enabled chemical advances in our groups in the areas of single-stage reactions, materials synthesis, and multistep reactions. In each section, we detail the lessons learned and propose future directions.

Applying Flow Chemistry: Methods, Materials, and Multistep Synthesis

D. Tyler McQuade *†§ and Peter H. Seeberger†‡

^† Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany

^‡ Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany

^§ Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States

J. Org. Chem., 2013, 78 (13), pp 6384–6389

DOI: 10.1021/jo400583m

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jo400583m

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NEW PATENT…..DABIGATRAN ETEXILATE MESYLATE, INTERMEDIATES OF THE PROCESS AND NOVEL POLYMORPH OF DABIGATRAN ETEXILATE”

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Sep 012015

WO2015124764

ERREGIERRE S.P.A. [IT/IT]; Via Francesco Baracca, 19 I-24060 San Paolo D’argon (IT)

Erregierre SpA

DABIGATRAN ETEXILATE MESYLATE, INTERMEDIATES OF THE PROCESS AND NOVEL POLYMORPH OF DABIGATRAN ETEXILATE”

Abstract

A novel process is described for the production of Dabigatran etexilate mesylate, a 5 compound having the following structural formula: and two novel intermediates of said process.

(WO2015124764) SYNTHESIS PROCESS OF DABIGATRAN ETEXILATE MESYLATE, INTERMEDIATES OF THE PROCESS AND NOVEL POLYMORPH OF DABIGATRAN ETEXILATE click herefor patent

Dabigatran etexilate mesylate is an active substance developed by Boehringer

Ingelheim and marketed under the name Pradaxa^® in the form of tablets for oral administration; Dabigatran etexilate mesylate acts as direct inhibitor of thrombin (Factor I la) and is used as an anticoagulant, for example, for preventing strokes in patients with atrial fibrillation or blood clots in the veins (deep vein thrombosis) that could form following surgery.

Dabigatran etexilate mesylate is the INN name of the compound 3-({2-[(4-{Amino-[(E)-hexyloxycarbonylimino]-methyl}-phenylamino)-methyl]-1 -methyl-1 H-benzimidazol-5-carbonyl}-pyridin-2-yl-amino)-ethyl propanoate methanesulphonate, having the following structural formula:

The family of compounds to which Dabigatran etexilate belongs was described for the first time in patent US 6,087,380, which also reports possible synthesis pathways.

The preparation of polymorphs of Dabigatran etexilate or Dabigatran etexilate mesylate is described in patent applications US 2006/0276513 A1 , WO 2012/027543 A1 , WO 2008/059029 A2, WO 2013/124385 A2, WO 2013/124749 A1 , WO 2013/1 1 1 163 A2 and WO 2013/144903 A1 , while patent applications WO 2012/044595 A1 , US 2006/0247278 A1 , US 2009/0042948 A2, US 2010/0087488 A1 and WO 2012/077136 A2 describe salts of these compounds.

One of the objects of the invention is to provide an alternative process for the preparation of Dabigatran etexilate mesylate and two novel intermediates of the process.

These objects are achieved with the present invention, which, in a first aspect thereof, relates to a process for the production of Dabigatran etexilate mesylate, comprising the following steps:

a) reacting 4-methylamino-3-nitrobenzoic acid (I) with thionyl chloride to give 4- methylamino-3-nitrobenzoyl chloride hydrochloride (II):

(I) (ID

b) reacting compound (II) with 3-(2-pyridylamino) ethyl propanoate (III) to give the compound 3-[(4-methylamino-3-nitro-benzoyl)-pyridyn-2-yl-amino]-ethyl propanoate (IV):

(II) (IV)

reducing compound (IV) with hydrogen to 3-[(3-amino-4-methyl benzoyl)-pyridin-2-yl-amino]ethyl propanoate (V):

(IV) (V)

d) reacting N-(4-cyanophenyl)glycine (VI) with 1 ,1 -carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) to give 4-(2-imidazol-1 -yl-2-oxo-ethylamino)-benzonitrile (VII):

(VI) (VII)

e) reacting compound (VII) with compound (V) obtained in step c) to give one of compounds 3-({3-[2-(4-cyano-phenylamino)-acetylamino]-4-methylamino- benzoyl}-pyridin-2-yl-amino)-ethyl propanoate (VIII) and 3-[(3-amino-4-{[(2- (4-cyano-phenylamino)-acetyl]-methylamino}-benzoyl)-pyridin-2-yl- amino]ethyl propanoate (IX), or a mixture of the two compounds (VIII) and (IX):

f) transforming, through treatment with acetic acid, compounds (VIII) or (IX) or the mixture thereof into the compound 3-({2-[(4-cyano-phenylamino)-methyl]- 1 -methyl-1 H-benzimidazol-5-carbonyl}-pyridin-2-yl-amino)-ethyl propanoate (X), and then treating compound (X) with hydrochloric or nitric acid to form the corresponding salt (XI):

CHsCOOH

[(VIII) ; (IX)]

wherein A is a chlorine or nitrate anion;

liberating in solution compound (X) from salt (XI), and reacting compound (X) in solution with ethyl alcohol in the presence of hydrochloric acid and 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol to give the compound 3-({2-[(4-ethoxycarbonimidoyl-phenylamino)-methyl]-1 -methyl-1 H-benzimidazol-5-carbonyl}-pyridin-2-yl-amino)-ethyl propanoate hydrochloride (XII):

reacting compound (XII) with ammonium carbonate to form compound Dabigatran ethyl ester (XIII):

reacting compound (XIII) with maleic acid to produce the maleate salt thereof (XI 11 ‘) and isolating the latter:

j) reacting maleate salt (XI 11 ‘) with hexyl chloroformate to give compound Dabigatran etexilate (XIV :

hexyl chloroformate

k) reacting compound (XIV) with methanesulfonic acid to give the salt Dabigatran etexilate mesylate:

a gatran etex ate mesy ate

EXAMPLE 12

Preparation of Dabigatran etexilate mesylate (step k).

All the Dabigatran etexilate obtained in Example 1 1 (4.7 kg; 7.49 moles) is loaded into a reactor along with 28.2 kg of acetone and the mass is heated at 50-60 °C until a complete solution is obtained; it is then filtered to remove suspended impurities. The filtered solution is brought to 28-32 °C. Separately, a second solution is prepared by dissolving 0.705 kg (7.34 moles) of methanesulfonic acid in 4.7 kg of acetone; the second solution is cooled down to 0-10 °C. The second solution is poured into the Dabigatran etexilate solution during 30 minutes, while maintaining the temperature of the resulting solution at 28-32 °C with cooling. The salt of the title is formed. The mass is maintained at 28-32 °C for 2 hours, then cooled to 18-23 °C to complete precipitation and the system is maintained at this temperature for 2 hours; lastly, centrifugation takes place, washing the precipitate with 5 kg of acetone. The precipitate is dried at 60 °C.

4.88 kg of Dabigatran etexilate mesylate, equal to 6.74 moles of compound, are obtained, with a yield in this step of 90%.

EXAMPLE 13

0.5 g of the crystalline compound (XIV) obtained in Example 1 1 are ground thoroughly and loaded into the sample holder of a Rigaku Miniflex diffractometer with copper anode.

The diffractogram shown in Figure 1 is obtained; a comparison with the XRPD data of the known Dabigatran etexilate polymorphs allows to verify that the polymorph of Example 1 1 is novel.

EXAMPLE 14

0.7 g of the crystalline compound (XIV) obtained in Example 1 1 are loaded into

the sample holder of a Perkin-Elmer DSC 6 calorimeter, performing a scan from ambient T to 350 °C at a rate of 10 °C/min in nitrogen atmosphere. The graph of the test is shown in Figure 2, and shows three endothermic phenomena with peaks at 83.0-85.0 °C, 104.0-104.2 °C and 129.9 °C; events linked to the thermal decomposition of the compound are evident at about 200 °C.

Figure 1 is an XRPD spectrum of the novel polymorph of Dabigatran etexilate of the invention;

Figure 2 is the graph of a DSC test on the novel polymorph of Dabigatran etexilate of the invention.

ERREGIERRE S.p.A

Pietro Carlo Gargani, CEO and president of ERREGIERRE S.p.A., oversees a company with a firm commitment to serving its customers innovative products

ERREGIERRE was founded by two entrepreneurs in 1974 in San Paolo d’Argon, in the northern Italian region of Bergamo. It lodged one of its first major …