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Metronidazole (INN) /(Flagyl, and others) is a nitroimidazoleantibiotic medication used particularly for anaerobic bacteria and protozoa. Metronidazole is an antibiotic, amebicide, and antiprotozoal. It is the drug of choice for first episodes of mild-to-moderate Clostridium difficile infection. It is marketed in the U.S.A. by Pfizer and globally by Sanofi under the trade name Flagyl, and is also sold under other brand names. Metronidazole was developed in 1960. Metronidazole is used also as a gel preparation in the treatment of the dermatologicalconditions such as rosacea (Rozex and MetroGel by Galderma) and fungating tumours(Anabact, Cambridge Healthcare Supplies).

Synthesis

2-Methylimidazole (1) may be prepared via the Debus-Radziszewski imidazole synthesis, or from ethylenediamine and acetic acid, followed by treatment with lime, then Raney nickel. 2-Methylimidazole nitrated to give 2-methyl-4(5)-nitroimidazole (2), which is in turnalkylated with ethylene oxide or 2-chloroethanol to give metronidazole (3):^[27][28][29]

27- Ebel, K.; Koehler, H.; Gamer, A. O.; Jäckh, R. (2005), “Imidazole and Derivatives”, Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Weinheim: Wiley-VCH,doi:10.1002/14356007.a13_661
28-Actor, P.; Chow, A. W.; Dutko, F. J.; McKinlay, M. A. (2005), “Chemotherapeutics”, Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Weinheim: Wiley-VCH,doi:10.1002/14356007.a06_173
29-Kraft, M. Ya.; Kochergin, P. M.; Tsyganova, A. M.; Shlikhunova, V. S. (1989). “Synthesis of metronidazole from ethylenediamine”. Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal 23 (10): 861–863. doi:10.1007/BF00764821.

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• Metronidazole (CAS NO.: 443-48-1), with its chemical name of 2-Methyl-5-nitro-1H-Imidazole-1-ethanol, could be produced through the following several reaction routes.1). Preparation method one:
  The title compound can also be obtained by alkylation, in different solvents, of 1-(acetoxymethyl)-2-methyl-4-nitroImidazole(I) with either ethylene sulfate (II) or with bis-(2-acetoxyethyl) sulfate (III) -generated from ethyleneglycol diacetate (IV) and either dimethyl sulfate or H₂SO₄ – followed by hydrolysis or alcoholysis treatment.

  2). Preparation method two:
  2-Methylimidazole (I) is converted into the bisulfate salt, and then nitrated by means of a sulfonitric mixture in Ac₂O to produce 2-methyl-4-nitroimidazole (II) . In a variant of this procedure, 2-methylimidazole (I) is nitrated by using a ferric nitrate-tonsyl adduct in several solvents. Imidazole (II) is then regioselectively alkylated with boiling 2-chloroethanol to produce the title compound. Alternatively, the alkylation of (II) has been reported by treatment with ethylene oxide (III) under acidic conditions.