AUTHOR OF THIS BLOG

DR ANTHONY MELVIN CRASTO, WORLDDRUGTRACKER
May 202013
 

Moringa oleifera

The Drumstick Plant

http://miracletrees.org/

08 February 2013, Organic India, a manufacturer of herb-based functional supplements, has launched organic single ingredient Moringa products in the US.

Available in both capsule and powder formulations, the product made from powdered leaves of Moringa oleifera tree contains vitamin A, B1, B3, B12, iron, magnesium, potassium, amino acids, and polyphenols and is used for restoring internal imbalances.

Organic India national sales manager Heather Henning said the ancient therapeutic Moringa oleifera plant has been used for years and has seen increasing popularity amongst mainstream consumers worldwide.

Moringa oleifera leaf powdermoringa

“Millions of people globally use Moringa for essential nutrition — now, the US distribution channel will have access to this extraordinary plant with USDA organic certification,” Henning added.

The company said Moringa supplement, which has more B12 than steak, more vitamin A than eggs, and more calcium than milk, will be unveiled to the public at Expo West 2013.

Sonjna (Moringa oleifera) leaves with flowers

Moringa oleifera (synonym: Moringa pterygosperma) is the most widely cultivated species of the genus Moringa, which is the only genus in the family Moringaceae. English common names include moringa, and drumstick tree, from the appearance of the long, slender, triangular seed pods, horseradish tree, from the taste of the roots which resembles horseradish, or ben oil tree, from the oil derived from the seeds. The tree itself is rather slender, with drooping branches that grow to approximately 10m in height. In cultivation, it is often cut back annually to 1–2 meters and allowed to regrow so the pods and leaves remain within arm’s reach.[1][2]

In developing countries, moringa has potential to improve nutrition, boost food security, foster rural development, and support sustainable landcare.[3] It may be used as forage forlivestock, a micronutrient liquid, a natural anthelmintic and possible adjuvant.[2][4][5]

The moringa tree is grown mainly in semiarid, tropical, and subtropical areas, corresponding in the United States to USDA hardiness zones 9 and 10. While it grows best in dry, sandy soil, it tolerates poor soil, including coastal areas. It is a fast-growing, drought-resistant tree that is native to the southern foothills of the Himalayas in northwestern India.

Cultivation in Hawai’i, for commercial distribution in the United States, is in its early stages.[6]

“India is the largest producer of moringa, with an annual production of 1.1 to 1.3 million tonnes of tender fruits from an area of 380 km². Among the states, Andhra Pradesh leads in both area and production (156.65 km²) followed by Karnataka (102.8 km²) and Tamil Nadu(74.08 km²). In other states, it occupies an area of 46.13 km². Tamil Nadu is the pioneering state in·so·much as it has varied genotypes from diversified geographical areas and introductions from Sri Lanka.”[7]

Moringa is grown in home gardens and as living fences in Tamil Nadu Southern India and Thailand, where it is commonly sold in local markets.[8] In the Philippines, it is commonly grown for its leaves, which are used in soup.[9] Moringa is also actively cultivated by theWorld Vegetable Center in Taiwan, a center for vegetable research with a mission to reduce poverty and malnutrition in developing countries through improved production and consumption of vegetables. Tamil Nadu Southern India has Moringa in its folk stories and as well considered to be auspicious to grow in home. Interestingly the name in Tamil is Moorungai which sounds same as Moringa.

It is also widely cultivated in Africa, Cambodia, Nepal, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico, Central and South America, and Sri Lanka

An Indian drumstick (cut)

Moringa oleifera leaf, raw
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy 64 kcal (270 kJ)
Carbohydrates 8.28 g
Dietary fiber 2.0 g
Fat 1.40 g
Protein 9.40 g
Water 78.66 g
Vitamin A equiv. 378 μg (47%)
Thiamine (vit. B1) 0.257 mg (22%)
Riboflavin (vit. B2) 0.660 mg (55%)
Niacin (vit. B3) 2.220 mg (15%)
Pantothenic acid (B5) 0.125 mg (3%)
Vitamin B6 1.200 mg (92%)
Folate (vit. B9) 40 μg (10%)
Vitamin C 51.7 mg (62%)
Calcium 185 mg (19%)
Iron 4.00 mg (31%)
Magnesium 147 mg (41%)
Manganese 0.36 mg (17%)
Phosphorus 112 mg (16%)
Potassium 337 mg (7%)
Sodium 9 mg (1%)
Zinc 0.6 mg (6%)
Percentages are relative to
US recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA Nutrient Database
Moringa oleifera pods, raw
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy 37 kcal (150 kJ)
Carbohydrates 8.53 g
Dietary fiber 3.2 g
Fat 0.20 g
Protein 2.10 g
Water 88.20 g
Vitamin A equiv. 4 μg (1%)
Thiamine (vit. B1) 0.0530 mg (5%)
Riboflavin (vit. B2) 0.074 mg (6%)
Niacin (vit. B3) 0.620 mg (4%)
Pantothenic acid (B5) 0.794 mg (16%)
Vitamin B6 0.120 mg (9%)
Folate (vit. B9) 44 μg (11%)
Vitamin C 141.0 mg (170%)
Calcium 30 mg (3%)
Iron 0.36 mg (3%)
Magnesium 45 mg (13%)
Manganese 0.259 mg (12%)
Phosphorus 50 mg (7%)
Potassium 461 mg (10%)
Sodium 42 mg (3%)
Zinc 0.45 mg (5%)
Percentages are relative to
US recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA Nutrient Database

  1. “USDA GRIN Taxonomy”.
  2. Verzosa, Caryssa. “Malunggay and Spinach Powder (Investigatory Project Sample)”. Scribd.com. Retrieved 4-11-2012.
  3. National Research Council (2006-10-27). “Moringa”. Lost Crops of Africa: Volume II: Vegetables. Lost Crops of Africa. 2. National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-10333-6. Retrieved 2008-07-15.
  4. Makkar HP, Francis G, Becker K (2007). “Bioactivity of phytochemicals in some lesser-known plants and their effects and potential applications in livestock and aquaculture production systems”. Animal 1 (9): 1371–91. doi:10.1017/S1751731107000298.PMID 22444893.
  5. ^ Mahajan SG, Mali RG, Mehta AA (2007). “Protective effect of ethanolic extract of seeds of Moringa oleifera Lam. against inflammation associated with development of arthritis in rats”. J Immunotoxicol 4 (1): 39–47. doi:10.1080/15476910601115184. PMID 18958711.
  6. Ted Radovich (2010). C.R Elevitch. ed. “Farm and Forestry Production and Marketing profile for Moringa”. Specialty Crops for Pacific Island Agroforestry (Holualoa, Hawai’i: Permanent Agriculture Resources).
  7. Rajangam J., et al. (October 29 – November 2, 2001). “Status of Production and Utilisation of Moringa in Southern India”.Development potential for Moringa products (Dar es Salaam, Tanzania).
  8. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, The Vegetable Sector in Thailand, 1999
  9. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles: Philippines
  10. Roloff, A.; Weisgerber, H.; Lang, U.; Stimm, B. (2009), “Moringa oleifera”, Weinheim: 978–3
  11. “Drumstick”. Vahrehvah.com. Retrieved 2012-04-18.

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drug synthesis

 Uncategorized  Comments Off on drug synthesis
May 202013
 
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1 DRUG SYNTHESIS

http://www.drugsyn.org/index.htm

2 CHEMISTRY BY DESIGN

http://chemistrybydesign.oia.arizona.edu/

3 Drug Preparation Database

http://www.drugfuture.com/synth/synth_query.asp

4 Drugsee.com

http://www.drugsee.com/

5 CHEMSPIDER

http://cssp.chemspider.com/

6 CHEMSYNTHESIS

http://www.chemsynthesis.com/

7 API DATABASE

http://api-data.com/

8 CHEMISTRY DAILY

http://www.chemistrydaily.com/chemistry/Organic_chemistry

9 POPULAR PHARMA DRUGS

http://www.ecompound.com/pharmaDrug.php

10 CHEMNET

http://www.chemnet.com/resource/synthesis/

11 ORGANIC-REACTION

Home – organicreaction.com

http://www.organic-reaction.com/

12 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY.ORG

http://www.organic-chemistry.org/reactions.htm

13 RHODIUM

http://www.drugs-forum.com/chemistry/

14 IUPAC

http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/cd/practical-studies-for-medicinal-chemistry/med-container/chapter-v-drug-synthesis.html

15 Synthesis of Essential Drugs

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780444521668

16 RETYROSYN OF DRUGS

http://www.medchem.uni-erlangen.de/msc/msm1/11-44.1-Groeger.pdf

17 Synarchive

SynArchive – Browse syntheses by molecule

http://www.synarchive.com/molecule

18 DRUG DATA

Drug Data Base(Alphabetical Order)

http://chrom.tutms.tut.ac.jp/JINNO/DRUGDATA/00alphabet.html

19 VITAMINS

Vitamins : Vitamin supplements – China Greatvista Chemicals

http://www.greatvistachemicals.com/vitamins-vitamin/

20 DRUGSDB DATABASE

High quality information about marketed drugs

http://www.drugsdb.eu/index.php

21 HET DRUGS

An overview of the key routes to the best selling Beilstein Journals

http://www.beilstein-journals.org/bjoc/single/articleFullText.htm?publicId=1860-5397-7-57&vt=f&bpn=searchResult

22 DRUGLEAD

DrugLead化学之星

http://www.druglead.com/

23 ECDYSONE

abutasterone – Ecdybase (The Ecdysone Handbook) – a free online

Ecdybase (The Ecdysone Handbook) – a free online ecdysteroids database. Includes ecdysteroid containing products catalogue.

http://ecdybase.org/index.php?&action=browse

ANTHONY MELVIN CRASTO

DR ANTHONY MELVIN CRASTO Ph.D

amcrasto@gmail.com

MOBILE-+91 9323115463
GLENMARK SCIENTIST , NAVIMUMBAI, INDIADR ANTHONY MELVIN CRASTO Ph.D , Born in Mumbai in 1964 and graduated from Mumbai University, Completed his PhD from ICT ,1991, Mumbai, India in Organic chemistry, The thesis topic was Synthesis of Novel Pyrethroid Analogues,

Currently he is working with GLENMARK- GENERICS LTD, Research centre as Principal Scientist, Process Research (bulk actives) at Mahape, Navi Mumbai, India.

Prior to joining Glenmark, he worked with major multinationals like Hoechst Marion Roussel, now Sanofi Aventis, & Searle India ltd, now Rpg lifesciences, etc. He has worked in Basic research, Neutraceuticals, Natural products, Flavors, Fragrances, Pheromones, Vet Drugs, Drugs, formulation, GMP etc. He has total 25 yrs exp in this field, he is now helping millions, has million hits on google on all organic chemistry websites.

His New Drug Approvals , Green Chemistry International, Eurekamoments in Organic Chemistry , Organic Chemistry by Dr Anthony, WIX BLOG , are some most read chemistry blogs

He has hands on experience in initiation and developing novel routes for drug molecules and implementation them on commercial scale over a 25 year tenure, good knowledge of IPM, GMP, Regulatory aspects, he has several international drug patents published worldwide .

He has good proficiency in Technology Transfer, Spectroscopy , Stereochemistry , Synthesis, Reactions in Org Chem , Polymorphism, Pharmaceuticals , Medicinal chemistry , Organic chemistry literature , Patent related site , Green chemistry , Reagents , R & D , Molecules , Heterocyclic chem , Sourcing etc

He suffered a paralytic stroke in dec 2006 and is bound to a wheelchair, this seems to have injected feul in him to help chemists around the world, he is more active than before and is pushing boundaries, he has one lakh connections on all networking sites, He makes himself available to all, contact him on +91 9323115463, amcrasto@gmail.com

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Arab medicine review

 Arab medicine review  Comments Off on Arab medicine review
May 202013
 

Arab medicine

In the history of medicine, Islamic medicine, Arabic medicine, Greco-Arabic and Greco-Islamic refer to medicine developed in the Islamic Golden Age, and written in Arabic, the lingua franca of Islamic civilization. The emergence of Islamic medicine came about through the interactions of the indigenous Arab tradition with foreign influences.Translation of earlier texts was a fundamental building block in the formation of Islamic medicine and the tradition that has been passed down.

Latin translations of Arabic medical works had a significant influence on the development of medicine in the high Middle Ages and early Renaissance, as did Arabic texts which translated the medical works of earlier cultures.

In the early Islamic and Mack’s period (661–750 AD), Muslims believed that Allah provided a treatment for every illness.Around the ninth century, the Islamic medical community began to develop and utilize a system of medicine based on scientific analysis. The importance of the health sciences to society was emphasized, and the early Muslim medical community strived to find ways to care for the health of the human body. Medieval Islam developed hospitals, expanded the practice of surgery.

Important medical thinkers and physicians of Islam were Al-Razi and Ibn Sina. Their knowledge on medicine was recorded in books that were influential in medical schools throughout Muslim history, and Ibn Sina in particular (under his Latinized name Avicenna) was also influential on the physicians of later medieval Europe. Throughout the medieval Islamic world, medicine was included under the umbrella of natural philosophy, due to the continued influence of the Hippocratic Corpus and the ideas of Aristotle and Galen. The Hippocratic Corpus was a collection of medical treatises attributed to the famous Greek physician Hippocrates of Cos (although it was actually composed by different generations of authors). The Corpus included a number of treatises which greatly influenced medieval Islamic medical literature

The first encyclopedia of medicine in Arabic language] was Persian scientist Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari‘s Firdous al-Hikmah (“Paradise of Wisdom”), written in seven parts, c. 860. Al-Tabari, a pioneer in the field of child development, emphasized strong ties between psychology and medicine, and the need for psychotherapy and counseling in the therapeutic treatment of patients. His encyclopedia also discussed the influence of Sushruta and Chanakya on medicine, including psychotherapy

Medical contributions made by Medieval Islam not only involved the development and expansion of the human anatomy, but also included the use of plants as a type of remedy or medicine. Medieval Islamic physicians used natural substances as a source of medicinal drugs—including Papaver somniferum Linnaeus, poppy, and Cannabis sativa Linnaeus, hemp. In pre-Islamic Arabia, neither poppy nor hemp was known. Hemp was introduced into the Islamic countries in the ninth century from India through Persia and Greek culture and medical literature. Dioscorides, who according to the Arabs is the greatest botanist of antiquity, recommended hemp’s seeds to “quench geniture” and its juice for earaches.[27] Beginning in 800 and lasting for over two centuries, poppy use was restricted to the therapeutic realm. However, the dosages often exceeded medical need and was used repeatedly despite what was originally recommended. Poppy was prescribed by Yuhanna b. Masawayh to relieve pain from attacks of gallbladder stones, for fevers, indigestion, eye, head and tooth aches, pleurisy, and to induce sleep. Although poppy had medicinal benefits, Ali al-Tabari explained that the extract of poppy leaves was lethal, and that the extracts and opium should be considered poisons

The way early Arab medicine developed should be contrasted to how medicine evolved in Christianity up until the Renaissance. While Christian Rome and Byzantium inherited the rich Graeco-Roman medical legacy of thinkers like Hippocrates and Galen, after the fall of Rome in 476, Dark Age Europe increasingly tended towards a fatalistic view of suffering and disease, further tempered by superstition about curses and God’s punishment for man’s sins sent down in the form of disease and affliction.

Many historians point to the explicit tradition of fact-based, scientific medicine as articulated by the Prophet himself (pbuh). First, the concept of ‘sinful’ mankind seems not as strong in Islam as in early Christianity. Disease was seen by Arabs and other Muslims as one more problem to be solved, not a curse from God or a trial to be endured so one would be assured of entering Paradise.

Consider these statements on health and medicine attributed to the Prophet (pbuh):

“There is no disease that Allah has created, except that He also has created its treatment.”

“Make use of medical treatment, for Allah has not made a disease without appointing a remedy for it, with the exception of one disease, namely old age.”

The Prophet (pbuh) was also credited with articulating several specific medical treatments, including the use of honey, cupping, and cauterisation. He spoke about the contagious nature of leprosy, sexually transmitted disease, and the animal disease known as the mange. But most importantly, whereas other societies usually stigmatised and feared the sick and afflicted, at best isolating them and at worst leaving them somewhere to die, the Prophet (pbuh) and early Islam had a very compassionate and forgiving view of the sick.

As in other fields, the earliest Arab-Muslim medical efforts were devoted to translating the medical wisdom of older civilisations, beginning in the late 700s in Baghdad with the works of the Roman physician Galen as well as advanced medical writings from Persia, including the great pre-Islamic medical centre at Gundishapur.

Gundishapur is credited with having developed the first truly modern hospital, where patients actually went to be healed and cured, rather than prayed over as they suffered a slow and inevitable death as in Dark Age Europe.

The first major Arab-Muslim healer was the chemist Al Razi, who turned to medicine at about age 30, perhaps to find cures for his injuries suffered during alchemical experiments, especially eye ailments. His first inspiration was the Roman physician Galen.

Galen had pushed Roman medical knowledge as far as it could go in that time, undertaking innumerable vivisections of live animals to see how their organs functioned, as well as dissections of human cadavers.

Al Razi was especially troubled by Galen’s theory of the humours, which just didn’t hold up to examination. There seemed a lot more going on inside the human body than those four humours. And so he would write around 865:

“I prayed to God to direct and lead me to the truth in writing this book. It grieves me to oppose and criticise the man Galen from whose sea of knowledge I have drawn much. Indeed, he is the Master and I am the disciple. Although this reverence and appreciation will and should not prevent me from doubting, as I did, what is erroneous in his theories. I imagine and feel deeply in my heart that Galen has chosen me to undertake this task, and if he were alive, he would have congratulated me on what I am doing. I say this because Galen’s aim was to seek and find the truth and bring light out of darkness. I wish indeed he were alive to read what I have published.”

Al Razi would write as many as 184 papers and articles on subjects ranging from his doubts about Galen to the first known distinction between smallpox and measles, the discovery of allergic asthma, the discovery of fever as the body’s defence mechanism, medical ethics, using opium as a treatment for depression, the first medical handbook for common people, and paediatrics.

Al Razi would also theorise about the connection of the soul and state of mind to the physical health of the body, suggesting that someone with mental and emotional disturbances would be more vulnerable to infection and chronic ailments.

Al Razi’s medical insights would be translated into Latin several centuries after his death. By the late 1200s, mediaeval Europeans were beginning to stir out of their long Dark Age sleep and for a century were captivated by the writings of Al Razi – who by then had been given the Latin name Rhazes.

About eight decades after Al Razi, a brilliant healer named Al Zahrawi laid the foundation of modern surgery while working in the Umayyad imperial compound outside Cordoba.

Because all records were destroyed in the civil wars that marked the end of the Umayyad reign in Spain, hardly any facts about Al Zahrawi’s personal life remain. What does survive is his 30-chapter Kitab al Tasrif, a compendium of this man’s medical knowledge and genius. A century and a half after his death, it would be translated into Latin and have even more impact than the work of Rhazes. Al Zahrawi’s Latin name was Albucasis.

His discoveries would continue to resonate into the 21st century, first for his invention of about 200 medical instruments, many of which are still in use – such as the obstetrical forceps, scalpel, surgical needle, surgical retractor, specula, and the use of catgut for internal suturing. But he was also exceptional for innovating surgical procedures like mastectomies, orthodontia, repairing fractures, and using ligature for suturing arteries instead of cauterising them.

Another Muslim healer would follow in the Arabic tradition and even eclipse the great Al Zahrawi, this one a Persian working exclusively in Persia. This man was Ibn Sina. Europe and the Arab world would come to know him as Avicenna, the Prince of Medicine, and the single most important influence on Islamic and Western medicine for about 500 years.

Ibn Sina was consummately gifted. He is reputed to have memorised the Qur’an by age 10, Aristotle’s Metaphysics several years later (he claimed to have read it 40 times), and had become a practising physician by age 16.

Ibn Sina’s greatest motivation was his burning intellectual curiosity for the world, and the world beyond, not social status or financial security. By the age of 20, he had turned down his ruler’s offer to become court physician, preferring only the right to study as much as he wanted in the ruler’s royal library.

A political upheaval overthrew the ruler and Ibn Sina began a long life of wandering Persia in search of a secure patron who would allow him to indulge in his medical and scientific research. Unfortunately, political instability and Ibn Sina’s harshly arrogant manner meant he was constantly changing jobs.

But despite his unending struggle, he was able to gradually systemise Islamic understanding of the medical sciences in such a way that not only was the Arab and Islamic world forever indebted, so also was Europe and the West.

Although Ibn Sina is credited with writing as many as 450 papers and books in a dozen fields, the work that continued to resonate most powerfully was his Canon of Medicine written around 1025, a 14-volume work that was for 500 years Europe’s most influential medical source book. The Canon was a combination both of the collected medical wisdom of other writers as well as his own observations and research. Although it provided a window into forgotten Greek medicine, its greatest value was in the modernistic approach it took to a field riddled with false theory and ignorance.

It could be argued that Ibn Sina was the first to formally explain the experimental method in medicine, the spread of contagious diseases, the use of quarantine, clinical trials, psychiatry, and psychotherapy. He also seems to be the first to show that tuberculosis was a contagious disease, as well as to identify diabetes.

According to some sources, the Canon was the first documented explanation of modern medical methods like the randomised clinical trial, and the first modern set of comprehensive rules for testing new drugs.

His deeper research into the mind-body connection, and the mental or spiritual source of physical ailments, was built on the first intuitive work of men like Al Razi. But Ibn Sina went further, beginning the first documented forays into what we today would call psychotherapy, 900 years before Sigmund Freud.

One account says that a young man had come to him with a condition that looked very much like consumption. He was literally wasting away. But Ibn Sina could find no signs of a cancer or other disease that would indicate some physical explanation.

He conducted a series of interviews or conversations with the young man. As Ibn Sina spoke certain key words and phrases, he was also checking the man’s pulse and found it became elevated around certain terms. Thus it gradually emerged that the patient was in love with a woman back in his home village. For whatever reason he had never expressed this to her, and the unfulfilled desire was sapping him of his energy.

Ibn Sina gradually concluded that the source of the young man’s physical condition was his unexpressed love. He suggested that the patient go to the object of his affections and profess his love to her. The young man did this, the girl agreed to marry him, and the patient swiftly recovered his vitality.

As far as we know this was the earliest documented account of the use of word association in psychoanalysis, which modern medicine credits to Carl Jung 900 years later.

While medical thinkers like Al Razi, Al Zahrawi and Ibn Sina are closely tied to their innovations through their writings, many of the great breakthroughs of Arab medicine were collective undertakings and are difficult to identify with any single author or inventor.

This is particularly true with key Arab-Muslim institutions like the modern insane asylum, the public hospital, free medical care, and the pharmacy. The modern hospital itself was not an Arab invention, but Arabs and their partners made it a public institution and spread it around the world.

Isolated healing temples and places for the sick had existed in many older cultures including around the Mediterranean and across Asia. But with few exceptions they were unable to offer real cures in the modern sense. Often their method was a mixture of magic or religion with means of making one feel better, if only briefly.

But in 6th century pre-Islamic Persia, a true hospital called a bimaristan or ‘sick place’ was built in the city of Gundishapur, complete with surgery, pharmacy, and outpatient treatments. This came to the attention of the Arabs, in particular Caliphs Harun Al Rashid and his half-Persian son Al Mamun, and they set about replicating these institutions across their realm.

Harun invited a doctor from the bimaristan in Gundishapur to open the first bimaristan in Baghdad. Al Razi was later commissioned with overseeing the Audidi Hospital in Baghdad, in the mid 800s. He applied his evolving understanding of sanitation and infection to find the best location possible. He hung raw meat in various parts of the city to see comparative rates of decay, and where the meat lasted longest, there he put the hospital.

Audidi had more than two dozen doctors including surgeons, eye specialists, and physiologists.

By the year 1000, Baghdad alone would number five public hospitals when there were none in all of Europe. Hospitals would also be found in Cairo, Damascus, Aleppo, North Africa, and Al Andalus. These centres would offer surgery, outpatient clinics, mental wards, convalescent centres, and even nursing homes.

One of the greatest hospitals would be Al Mansuri in Cairo, which was reported to have as many as 8,000 beds and annual revenues of one million dirhams. Al Mansuri was a true public hospital because it was charged with offering treatment to anyone, rich or poor, including the indigent who could not pay at all.

The Arab establishment of humane mental wards and insane asylums was especially futuristic and important. The Arab world, in line with the teachings of the Prophet (pbuh) and others, never stigmatised the mentally afflicted, seeing mental illness as one more disease that might be cured. Europe and the West did not develop a modern non-judgmental view of mental illness until the 19th and 20th centuries.

Arab pharmacies were another important invention. Although other cultures offered various potions and herbs for sale, it was rare to find cures that really worked. People were just as inclined to faith healing and magic as to ‘healing’ substances, because they were all equally ineffective. But the evolution of modern evidence-based pharmacology under thinkers like Al Razi, Al Kindi and Ibn Sina created a new class of substances that really worked.

Arab pharmacies were known as saydala, and the first one seems to have been at Harun al Rashid’s hospital in Baghdad built in the late 700s. Within half a century saydala were spreading throughout the caliphate. These remedies were often fabricated right on the spot at in-house laboratories. More importantly, they were overseen by government inspectors to make sure they were pure, not out of date, measured in verified scales, and correctly identified.

Al Razi would even introduce the concept of generic drugs for the poor, while Al Kindi would also seek to identify cheaper alternative treatments for those who could not afford expensive drugs.

The same kind of modern pharmacies selling remedies that really worked would only begin to appear in Italy in about the 12th century, fuelled largely by the growing trade between Arabs and Europeans.

READ A GREAT ARTICLE AT

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1297506/

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1475945/

Aqrabadhin of Al-Kindi. Translated by Martin Levey. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1966.

Kamal, Hassan. Encyclopedia of Islamic Medicine. Cairo: General Egyptian Book Organization, 1975.

Levey, Martin. Early Arabic Pharmacology. Leiden, Netherlands: E. J. Brill, 1973.

Savage-Smith, Emilie. Islamic Culture and the Medical Arts. Bethesda, Md.: National Library of Medicine, 1994.

Siddiqi, Muhammad Zubayr. Studies in Arabic and Persian Medical Literature. Calcutta: Calcutta University Press, 1959.

Usama, Ibn Shuraik. Sunna Abu-Dawud, Book 28, No. 3846 (part of the hadith, a narrative record of the sayings of Mohammed and his companions).

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AYURVEDA- BITTER MELON (Momordica charantia)

 Ayurveda  Comments Off on AYURVEDA- BITTER MELON (Momordica charantia)
May 202013
 

Bitter_Melon_long

BITTER MELON (Momordica charantia): This edible gourd should be every physician’s “go-to” plant for the 16 million or more Americans with high-normal glucose readings or ‘boderline diabetic/metabolic syndrome patients.

Preliminary evidence suggests bitter melon’s hypoglycemic action can be explained through several independent mechanisms: for one, it has been shown to increase peripheral glucose oxidation as well as glucose tolerance and insulin signaling in induced insulin resistance models (Sridhar MG, et al: Br J Nutr. 2008;99(4):806-12. Basch E, et al. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2003;60:356-9). It also decreases hepatic gluconeogenesis, while increasing glycogen synthesis.

Bitter Melon increases insulin output from the pancreas, and it also provides a unique compound called polypeptide-P, which is an insulin mimetic with a similar structure to bovine insulin (Krawinkel MB, Keding GB. Nutr Rev. 2006;64(7 Pt 1):331-7).

Bitter_Melon_slicesBitter Melon slices.

Compounds produced by this intriguing gourd have been shown to reduce triglyceride levels in a dose-dependent manner in animal trials (Jayasooriya AP, et al. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000;72:331-6). Though we don’t yet have human data corroborating this effect, the animal studies suggest that bitter melon may have a role in reducing cardiovascular risk, particularly in people with diabetes or metabolic syndrome.

Bitter melon products are typically standardized to their constituents, momordicosides and charantin, and usually dispensed in 500-600 mg doses, twice daily, following meals. As it does have an insulin mimetic action, it may be necessary to adjust the dose of concurrently prescribed hypoglycemic drugs.

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